2. From class discussions and observations, write a general rule for what happens to particles in
solids, liquids, and gases when they are warmed or cooled. Are there exceptions to this rule?
(3 Marks)
Warmed:
Cooled:
Exceptions:

Answer:

Explanation:

A?

1. The empirical formula for the sweetener is C₅H₆O

2. The molecular formula for the sweetener is C₁₀H₁₂O₂

The empirical formula for the sweetener can be obtained as follow:

Divide by their molar mass

C = 3 / 12 = 0.25

H = 0.3 / 1 = 0.3

O = 0.8 / 16 = 0.05

Divide by the smallest

C = 0.25 / 0.05 = 5

H = 0.3 / 0.05 = 6

O = 0.05 / 0.05 = 1

Thus, the empirical formula is C₅H₆O

The molecular formula for the sweetener can be obtained as follow:

Molecular formula = empirical × n

Molecular formula = mass number

Thus,

Empirical × n = mass number

[C₅H₆O]n = 164

[(12 × 5) + (1 × 6) + 16]n = 164

[60 + 6 + 16]n = 164

82n = 164

Divide both sides by 82

n = 164 / 82

n = 2

Molecular formula = [C₅H₆O]n

Molecular formula = [C₅H₆O]₂

Molecular formula = C₁₀H₁₂O₂

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The molarity of 2. 0 liters of an aqueous solution that contains 0. 50 mole of potassium iodine, KI is 0.25 M.  

The molarity of an aqueous solution can be calculated using the following formula:  

Molarity = moles of solute / liters of solution.

In this case, we have 0.50 mole of potassium iodine (KI) and 2.0 liters of solution.

Plugging these values into the formula, we get:
Molarity = 0.50 mole / 2.0 liters = 0.25 M
The molarity of the aqueous solution is 0.25 M.

Molarity is a unit of concentration that is commonly used in chemistry. It is defined as the number of moles of solute per liter of solution. The symbol for molarity is M, and it is expressed in units of moles per liter (mol/L).

Molarity is an important concept in chemistry because it allows scientists to describe the concentration of a solution in a quantitative way. It is often used in laboratory experiments to determine the amount of reactant needed or the amount of product produced in a chemical reaction.

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The balloon has a 1.88 L volume after cooling in the fridge.

To solve this problem, we can use the combined gas law, which relates the pressure, volume, and temperature of a gas:

(P₁V₁)/T₁ = (P₂V₂)/T₂

Where P is pressure, V is volume, and T is temperature. We can assume that the pressure remains constant since the balloon is open to the atmosphere. Thus, we can simplify the equation to:

(V₁)/T₁ = (V₂)/T₂

Substituting the given values, we have:

V₂ = (V₁ x T₂) / T₁

V₂ = (2.0 L x 276.15 K) / 293.15 K

V₂ = 1.88 L

Therefore, the volume of the balloon after cooling in the refrigerator is 1.88 L.

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Depending on the severity of the hypothermia, emergency medical care may include one or more of the following measures to increase the body temperature: Rewarming that is done passively. It is sufficient to cover someone suffering from moderate hypothermia with heated blankets .

Remove damp garments with care. Warm, dry jackets or blankets should be used in lieu of damp items. If more warming is required, it should be done gradually. Apply warm, dry compresses to the center of the body, such as the neck, chest, and groin.

Frostbite, or tissue loss induced by tissue freezing, is one of the most prevalent problems linked with hypothermia. Chilblains are caused by nerve and blood vessel injury. Gangrene is also known as tissue death.

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Acid deposition is caused when sulphur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) are emitted into our atmosphere. These chemicals SO2 and NOx, react with water, oxygen and other chemicals to form both sulphuric and nitric acids.

the molar concentration of the resulting NaCl solution is 0.804 mol/L.

The molar concentration of the NaCl solution can be calculated using the equation:

C = n/V,

where C is the molar concentration, n is the amount of substance (in moles), and V is the volume of the solution (in liters).

Given that the sample has a mass of 23.5 g and the molar mass of NaCl is 58.44 g/mol, we can calculate the amount of substance (n) in the sample:

n = 23.5 g / 58.44 g/mol = 0.402 mol

The volume of the solution (V) is equal to the volume of the Erlenmeyer flask, which is 0.500 L:

V = 0.500 L

Therefore, the molar concentration of the NaCl solution can be calculated as follows:

C = 0.402 mol / 0.500 L = 0.804 mol/L

Therefore, the molar concentration of the resulting NaCl solution is 0.804 mol/L.

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For N2, 1 is the right whole number coefficient. N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3 is the balanced chemical reaction.

Equal numbers and types of each atom appear on both sides in case of balanced chemical equations, which is why they are called so. A balanced equation must have coefficients that are the simplest whole number ratio. For the chemical equation to adhere to the rule of conservation of mass, it must be balanced.

Equal numbers of atoms from various elements are present in both the reactants and the products in balanced chemical equations. Different elements' atom counts in the reactants and products of unbalanced chemical equations are varied.

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Yes, a supersaturated solution will return back to being a saturated solution once a solute crystal has been added.

A supersaturated solution is a solution that contains more dissolved solute than would be possible under normal circumstances at a given temperature and pressure. In a supersaturated solution, the solute molecules are able to remain dissolved in the solvent even though they would normally begin to precipitate out of the solution. This can happen when a solution is prepared by dissolving a solute in a solvent at an elevated temperature and then cooling the solution rapidly, preventing the solute from crystallizing out of the solution. Supersaturated solutions are often unstable and will eventually return to a saturated state if given the opportunity to do so, such as by the addition of a seed crystal or agitation of the solution.

When a solute crystal is added to a supersaturated solution, it provides a nucleation site for the solute to crystallize. As the solute molecules attach to the crystal, they are removed from the solution, causing the concentration to decrease. Eventually, the concentration will decrease to the point where it becomes saturated, and no more solute will dissolve.

Thus, adding a solute crystal to a supersaturated solution causes the excess solute to come out of the solution and return it to a saturated state.

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Both Groups IA and IIA have high ionization energies and high electronegativity, which is why these substances are very reactive.

Ionization is the process by which atoms or molecules gain or lose electrons, resulting in the formation of ions. It is a fundamental process in physics and chemistry, and is the basis of many physical and chemical phenomena. Ionization is essential to the formation of many kinds of molecules, and it occurs when electrons are either added to or removed from neutral atoms or molecules. This process can be done through a variety of methods, including electrical or thermal energy, or radiation. Ionization can also occur through chemical reactions, such as the reaction of a metal with an acid, or the reaction of a gas with a liquid. In each of these cases, the resulting ions may take part in subsequent chemical reactions. Ionization is also responsible for the formation of ions in the atmosphere, and is responsible for many of the properties of matter.

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Number of moles of citric acid used to neutralize the NaOH solution is 0.0467 mol, and the molarity of the citric acid solution is 0.1168 M.

Ratio of a solvent's moles to a solution's total liters is defines as molarity.

As moles of NaOH = moles of citric acid

and moles of NaOH = volume of NaOH solution x concentration of NaOH

moles of NaOH = 0.2 L x 0.7 M

moles of NaOH = 0.14 mol

Since citric acid and NaOH react in a 1:3 molar ratio (i.e., one mole of citric acid reacts with three moles of NaOH), the number of moles of citric acid used to neutralize the NaOH solution is:

here, moles of citric acid = (moles of NaOH)/3

moles of citric acid = 0.14 mol / 3

So, moles of citric acid = 0.0467 mol

molarity of citric acid = moles of citric acid / volume of citric acid solution (in L)

molarity of citric acid = 0.0467 mol / 0.4 L

So, molarity of citric acid = 0.1168 M

Therefore,  number of moles of citric acid used to neutralize the NaOH solution is 0.0467 mol, and the molarity of the citric acid solution is 0.1168 M.

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It dοes nοt break dοwn after it is dispοsed οf is likely a negative impact οf pοlyurea. sο, οptiοn (b) is cοrrect.

A chemical reactiοn is the transfοrmatiοn οf οne οr mοre chemicals, knοwn as reactants, intο οne οr mοre new cοmpοunds, knοwn as prοducts. The change in cοncentratiοn οf any οf the reactants οr prοducts per unit οf time can be used tο determine the rate οr speed οf a reactiοn. It is determined by the equatiοn rate = time + cοncentratiοn.

A carbοnyl functiοnal grοup (C=O) cοnnects the twο amine grοups (-NH 2) in the mοlecule. Isοcyanates and amines' alternating mοnοmer units interact with οne anοther tο prοduce urea bοnds in a pοlyurea. A carbamic acid intermediate is prοduced when isοcyanates react with water tο prοduce ureas.

Therefοre, it dοes nοt break dοwn after it is dispοsed οf is likely a negative impact οf pοlyurea. sο, οptiοn (b) is cοrrect.

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Explanation:

As per figure...You can have a look on it..

Boyes's law states that at constant temperature(T) for a given mass of ideal gas, the volume(V) of the gas is inversely proportional to its pressure(P).

That is PV=K where K is a constant

Graphs of Boyle’s law can be plotted at different temperatures.

The graph of Boyle’s law is known as a pressure-volume graph or PV curve.

The pressure and volume graph at constant temperature is known as an isotherm

As the Pressure increases with decreasing in volume, and vice versa.

Other parameters such as temperature and amount of gas are constant in the graph.

The equation of the curve is PV=K, which is the equation of Boyle’s law

There will be 0.5 moles of NaCl and 0.25 moles of CO2 produced if the entire 0.25 mol of Na2CO3 interacts with the excess HCl.

Na2CO3 + HCl 2NaCl + H2O CO2

1 mol of Na2CO3 splits into 2 moles of NaCl and 1 mole of CO2.

0.25 moles of Na2CO3 and 0.25 moles of CO2 are formed.

NaBr particles, 6.02 x 1022

Ca(OH)2 = CaBr2 + 2NaOH 2NaBr + Ca(OH)2

NaBr, 2 mole creates two moles of NaOH

Hence, 6.02 x 1022 NaBr particles are converted into 6.02 x 1022 NaOH particles.

204.45 g is the mass of NH3.

(NH4)2SO4 = 2NH3 + H2SO4

34 g of NH3 converts to 132.14 g of (NH4)2SO4.

794.45 g of (NH4)2SO4 are created from 204.45 g of NH3.

1. mol C5H9O

20CO2 plus 18H2O from 4C5H9O and 27O2

20 moles of CO2 are produced by 4 moles of the compound C5H9O.

In the synthesis of one mole of C5H9O, five moles of CO2 are produced.

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Thus, the required temperature for the reaction to run at a rate of 0.0046 m/s is 30.7°C approximately.

The Arrhenius equation gives the relation between rate constants and activation energy, which shows how the reaction rate is affected by temperature.

It is written as: k = Ae-Ea/RT Where,

k is the rate constant

A is the pre-exponential factor (frequency factor)

Ea is the activation energy

T is the temperature in Kelvins

R is the universal gas constant

Taking natural logs of both sides of the Arrhenius equation we have: ln(k) = ln(A) - Ea/RTln(k) = -Ea/RT + ln(A)

Now we will use the following rearranged form: ln(k2/k1) = -Ea/R (1/T2 - 1/T1)

We can substitute our given values of k2 = 0.0046, k1 = 0.0184, and T1 = 25oC + 273.15K = 298.15K into the above equation to solve for T2, which is the required temperature, as follows:

ln(0.0046/0.0184) = -Ea/R (1/T2 - 1/298.15K)ln(0.25)

= -Ea/R (1/T2 - 1/298.15K)ln(4)

= Ea/R (1/T2 - 1/298.15K)0.013862

= Ea/R (1/T2 - 1/298.15K)(1/T2 - 1/298.15K)

= 0.013862 x (R/Ea)

T2 can be found by rearranging the above equation as follows:

1/T2 = 1/298.15K + 0.013862 x (R/Ea)1/T2

= 1/298.15K + 0.013862 x (8.314 J/K/mol / Ea)T2

= 1 / (1/298.15K + 0.013862 x (8.314 J/K/mol / Ea))T2

= 1 / (0.0033522 + 0.013862 / Ea)T2

= 298.15 / (0.0033522 + 0.013862 / Ea)

Substituting Ea = 50000 J/mol, we have: T2 = 298.15 / (0.0033522 + 0.013862 / 50000)T2 = 303.9 K = 30.7°C (approx)

Thus, the required temperature for the reaction to run at a rate of 0.0046 m/s is 30.7⁰C approximately.

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Separation of mixtures is the process of isolating and purifying individual components from a mixture. It has a wide range of applications in various fields, including chemistry, biology, and environmental science. Here are ten beneficial effects of separation of mixtures:

Helps to obtain pure substances: Separation of mixtures helps in obtaining pure substances, which are essential for research and industrial processes.

Enables identification of individual components: Separation of mixtures allows the identification and characterization of individual components in a mixture.

Allows the removal of impurities: Separation of mixtures can be used to remove impurities from a mixture, which can improve the quality of the final product.

Facilitates recycling: Separation of mixtures is crucial for recycling materials such as plastic, paper, and metals.

Enables selective extraction: Separation of mixtures can be used to selectively extract specific components from a mixture.

Helps in drug development: Separation of mixtures is important in drug development, where pure compounds are required for testing and clinical trials.

Helps in forensic analysis: Separation of mixtures is used in forensic analysis to identify and analyze evidence.

Facilitates food processing: Separation of mixtures is used in the food industry to extract and purify ingredients.

Enables the production of clean energy: Separation of mixtures is used in the production of clean energy, such as separating hydrogen from other gases.

Helps in environmental remediation: Separation of mixtures is used in environmental remediation to separate and remove pollutants from soil, water, and air.

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A novel mutation is most likely the cause of the appearance of a black mouse within a population of light mice , those are inconsistent and rare events.

Fur color is influenced by several genes (4:29). The majority of genes are similar, but one gene (Mc1r) separates light and dark rock pocket mice. 4:55). The color of a mouse's fur is influenced by the genotype of the MC1R gene, according to Data Set 2. Mice that have two copies of allele 2 have the fur that is the darkest.

The dark-colored mice were the result of a random mutation in the population at site A. The trait did not spread because it did not benefit the mice from selection.

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The double replacement reaction's chemical equation for balancing between AgNO3(aq) and Na2CO3(aq) is: 2AgNO3(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) → Ag2CO3(s) + 2NaNO3(aq)

When sodium chloride (NaCl) solution and silver nitrate (AgNO3) are mixed, the ions of both compounds exchange. The consequence is the formation of white precipitates of sodium nitrate solution (NaNO3) and silver chloride (AgCl).

Take a known quantity of standard sodium chloride (e.g., 10 mL diluted to 100 mL for standardised 0.0141 N agNO3 or 50 mL diluted to 100 mL for standardised 0.141 N agNO3). Add 1.0 mL of K2CrO4 indicator solution, 1 spatula of calcium carbonate, and titrate the mixture with AgNO3 to a pinkish-yellow endpoint.

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The crude death rate in Rome in 2013 was 0.9269, or 0.9269 deaths per 1,000 people.

The crude death rate (CDR) is the number of deaths in a population divided by the total population, multiplied by a constant factor (usually 1,000 or 100,000) to express the rate per unit of population.

The formula for CDR is:

CDR = (Number of deaths / Total population) x Constant factor

We are given the following values:

Number of deaths (D) = 2.41 x 10^4

Total population (P) = 2.6 x 10^6

Constant factor = 1,000

Substituting these values into the formula for CDR, we get:

CDR = (D / P) x Constant factor

CDR = (2.41 x 10^4 / 2.6 x 10^6) x 1000

CDR = 9.269 x 10^-1

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The balanced chemical equation for the reaction between quicklime (calcium oxide, CaO) and water (H2O) is as follows:

CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2

This equation represents a classic example of an acid-base reaction, in which the calcium oxide, which is a basic oxide, reacts with water, a proton donor, to form calcium hydroxide, a strong base. The reaction is exothermic and releases a significant amount of heat, making it useful for various industrial applications, such as in cement production and as a desiccant.

Calcium hydroxide, also known as slaked lime, is a white crystalline solid that is sparingly soluble in water and has many applications in agriculture, construction, and environmental remediation.

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Moles of lead nitrate used mol Product mass Molar mass Pb 207 g/mol Molar mass N 14 g/mol Molar mass o 16 g/mol =  56 .65 %

moles of Pb([tex]NO_{3}[/tex]) = 14.8 / 331 = 0.0447

∵ moles = mass / molar mass

[tex]Pb(NO_{3}) + 2Cl = pbcl_{2} + 2NO_{3}[/tex]

[tex]\frac{moles of Pb (NO_{3}) }{1} = \frac{moles of Pbcl_{2} }{1}[/tex]

moles of [tex]Pbcl_{2}[/tex] = 0.0447

Theoretical mass of [tex]Pbcl_{2}[/tex] = moles * molar mass

= 0.0447 * 278

= 12.4266

% yield = Actual mass of [tex]Pbcl_{2}[/tex] / Theoretical mass of [tex]Pbcl_{2}[/tex] * 100

= [tex]\frac{7.04}{12.4266} * 100[/tex]

= 56 .65 %

Lead(II) chloride (PbCl2) is an inorganic compound that is white strong under surrounding conditions. It is ineffectively solvent in water. Lead(II) chloride is one of the main lead-based reagents. It likewise happens normally as the mineral cotunnite.

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the complete question is:

Begin Scenario An experiment was carried out to make lead chloride from lead nitrate. 7.04 g of lead chloride was obtained from 14.8 g of lead nitrate. Determine the percentage yield of lead chloride. Reactant mass 14.8 g 7.04 g a Determine the moles of lead nitrate, PbNO3, used in the experiment (To avoid introducing rounding errors on intermediate calculations, enter your answer to four significant figures.) Moles of lead nitrate used mol Product mass Molar mass Pb 207 g/mol Molar mass N 14 g/mol Molar mass o 16 g/mol

The number of moles of NaClO that were added to the water are calculated to be 6.23 × [tex]10^{-11}[/tex] mol.

In this case, we know that the pH of the solution is 10.50. Using the formula of pH, we can find the concentration of hydrogen ions.

The pH of a solution can be calculated using the following formula:

pH = -log[[tex]H^+[/tex]]

where [[tex]H^+[/tex]] is the concentration of hydrogen ions in the solution.

Plugging in the values.

10.50 = -log[[tex]H^+[/tex]]

[tex][H^+]=10^{10.50}[/tex]

[tex][H^+] =3.162 \times 10^{-11} mol/L[/tex]

Now, let us find concentration of NaClO.

Since sodium hypochlorite is a salt, it dissociates in water to form ions.

The balanced equation for the dissociation of sodium hypochlorite is:

NaClO(s) → [tex]Na^+(aq) + ClO^-(aq)[/tex]

The concentration of sodium hypochlorite can be calculated from the concentration of hypochlorite ions using the stoichiometry of the reaction.

Since there is a 1:1 ratio between NaClO and , the concentration of NaClO is also [tex]3.162 \times 10^{-11} mol/L[/tex].

To find the number of moles of NaClO added to the solution, we need to multiply the concentration by the volume:

moles NaClO = concentration x volume

moles NaClO = [tex]3.162 \times 10^{-11} mol/L \times 2L[/tex]

moles NaClO = 6.23 × [tex]10^{-11}[/tex] mol.

Therefore, the number of moles of NaClO that were added to the water is 6.23 × [tex]10^{-11}[/tex] mol..

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1 mole of methane (CH4) is burned it releaes 326.3 KJ of heat then the ΔH for the process in which 8.7 g of methane is burned is 176.8 kJ.

the number of moles of methane in 8.7 g:

molar mass of CH4 = 12.01 + 4(1.01) = 16.05 g/mol

moles of CH4 = 8.7 g / 16.05 g/mol = 0.542 moles

Now, we can use the given information to calculate the heat released:

ΔH = q/n

where q is the heat released and n is the number of moles of methane.

ΔH = (326.3 kJ/1 mol) x (0.542 mol) = 176.8 kJ.

Methane is a chemical compound that consists of one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms, with the chemical formula CH4. It is a colorless, odorless, and flammable gas that is the main component of natural gas. Methane is the simplest hydrocarbon molecule and is a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions. It is produced naturally by the breakdown of organic matter in wetlands, rice paddies, and the digestive systems of some animals.

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The final solution has a pH of 1.17.

The pH of the final solution can be calculated by using the equation:

pH = -log[H+]

Where [H+] is the concentration of hydrogen ions in the solution.Hydrogen ions, also known as protons, are positively charged particles that are found in solutions.

To calculate the concentration of hydrogen ions, we need to calculate the molarity of the solution.

Molarity of HCl =[tex]\frac{ (52.3 mL * 0.1000 mol/L) }{ (1000 mL/L) }[/tex]

                          [tex]= 0.0523 mol/L[/tex]

Molarity of HNO3 = [tex]\frac{(15.8 mL * 0.1000 mol/L) }{(1000 mL/L) }[/tex]

                             [tex]= 0.0158 mol/L[/tex]

Total molarity of the solution = 0.0523 + 0.0158 = 0.0681 mol/L

[H+] = 0.0681 mol/L

pH = -log[H+]

       = -log(0.0681)

pH = 1.17

Therefore,The pH of final solution is 1.17.

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Answer:

Hair

Explanation:

Colloid is used as thickening agents in industrial products, such as toothpaste, paints, inks, etc. Milk is one of the most common colloids, because of the thickening agents. spray, clouds, fog, etc., are a type of colloid. Paint is a type of colloid because it disperses particles through the paint. Alloy is an example of a colloidal solution. Hair does not have anything to do with colloid.

Unable to tell if this process is endothermic or exothermic because it is not stated whether energy is released or absorbed.

Energy has the ability to perform work. It is a quantifiable quality that may be transferred to a physical system or body, and it can be seen when work is being done. Potential, kinetic, thermal, electrical, chemical, and radioactive forms of energy can all exist.

The energy shift that takes place during the reaction determines the type of reaction, whether it is exothermic or endothermic. It is an exothermic reaction if energy is released during the reaction. On the other side, a reaction is said to be endothermic if energy is absorbed during it[2]. According to the chemical equation, a + 2b + energy ab2.

You can tell whether a chemical process releases or absorbs energy overall by measuring the enthalpy of the reaction. The heat energy change that occurs as reactants turn into products is known as a reaction's enthalpy(H). H is positive if heat is absorbed throughout the process; if heat is emitted, H is negative. Exothermic processes have enthalpies that are less than zero and, as a result, are negative, while endothermic reactions have enthalpies that are more than zero and, as a result, are positive.

We cannot tell if this chemical reaction is endothermic or exothermic because the chemical equation contains no information about the value of energy.

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Answer:

c

Explanation:

Answer:

its actually d

Explanation:

I dont know why all I know is c was wrong and d was correct