a is usually not necessary to the scrum method, because scrum implies that team members work as a self-directed group. select one: a. product backlog b. team charter c. gantt chart d. velocity estimate

The 8 stages of the organizational buying process are as follows: Need Recognition, Information Search, Evaluation of Alternatives, Supplier Selection, Negotiations, Purchase Decision, Order Specification.

1. Need Recognition: The first stage of the organizational buying process occurs when the company identifies a need for a specific product or service.
2. Information Search: Once the need is recognized, the company will begin to search for information about potential solutions.
3. Evaluation of Alternatives: At this stage, the company evaluates the various options available to them and weighs the pros and cons.
4. Supplier Selection: At this point, the company narrows down their list of potential suppliers to a few candidates.
5. Negotiations: This stage involves negotiating prices, terms, and other details with the chosen supplier.
6. Purchase Decision: The company makes its final decision on which supplier to go with.
7. Order Specification: The company will provide detailed information on the product or service being purchased.
8. Order Routine Specification: The company sets up a process to manage the order.

For a hospitality sales person, understanding the 8 stages of the organizational buying process can be helpful in planning sales strategies and effectively engaging with customers. Being aware of the different stages and how customers think through the process can help a sales person identify potential needs and anticipate questions and objections.

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The broad environment in which the business operates dictates overall business objectives. This includes factors such as the external economic environment, technological environment, legal and political environment, and social and cultural environment. These environmental factors can help shape the overall business objectives of the organization.

The broad environment in which the business operates dictates overall business objectives. The external environment, which includes factors such as economic conditions, political and legal factors, technological changes, social and cultural factors, and competition, has a significant impact on a business's overall objectives. A business must analyze and understand the external environment to determine the best course of action and establish goals that align with the opportunities and challenges presented by the environment. Public relations strategies and programs, as well as marketing and advertising strategies, may be important components of a business's overall strategy, but they are not the factors that dictate the overall business objectives

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The statement "when followers have a say in the selection or election of a leader, they are likely to have low expectations and make few demands." if false because followers have a say in the selection or election of a leader, they are likely to have higher expectations and make more demands.

The reason for this is that when people are actively involved in the process of choosing their leader, they are more likely to be invested in the outcome and have higher expectations for the person they selected.

This is because they believe their choice should reflect their values and needs, and therefore, they want the leader to deliver on those expectations.

As a result, followers are more likely to make demands and hold the leader accountable for their actions and decisions, as they feel a sense of responsibility and ownership over the leader's performance.

Involvement in the selection process creates a sense of empowerment and raises the stakes for the followers, leading to increased expectations and demands.

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A typical host government requirement that is not said to impact the operations of foreign companies is the legal requirement for a work permit. A work permit is a legal document that allows a foreign national to work in a host country. The permit is usually issued by the host government, and it is typically required for all foreign workers, including those employed by foreign companies.A work permit is an essential requirement for a foreigner to work in a country. In many countries, work permits are issued by the host government to ensure that foreign workers have the necessary qualifications and experience to perform their job. The work permit is also used to ensure that foreign workers are legally entitled to work in the country and that they have the necessary visas to enter the country.The legal requirement for a work permit does not impact the operations of foreign companies. However, the company may be required to apply for a work permit on behalf of its foreign employees. The process of obtaining a work permit can be time-consuming and costly, so foreign companies need to plan accordingly.Foreign companies may also need to comply with other host government requirements, such as taxation, registration, and licensing requirements. Failure to comply with these requirements can result in fines, penalties, or even expulsion from the country. Therefore, foreign companies need to ensure that they are aware of all the legal requirements in the host country and that they are complying with them.

A typical host government requirement that is not said to impact the operations of foreign companies is "requiring foreign companies to use vertical integration to support operations of local companies."

What are the typical host government requirements?

Host government requirements are conditions that a foreign country imposes on the operations of foreign businesses in its territory. Typical host government requirements include local content requirements, ownership constraints, operational standards, location preferences, and trade performance requirements.

Requiring foreign companies to use vertical integration to support the operations of local companies is not a typical host government requirement. This requirement requires foreign companies to establish joint ventures with local companies or incorporate domestic input into the production process. This requirement does not necessarily affect the daily operations of foreign firms in the host country.

The host government can enforce vertical integration requirements to promote local development, but the effect of such requirements is typically low because they primarily benefit local businesses, which tend to have less bargaining power than foreign companies. Foreign companies frequently establish a supply chain to support their operations, and the integration of domestic inputs in this chain is an essential component of business sustainability.

What is vertical integration?

Vertical integration refers to a company's ownership of its supply chain, from raw materials to the final product or service. A company that owns a vertically integrated supply chain controls every phase of the manufacturing process, which helps to streamline business processes and reduce costs. It entails the merger of firms at various levels of the production process or the acquisition of downstream or upstream businesses to support the core business.

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The interest rate quoted by the rich uncle for years four and five was nearly equal to 9.62%. The correct option is B.

The interest rate for the first three years was 6% compounded yearly and a slightly higher rate for years four and five.

To calculate the remaining principal after the first three years, we can use the formula for the accumulated value of an investment:

P = A/(1 + r)n

Here,

P= $5,000 (the initial principal)

n= 3 (the number of years)

A = P (1 + r)n,

where

A = $5,000 (the accumulated value of the investment)

r = the interest rate for each year.

For three years with 6% compound interest rate, the accumulated value of $5,000 is as follows:

At the end of year 3, the amount Gene Milton owed to his uncle was $6,194.

To calculate the new interest rate that the rich uncle charged for the last two years, we can use the formula for compound interest:

P = A/(1 + r)n - I

Here, P = $6,194, n = 2, and I = $4,000 (the interest paid by Gene Milton).

So,

$5,500 = $6,194/(1 + r)2 - $4,000

After solving the above equation for r, we get:

r = 0.0714 or 7.14%

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It is important to periodically take a physical inventory when using a perpetual inventory system because it helps to ensure that the physical stock on hand matches the inventory records.

Physical inventory is the process of counting, weighing, and measuring items in stock in a company's inventory and is used to verify the accuracy of inventory records. A perpetual inventory system is a method of inventory management that records inventory levels in real-time as purchases and sales are made

Physical inventories help to identify discrepancies between the records and the actual stock, such as shrinkage, theft, or administrative errors, and allow for corrections to be made to the inventory records. Taking a physical inventory involves counting all of the inventory items, comparing them to the inventory records, and adjusting the records to account for any discrepancies.

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The answer are by continuously improving and adapting its offerings, a market leader can maintain its position of dominance and drive long-term growth and success.

The most constructive way for a market leader to defend its leadership position is by constantly innovating and improving its products or services to meet changing customer needs and preferences. In today's fast-paced and competitive marketplace, brands must remain agile, adaptable, and customer-centric to stay ahead of the competition.

One approach to defending a leadership position is to invest heavily in research and development to create new and innovative products or services that offer superior value to customers. This can help the brand to differentiate itself from competitors and create a sustainable competitive advantage.

Another strategy is to focus on customer engagement and loyalty by providing excellent customer service, personalized experiences, and building a strong brand reputation. This can help the brand to build trust and establish an emotional connection with customers, which can lead to increased customer retention and advocacy.

Furthermore, a market leader can also leverage its scale, resources, and expertise to expand into new markets or segments, either through organic growth or acquisitions. This can help the brand to diversify its revenue streams, mitigate risks, and stay ahead of emerging trends and opportunities.

In conclusion, defending a leadership position requires a proactive and strategic approach that emphasizes innovation, customer engagement, and market expansion. By continuously improving and adapting its offerings, a market leader can maintain its position of dominance and drive long-term growth and success.

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Some marketing-oriented firms give employees expanded authority to solve customer problems on the spot. This is known as Empowerment.

Empowerment is the act of giving someone authority, power, and responsibility for a task or decision. Empowerment refers to the degree of autonomy and influence an employee has over their work. A firm can empower employees by giving them the authority to make important decisions, take risks, and solve problems on their own. Expanded authority means that the employees can take suitable decision by themselves in certain circumstances which is in the best interest of the organization.

When employees are empowered, they become more self-sufficient and confident in their abilities. They are also more willing to take on additional tasks and responsibilities that may be outside of their usual duties.

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When manufacturers export a product to another country at a price either below the price charged in its home market or below its cost of production, it is called dumping.

The World Trade Organization defines dumping as when a manufacturer exports a product to another country at a price lower than the price it normally charges in its own domestic market or lower than the cost of production of the product.

Dumping, as a consequence, may harm manufacturers in the importing country who are competing against the low-priced products. Dumping harms domestic producers in the importing country because the market becomes flooded with cheap imports that consumers tend to buy instead of more expensive domestically produced goods.

Furthermore, as domestic manufacturers are forced to decrease prices to compete, they may be forced out of business or to cut back production and lay off workers, harming the economy as a whole.

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The correct answer to the given question is "False".

Explanation: Performance evaluations are conducted to examine how well the employee is performing at work. In the case of low ratings, the employee should not argue or defend himself but take it as constructive criticism and work on his skills and rectify his faults.

Instead of taking it negatively, employees should positively take it and try to make themselves better. Low rating performance evaluation can be a means to improve the employee’s weaknesses and make them better in their work. It is the responsibility of an employee to take low ratings constructively, to rectify the shortcomings, to take corrective measures, and to improve performance.

An employee should work in close collaboration with his superior and implement their suggestions. The role of performance evaluation is to help and guide the employee and not to punish or penalize them.

Thus, if an employee receives a low rating, he should not argue or defend himself but rather work on improving the rating in the next evaluation period.

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The marketing concept that states that the organization should focus on those goods and services that earn the most and will enable the organization to survive and expand is known as the Profit Maximization Concept.

This concept suggests that organizations should strive to make the most profit possible while meeting the needs of customers and the goals of the organization.

To achieve this goal, organizations must focus on those products and services that offer the highest potential for profit. This means that organizations need to carefully analyze customer needs, product costs, and market trends to determine which products and services have the highest potential for profit.

Additionally, organizations should invest resources into those products and services that have the greatest potential for profit and work to maximize customer satisfaction in order to increase profits.

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When shoppers click on an ad and are directed to an advertiser's product detail page on amazon This is an example of a direct response customer flow.

In this flow, shoppers click on an ad and are directed to an advertiser's product detail page on Amazon. This is a fast, direct, and effective way for shoppers to find what they are looking for, and for advertisers to get a response from their target audience.

The process typically involves a user clicking on an ad, which leads to a landing page containing more information about the product and services. This landing page provides an easy way for customers to make a purchase and can also include links to other relevant information or products.

Once the customer has completed the purchase, the customer flow is complete. The advertiser is then able to measure the performance of the ad campaign by tracking the total number of conversions and the total revenue generated.

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A compromise between Jeff and Mustafa regarding the budget and spending on a new printer. Jeff may have agreed to a lower budget for the printer in order to reach a compromise and resolve the conflict.

Settling conflicts through compromise is a common way to resolve disputes in the workplace. It involves both parties giving a little bit to meet in the middle and find a mutually acceptable solution. In this case, both Jeff and Mustafa may have made concessions to reach an agreement on the budget for the printer.

It's important to note that finding a compromise may not always be possible, or the best option in every situation.

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The internal rate of return on this investment is 19.94%.

To answer the given question, the internal rate of return on the investment can be calculated using the formula:

I = [(FV/PV) ^ (1/n) - 1] x 100

Where I is the internal rate of return, FV is the future value, PV is the present value, n is the number of periods.

In this case, the initial investment was $50 per share, and 100 shares were purchased. Therefore, the initial investment was

$50 x 100 = $5,000.

The stock was sold at the end of 2006 for $90 per share.

Therefore, the future value of the investment was $90 x 100 = $9,000.

The investment was held for 4 years (January 2003 to December 2006), so the number of periods is 4.

Using the formula, we can calculate the internal rate of return:

I = [(9000/5000) ^ (1/4) - 1] x 100= [(1.8) ^ (0.25) - 1] x 100= 19.94%

Therefore, the internal rate of return on the investment is approximately 19.94%.

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Advantages of learning the native language when conducting international business are:

1. Prevent major blunders through improper translation.

It is a known fact that the language of business is English. However, not everyone has a perfect understanding of the language, which can lead to major blunders during communication.

There is always a risk of being misinterpreted when one is not completely familiar with a language.

One way of avoiding such errors is by learning the native language of the international market you are targeting.

It helps one to understand the cultural nuances and use the correct vocabulary. It also shows that you have a genuine interest in doing business with them.

2. Helps build rapport. Learning the native language of the people you want to do business with, shows that you are committed and invested in the relationship.

It is a known fact that building trust is crucial for business relationships. Being able to communicate in the native language is one way of developing trust.

It also makes it easier to understand the cultural differences that might exist. This, in turn, allows you to tailor your business approach according to the needs of your clients.

3. People prefer to speak in their own language. It is natural to feel more comfortable while communicating in your native language.

The same applies to people from other parts of the world. They feel more comfortable communicating in their native language.

In fact, research shows that more than 70% of the world's population prefers to communicate in their native language.

Therefore, learning the native language of the people you want to do business with makes it easier for them to communicate with you in their native language.

It creates a sense of comfort, which can help you to close deals faster.

Additionally, it makes it easier to negotiate deals because you can use idiomatic expressions and local phrases that are not commonly used in English.

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The following is not a tool for executing a plan is all of these are tools for executing a plan. The correct answer is C. All of these are tools for executing a plan.

a. Management by objectives: This is a process of setting specific objectives for management, and then tracking their progress towards achieving those objectives.

b. Single-use plans: These are plans that are created for a specific purpose, and can only be used for that purpose.

c. All of these are tools for executing a plan: This is incorrect, as each of the above tools serve a specific purpose in planning and execution.

d. Standing plans: These are plans that remain in effect until they are modified or superseded.

e. Operations map: This is a visual representation of a business's operations, showing how tasks, functions, and activities interact to create a successful outcome.

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In the following question,  The answer "which of the following is not one of the steps in the strategic management process?" is "d. problem identification."

Strategic management refers to the process of planning, organizing, implementing, and assessing an organization's activities and resources to achieve its goals and objectives. Strategic management is a cyclical process that involves six phases or steps.

They are as follows:

Problem identification involves recognizing that there is a problem that needs to be solved. This step helps managers to identify the root cause of the problem and determine the best solution to address it.

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Approximately 7.5% of healthcare workers in the United States have management and administration positions. This percentage does not include office and clerical workers.

To calculate this percentage, one needs to consider the total number of healthcare workers employed in the US and the number of those workers who are in management and administration positions. According to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics, in 2018, the total number of healthcare workers employed was approximately 22 million. Of those workers, approximately 1.6 million held management and administration positions, representing 7.5% of the total number of healthcare workers employed.

Management and administrative positions are essential to healthcare organizations, as they ensure that operations run smoothly. These roles are typically higher-level positions, responsible for planning, directing, and coordinating medical and healthcare services. These individuals may also be responsible for making policy decisions and overseeing the work of other healthcare staff.

While the overall percentage of healthcare workers with management and administrative positions is 7.5%, the percentage varies by type of healthcare organization.

For instance, according to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics, 10.5% of healthcare workers in nursing and residential care facilities are in management and administrative positions, while 5.3% of healthcare workers in hospitals have these types of roles.

In summary, approximately 7.5% of healthcare workers in the United States have management and administration positions. This percentage does not include office and clerical workers.

Management and administrative positions are essential for the effective operation of healthcare organizations and the percentage of healthcare workers in these roles varies by the type of healthcare organization.

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The marginal cost of a worker in a competitive labor market is equal to the wage rate.

Marginal cost refers to the additional cost of producing one more unit of output. In the case of labor, the marginal cost of a worker refers to the additional cost of hiring one more worker. In a competitive labor market, the wage rate is determined by the intersection of the supply and demand curves for labor. Therefore, the marginal cost of a worker in a competitive labor market is equal to the wage rate.

The marginal revenue product of a worker refers to the additional revenue generated by hiring one more worker, and is equal to the marginal product of that worker multiplied by the price of the final output produced by that worker. While this is an important concept in labor economics, it is not equal to the marginal cost of a worker.

The marginal product of a worker refers to the additional output produced by hiring one more worker. While this is relevant to the determination of wages and the value of labor, it is not equal to the marginal cost of a worker. The price of the final output produced by that worker is also relevant to the determination of wages and the value of labor, but it is not equal to the marginal cost of a worker.

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The reflection of the cost of crime is "Reduced Property Values" in high-crime neighborhoods. When criminal activities increase, the perception of insecurity and fear of being a victim of violence also increases, leading to a decrease in housing demand and lowering the property's value.

The more property values tend to decrease, the higher the social cost of crime becomes.

Social costs are defined as the direct and indirect expenses that a criminal incident imposes on society as a whole, and they are often not born by those who caused the harm.

Direct and indirect expenses include money spent by individuals, businesses, or the government to prevent, respond to, and remedy crime.

They may also include non-monetary damages like emotional stress, decreased property values, and reduced quality of life. Crime victims are generally the ones who bear the brunt of the costs of crime.

Types of Social Costs of Crime:

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The answer to the question is option B, MPS. It measures how much an increase in national income leads to increased imports.

MPI stands for Marginal Propensity to Import. It can also be used to assess the sensitivity of imports to changes in national income. A shift in MPI could have economic implications. If the MPI decreases, it implies that a rise in national income results in a smaller rise in imports, whereas a rise in MPI implies that a rise in national income leads to a higher rise in imports. Therefore, to determine whether a shift in MPI has occurred over the past 5-year period, we need to analyze MPS.

The MPS (Marginal Propensity to Save) is the proportion of any increase in income that is saved, rather than spent. To measure the change in MPI, we must measure the change in MPS.

Option B is correct.

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Option b is Correct. Local and regional governments are some examples of the stakeholder ties that a local chamber of commerce would have.

Competitors aren't thought of as stakeholders relationships. Consumers are seen as key stakeholders. The combination of commercial activity, environmental responsibility, and social impact on the environment and other stakeholders is approached in the short term as sustainability. The most important stakeholders in a firm are its employees. They are the ones that create the products or offerings that bring in money.

There wouldn't be any business without them. Internal stakeholders include workers. Employees, clients, and investors are the first and most crucial group, without whom the company cannot function. Suppliers, neighborhood organizations, and media influencers are secondary to them.

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The correct option is C, a change in the price of the product will not cause a change in the demand for a product.

Demand refers to the amount of a product or service that consumers are willing and able to buy at a given price and at a specific time. It is a fundamental concept in economics and plays a critical role in determining the price, quantity, and availability of goods and services in the market.

Demand is affected by various factors, including consumer income, tastes and preferences, the price of related goods, and market trends. When the price of a good or service decreases, the quantity demanded usually increases, while the reverse is true for an increase in price. Understanding the demand for a product or service is essential for businesses to make informed decisions about pricing, production, and marketing strategies.

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Complete Question: -

Which of the following will not cause a change in the demand for a product?

a. a change in consumer income

b. a change in consumer preferences

c. a change in the price of the product

d. a change in the price of a substitute product

e. As a result of a news report, consumers form expectations that the product's price will fall in the future.

The interlocking factors of education, race, gender, and economic status, among others, form society's organizational structure. true

The world's earliest forms of permanent social stratification have been described as slavery, caste systems, apartheid, and other historical examples—some of which still exist in some form today.

Sociologists use the term "social stratification" to describe the structure of social rank. Social stratification is the division of a society's population into socioeconomic groups according to factors including wealth, income, race, education, and power.

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The entry is Debit interest receivable and credit interest revenue by $ 10,000. As a result, choice B is the right response.

Prime Bank was founded in 1995 and is a premier local business bank in Bangladesh. A big and well-known bank is referred to as a prime bank in

the finance industry. Prime banks are well-known for being enormous, and they frequently conduct significant financial transactions.

From May 1 to December 31, there are 8 months and so that much interest revenue is to be recorded.

Interest for one year = 250,000 x 6%

Interest for one year = $ 15,000

Interest for 8 months = (15,000/12) x 8

Interest for 8 months = $ 10,000

The entry is Debit interest receivable and credit interest revenue by $ 10,000.

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The entry is Debit interest receivable and credit interest revenue by $ 10,000. As a result, choice B is the right response.

Prime Bank was founded in 1995 and is a premier local business bank in Bangladesh. A big and well-known bank is referred to as a prime bank in the finance industry. Prime banks are well-known for being enormous, and they frequently conduct significant financial transactions.

From May 1 to December 31, there are 8 months and so that much interest revenue is to be recorded.

Interest for one year = 250,000 x 6%

Interest for one year = $ 15,000

Interest for 8 months = (15,000/12) x 8

Interest for 8 months = $ 10,000

The entry is Debit interest receivable and credit interest revenue by $ 10,000.

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Complete question is,

Multiple Choice

a). Debit Interest Receivable and credit Interest Revenue for $5,000.

b). Debit Interest Receivable and credit Interest Revenue for $10,000.

c). Debit Interest Receivable and credit Interest Revenue for $15,000.

d). No adjusting entry is necessary.

The statement "an applicant can register a trademark on the basis of either use or the intention of use of the mark in commerce" is true as  A trademark can be registered on the basis of either use or the intention of use of the mark in commerce

Use of a trademark refers to actually using the mark in commerce for goods or services, while the intention to use a mark means that the applicant has a good faith intent to use the mark in the near future for their goods or services.

It is important to note that merely having an idea for a trademark does not constitute an intention to use the mark. An applicant must provide evidence of the intention of use in order to register a trademark.

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The cash component of the payoff if a call futures option on 50 units of the underlying asset is exercised is the difference between the futures price and the strike price multiplied by the contract size of the futures contract.

The cash component of the payoff is paid to the holder of the call futures option.

Here's an example to illustrate the calculation of the cash component of the payoff: Suppose the futures price is $50, and the strike price is $45 for a call futures option on 50 units of the underlying asset.

The contract size is 100. If the holder of the call futures option decides to exercise the option when the futures price is $55, the cash component of the payoff is calculated as follows:

Cash Component = (Futures Price - Strike Price) x Contract Size

Cash Component = ($55 - $45) x 100

Cash Component = $1000

Therefore, the holder of the call futures option receives a cash payment of $1000 from the writer of the futures contract.

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The final statement "the supply curve will shift to the left" is incorrect.

If the market for a good is initially in equilibrium and there is a rightward shift of the demand curve, then the supply curve will also shift to the right. This will lead to a rightward movement along the supply curve.

This is because an increase in demand for a good leads to an increase in supply for that good. The equilibrium price will rise as a result of this shift, but the equilibrium quantity will also increase. Therefore, the statement "the equilibrium price will fall" is incorrect.

The demand curve will not shift back as consumers react to the higher equilibrium price. The equilibrium price will remain higher as a result of the rightward shift of the demand curve.

An increase in the supply of a good will cause the supply curve to shift to the right, while an increase in the demand for a good will cause the demand curve to shift to the right. The intersection of the supply and demand curves determines the equilibrium price and quantity for a good.

If the supply curve shifts to the left, the equilibrium price will rise, and the equilibrium quantity will decrease. Therefore, the statement "the supply curve will shift to the left" is incorrect.

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The annual per share dividend requirement of a 7%, $90 par value preferred stock that was issued for $85 is $6.30.

What are dividends?

Dividends are payments made to a company's shareholders from its earnings. Dividends are usually paid out in cash or stock, but they may also be distributed in other forms such as property.

The board of directors of a corporation decides the amount of dividend to be paid out to its shareholders.

How to calculate the annual per share dividend requirement of a 7%, $90 par value preferred stock that was issued for $85?

The annual per share dividend requirement of a 7%, $90 par value preferred stock that was issued for $85 is as follows:

First, calculate the annual dividend on the preferred stock by multiplying the par value of the stock by the dividend rate.

7% of the $90 par value = 0.07 x $90 = $6.30 annual dividend per share

Next, divide the annual dividend per share by the purchase price of the preferred stock.

$6.30 / $85 = 0.0741 = 7.41% annual return

Dividend Yield: A stock's dividend yield is the amount of money it pays out in dividends each year relative to its current stock price. It's expressed as a percentage. In other words, it's the annual dividend per share divided by the stock's current market price.

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The annual per share dividend requirement of a 7%, $90 par value preferred stock that was issued for $85 is $6.30.

This dividend requirement can be calculated using the following equation:
Dividend = Par Value x Rate x (Issue Price/Par Value)
Dividend = $90 x 0.07 x ($85/$90)
Dividend = $6.30

In this equation, the par value is the face value of the stock, or the value printed on the stock certificate. The rate is the dividend rate, or the amount that the company must pay the shareholders on an annual basis. The issue price is the amount that the stock was issued for. In this equation, it is the $85 that the preferred stock was issued for.

Using the equation, the dividend is calculated by multiplying the par value, rate, and the ratio of the issue price to the par value. This gives the annual per share dividend requirement of $6.30.
The annual per share dividend requirement of a 7%, $90 par value preferred stock that was issued for $85 is $6.30. This is calculated by multiplying the annual dividend rate (7%) by the par value ($90) and then dividing by the issue price ($85).

Preferred stock is a type of security that gives the holder the right to receive a fixed dividend before any dividends are paid to common stockholders. The dividend is usually expressed as a percentage of the par value of the stock.

In this case, the preferred stock has a par value of $90 and was issued for $85. The annual dividend rate is 7%, so the annual dividend payment per share is 7% x $90 = $6.30.

It's important to note that the dividend rate is based on the par value of the stock, not the issue price. In this case, the stock was issued for less than its par value, so the yield (annual dividend payment divided by issue price) is higher than 7%.

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The present value of this lump-sum payment is $7,926.

The present value of the $9,000 lump sum payment three years from now, given a discount rate of 4% is calculated using the formula:

PV = FV / (1 + r)^n,

where PV is the present value, FV is the future value, r is the discount rate, and n is the number of years.

In this case, FV = $9,000, r = 4% = 0.04, and n = 3 years

Plugging the given values in the formula, we get:

PV = $9,000 / (1 + 0.04) ^ 3 = $7,925.87

When rounded to the nearest whole number, PV= $7,926

Therefore, the present value of this lump-sum payment is $7,926 (rounded to the nearest whole number).

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