Based on the understanding of biological macromolecules, the number of unique monomer molecules that is common to live organisms is close to <100.
Macromolecules are comprised of various monomers that are found in living organisms. The unique monomers common to living organisms are around 100 molecules. The four main macromolecules are nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. They carry out crucial tasks including supporting the structure, serving as a reservoir for stored energy, storing and retrieving genetic data, and accelerating metabolic operations.
Macromolecules are enormous molecules that fill a cell and give it vital life-sustaining activities. Macromolecules, for instance, offer structural support, serve as a reservoir for stored energy, can store and retrieve genetic information, and can speed up biological operations. The nutrients the body requires to survive are provided by food.
Biological macromolecules, or big molecules, are present in many of these essential nutrients and are required for life. These polymers (macromolecules) are constructed from various combinations of smaller organic molecules (monomers).
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a strain of streptococcus pneumoniae is no longer able to synthesize its capsule. what is the likely outcome?
A strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae is no longer able to synthesize its capsule. Its likely outcome is that it will be readily phagocytized upon entering the host.
A recent study has found that a strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae is no longer able to synthesize its capsule. This is a major concern, as this particular strain is known to be highly virulent. Without a capsule, the bacteria will be much more susceptible to phagocytosis by the host's immune cells. This could lead to a more serious infection, and potentially even death. The researchers are urging caution and urging people to get vaccinated against this strain of bacteria.
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How do stains used for light microscopy compare with those used for electron microscopy?
Answer:
stains for LM are colored molecules that bind to cell componetns affecting the light passing through. Stains used for EM involve heavy metals that affect the beams of electrons passing through.
Explanation:
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Answer:
In light microscopy, the cell components are stained using colorful dyes or stains affected by the light passing through them, and the specimens are clearly visible. However, in electron microscopy, the stains are heavy metals scattered on the biological samples affected by the beam of electrons.
Explanation:
What features of a mammal's digestive system make it an attractive habitat for mutualistic microorganisms?
The digestive system of a mammal offers mutualistic microbes a home that is shielded from other microbes by saliva and gastric juice, that is maintained at a constant temperature conducive to enzyme activation, and that offers a consistent supply of nutrients.
What is mutualism?When two or more species interact ecologically, mutualism refers to the situation where each species gains something from the interaction. A typical form of ecological interaction is mutualism. In ecology and evolution, mutualism is crucial. For instance, since around 80% of land plant species depend on mycorrhizal partnerships with fungi to supply them with inorganic compounds and trace elements, mutualistic interactions are essential for the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems. The evolution of much of the biological diversity we observe, including flower shapes (which are crucial for pollination mutualisms) and co-evolution between species, is also believed to have been fueled by mutualism. Mutualism has also been connected to important evolutionary occurrences like the symbiogenesis—the process by which the eukaryotic cell evolved—and the colonization of the land by plants and mycorrhizal fungus.Learn more about the Mutualism with the help of the given link:
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Who has to verify a theory multiple times?
certified scientists
90% of the scientific community
researchers with PhDs
several separate groups of researchers
certified scientists has to verify a Theories multiple times
The Verification is the process of checking, and confirming, that making sure, and being the certain. In qualitative research, the verification refers to the mechanisms that used during the process of the research to the incrementally contribute to ensuring the reliability and validity and, thus, the rigor of the study. Chartered Scientists demonstrate effective leadership, using their specialist knowledge and the broader scientific understanding to develop and also improve the application of the science and technology by scoping, the planning and then managing multifaceted projects. to verification theory meaning claims that it is meaningful if and only if we can describe which state of the affairs has to be observable so that the sentence that can be said to be true.
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As noted in Figure 53.2, an important assumption of the mark-recapture method is that marked individuals have the same probability of being captured as unmarked individuals. Describe a situation where this assumption might not be valid, and explain how the estimate of population size would be affected.
If an animal is lured in with food, it is more likely to be recaptured if it craves the same food. Because the population size (N) = mn/x N, the number of marked animals recaptured (x) would be an overestimation.
Briefing :
Alternatively, if an animal has a bad experience during capture and learns from it, it may be less likely to be captured again. In this example, X is an underestimation and N is an overestimation.
Population size :Population size is defined in population genetics and population ecology as the number of individual organisms in a population. Population size is intimately related to genetic drift and is the fundamental cause of phenomena such as population bottlenecks and the founder effect. The four primary factors are the birth rate, the death rate, immigration, and emigration.
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Define aerobic respiration in detail.
Answer:
Aerobic respiration is the process in which oxygen is used to create energy from carbohydrates. This process is enzyme-controlled, and the energy stored is released during photosynthesis. This process has 4 stages; glycolysis, link reaction, the Krebs cycle, and last but not least, oxidative phosphorylation.
The process of _____ induces the proliferation of antigen specific t cells and b cells.
The process of clonal selection induces the proliferation of antigen specific T cells and B cells.
What causes T cells to multiply?A full-fledged spontaneous proliferation in which T lymphocytes with greater affinities to MHC-self-antigens (and commensal antigens) are activated for proliferation is brought on by the absence of any memory population.
Antigens attach to antibodies in humoral immunity, activating B cells to create plasma cells and memory B cells. Then, antigens identify them for eradication. In cell-mediated immunity, the antigen is engulfed by macrophages, which then expose it on their surface. Helper T cells attach to and activate macrophages.
Cell-mediated immune responses include the destruction of infected cells by cytotoxic T cells or the destruction of intracellular pathogens by macrophages.
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Describe the ion movement across the cell membrane during the following stages:________
a. resting potential,
b. threshold potential,
c. depolarization,
d. repolarization.
The ion movement across the cell membrane during the following stages:
Resting potential: Movement of K⁺ ions outside the cell membrane due to K⁺ leaky channels. All other channels are closed. Threshold potential: Na⁺ voltage-gated channels open and there is an influx of Na⁺ ions. Depolarization: Na⁺ ions move inside the cell. Depolarization causes threshold potential.Repolarization: Na⁺ channels close and K⁺ channels open. K⁺ ions move out of the cell.Cell membrane is the outer layer surrounding the cells. It formed from lipid bilayer consisting of other components like proteins, carbohydrates, cholesterol, etc. The cell membrane is selectively permeable.
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which revision of the sentence adds an adverb phrase? coyotes hunt at night. coyotes hunt many types of prey at night. coyotes hunt many types of prey at night. coyotes hunt for large prey at night. coyotes hunt for large prey at night. coyotes, in the canine family, hunt at night. coyotes, in the canine family, hunt at night. coyotes of all ages hunt at night.
Coyotes hunt for large prey at night revision of the sentence adds an adverb phrase
What is a sentence with an adverbial phrase like?For instance, the adverbial phrase to see my friend might explain your intention if you were to say, "I went into town to visit my buddy." Because it describes the verb went, this phrase can be regarded as an adverb. Adverbial expressions are frequently used to describe the frequency of an action.
An adverbial phrase is one that modifies an adjective, verb, or adverb. It is an adjectival phrase if it modifies a noun or a pronoun.
In the English language, there are five fundamental categories of adverbs: manner, time, place, frequency, and degree.
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for ingested foods, the first opportunity for enzymatic digestion occurs in the . view available hint(s)for part a for ingested foods, the first opportunity for enzymatic digestion occurs in the . pancreas stomach large intestine small intestine mouth
According to the research, the correct option is mouth. For ingested foods, the first opportunity for enzymatic digestion occurs in the mouth.
What is enzymatic digestion?They are proteins whose function is that they allow the digestion of food and the assimilation of nutrients and the decomposition of the different nutrients are secreted by the pancreas and go to the duodenum to exert their action, such as amylase, lipase.
In this sense, enzymes, since they are proteins that break down nutrients, are formed inside the cells present in the mouth and have a prominent role in all phases of digestion, which starts from the mouth with the saliva that contains enzymes for digestion, preventing the formation of toxins and other substances harmful to the digestive tract.
Therefore, we can conclude that according to the research, the correct option is mouth. For ingested foods, the first opportunity for enzymatic digestion occurs in the mouth.
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Like oil and coal, ________
is a byproduct of the natural decay
process of plant and animal material over millions of years. (2 words)
Answer
Answer:
natural gas- its another fossil fuel
Which is the best ending for : A channel .......
A. Allows ions, sugars and amino acids to diffuse themselves across the membrane
B. None of these
C. Prevents unwanted molecules from entering the cell.
D. Transport ions, sugars and amino acids across the membrane.
The microscope slide rests on the __________ while being viewed. iris stage condenser base
The microscope slide rests on the stage while being viewed and is therefore denoted as option B.
What is a Microscope?This refers to a type of instrument which is commonly used in the laboratory to view objects which are very small and are unable to be viewed by the eyes and is done by enlargement to different magnifications through different types of techniques.
The microscope slide rests on the stage while being viewed and there is a a hole in it to permit light to pass through both it and the specimen thereby allowing for accuracy in the observation process.
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Which statement is correct about rough ER and smooth ER?
A: Rough ER contains ribosomes, and smooth ER transports materials other than proteins.
B: Rough ER contains ribosomes, and smooth ER transports proteins.
C: Rough ER transports proteins, and smooth ER contains ribosomes.
D: Rough ER transports materials other than proteins, and smooth ER contains ribosomes.
The statement that is correct about rough ER and smooth ER is that Rough ER contains ribosomes, and smooth ER transports materials other than proteins (option A).
What is the endoplasmic reticulum?Endoplasmic reticulum is a network of membranes within the cytoplasm of cells, where proteins and lipids are synthesized.
The endoplasmic reticulum are of two types namely;
Rough endoplasmic reticulumSmooth endoplasmic reticulumThe major difference between these two endoplasmic reticulum is that ribosomes are attached to the rough ER but not attached to the smooth ER, hence, their respective names.
This difference plays a vital role in their function because rough ER is involved in protein synthesis while the smooth ER is involved in lipid synthesis.
Therefore, the statement that is correct about rough ER and smooth ER is that Rough ER contains ribosomes, and smooth ER transports materials other than proteins.
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jayden yugie aug 22 · 4 min read · member-only · this extinct animal species was brought back to life the world's first ever de-extinction
the extinct animal species was brought back to life the world's first ever de-extinction was Pyrenean ibex.
Species is a group of organism that with similar physical and anatomical features which can interbreed among themselves to produce viable offspring.
De-extinction is the process by which an organism is produce which is an extinct species or resembles a extinct species. it can be done using selective breeding, genome editing, iterative evolution and cloning.
It can help in revival of the extinct or critically endangered species. But it is an expensive process and reintroduction of extinct species can cause ecological imbalance.
First extinct species to be re-introduced was Pyrenean ibex.
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What is cladogram? ayoooooooooo
Answer:
a branching diagram showing the cladistic relationship between a number of species.
Explanation:
During which prenatal period do the nervous system, organs, and muscles become organized and connected, and behaviors suck as kicking and thumb sucking appear?
During the prenatal period, the fetus's nervous system, organs, and muscles become organized and connected. This is when behaviors such as kicking and thumb sucking appear.
This is an amazing time for the fetus, as they are growing and developing at a rapid pace. It is also a time when they are extremely vulnerable to anything that could potentially harm them.
That is why it is so important for pregnant women to take care of themselves during this time. Eating a healthy diet, getting enough rest, and avoiding stress are all crucial for a healthy pregnancy.
If you are pregnant, or know someone who is, make sure to take care of them during this precious time.
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Lab tests of two patients, each diagnosed with excessive thyroid hormone production, revealed elevated levels of TSH in one but not the other. Was the diagnosis of one patient necessarily incorrect? Explain.
There could be two different scenarios for (TSH)
First, despite receiving adequate hormonal input from the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary, the thyroid gland may create too much thyroid hormone.Second, abnormally high thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels may be the cause of an overactive thyroid gland. Therefore, there is a possibility that both diagnoses are accurate.Numerous glands in the body produce hormones, which have a variety of physiological effects. Growth and development depend on hormones.
The thyroid gland creates the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). The rate at which calories are eaten by each and every cell and organ in the body is regulated by thyroid hormones, which also control weight gain and loss.
When activated by TSH, the thyroid gland produces thyroid hormones. Blood tests that measure T3, T4, and TSH levels can be used to identify several medical conditions.
When the thyroid gland generates too much thyroxine, hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) results. In addition to causing weight loss, hyperthyroidism accelerates the body's metabolism, which results in a rapid or erratic heartbeat.
Iodine toxicity may result in the thyroid producing an excessive amount of thyroid hormones.
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you are estimating the time since the divergence of two species and used hemoglobin for your molecular clock. you would like to get independent support for your estimate. if you also use cytochrome c, which result do you expect?
The result that one should be expected from this experiment is the number of amino acid differences between the two species will be fewer for cytochrome C than for hemoglobin.
What is a factor that is used as a molecular clock?A molecular clock utilizes DNA sequences in order to calculate how long it has been since related species are typically separated or diverged from their common ancestors.
According to the question, the accumulation of amino acids in two species will be less in number as compared to the existence of hemoglobin genes. This is because this type of estimation independently supports the evidence.
Therefore, the number of amino acid differences between the two species will be fewer for cytochrome C than for hemoglobin is the result that one should be expected from this experiment.
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Your question seems incomplete. The most probable complete question is as follows:
The number of amino acid differences between the two species will be the same for both genes.The number of amino acid differences between the two species will be fewer for hemoglobin than for cytochrome c.The number of amino acid differences between the two species will be fewer for cytochrome c than for hemoglobin.Blood vessels that supply nutrients and oxygen only to the heart amuscles make up the specific type of circulation called the?
Blood vessels that supply nutrients and oxygen only to the heart muscles and make up for a specific type of circulation are called pulmonary veins.
What are pulmonary veins?Blood tubes called pulmonary veins take oxygen-rich blood from your lungs and deliver it to your heart. The pulmonary circuit of your body includes your pulmonary veins. Blood travels via this network of blood veins from your heart to your lungs. Your pulmonary arteries are also a part of this circuit.
There are two primary distinctions between your pulmonary arteries and veins:
They transport many blood kinds. Your pulmonary arteries convey blood that is low in oxygen. Blood rich in oxygen is carried through your pulmonary veins.They move in various directions. Blood travels via your pulmonary arteries from your heart to your lungs. Blood is transported to your heart from your lungs through your pulmonary veins.Therefore, blood vessels that supply nutrients and oxygen only to the heart muscles and make up for a specific type of circulation are called pulmonary veins.
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A stretch of river running through a state wildlife preserve is 25,000 m long. A team of conservationists make a scale model of the river that is 1 m long. What is the scale of the model?
Since the state wildlife preserve is 25,000 m long and a team of conservationists made a scale model of the river that is 1 m long, the scale of this model is: B. 1:25,000.
What is scale factor?A scale factor can be defined as the ratio of two (2) corresponding length of sides or diameter in two similar geometric figures such as equilateral triangles, river, planets in our solar system, etc.
Let S represent the length of the state wildlife.Let R represent the length of the river.
For this model, the scale factor would be given by:
Scale factor = R:S
Scale factor = 1:25,000.
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Complete Question:
A stretch of river running through a state wildlife preserve is 25,000 m long. A team of conservationists make a scale model of the river that is 1 m long. What is the scale of the model?
A. 1:1
B. 1:25,000
C. 10:25
D. 2,500:1
Carbon-14 dating works for fossils up to about 75,000 years old; fossils older than that contain too little ¹⁴C to be detected. Most dinosaurs went extinct 65.5 million years ago.
(a) Can ¹⁴C be used to date dinosaur bones? Explain.
Carbon-14 dating works for fossils up to about 75,000 years old; fossils older than that contain too little ¹⁴C to be detected.
Most dinosaurs went extinct 65.5 million years ago.
Can ¹⁴C be used to date dinosaur bones?
No, ¹⁴C can used to date dinosaur bones
Why carbon dating cannot be used to detect the age of dinosaur?
Carbon-14 dating will not work on dinosaur bones. The half-life of carbon-14 is only 5730 years, so carbon-14 dating is only effective for samples that are less than 50,000 years old. On the other hand, dinosaur bones are millions of years old - some fossils are billions of years old. To determine the age of these specimens, scientists need an isotope with a very long half-life. Some of the isotopes used for this purpose are uranium-238, uranium-235, and potassium-40, each of which has a half-life of over a million years.Unfortunately, these elements do not exist in the dinosaur fossils themselves. Each typically exists in igneous rock or rock made from cooled magma. However, fossils form in sedimentary rock -- the sediment quickly covers the dinosaur's body, and the sediment and bones gradually turn into rock. However, this sediment usually does not contain the necessary isotopes in measurable quantities. Fossils cannot form in igneous rock, which usually contains isotopes. The extreme temperatures of the magma would only destroy the bones.To learn more about carbon dating, refer to:
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Clear cutting trees, pumping of wells, removal of copper from a mine are example of . Resource depletion, pollution, loss of biodiversity, or risk
Clear cutting trees, pumping of wells, removal of copper from a mine are example of Resource depletion and is therefore denoted as option A.
What is Resource depletion?Resources is referred to as the materials which are usually naturally occurring and help to improve the standard of living of humans thereby making them much needed and valued. They are of two types which are renewable and non-renewable resources.
Resource depletion on the other hand involves the consumption of resources in such a way that replenishment takes more time and examples include clear cutting of trees etc.
Pumping of wells and removal of copper from a mine are also examples because their consumption is faster than it can be replenished thereby making option a the most appropriate choice.
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to determine the tonicity of red blood cells, a blood sample was placed in an isotonic saline solution. what would one expect to see under the microscope if there was a higher solute concentration inside the red blood cells?
A look under the microscope will show the cells rapidly shrink and crenate.
What is tonicity?Tonicity can be defined as the ability of an extracellular solution to make water move out or move into of a cell through the process of osmosis.
If a blood sample is placed in an isotonic saline solution and viewed under a microscope, the blood cell will be seen as shrinking and crenate as water molecules move by osmosis from a higher concentration to a lower concentration.
The tonicity of a solution often directly correlates with the osmolarity of the solution.
In conclusion, in a hypertonic solution the extracellular fluid has a higher osmolarity than the blood cells meaning that the fluid contains less water than the cell does.
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For the wild-type hamsters that received t SCN transplants, what would have been an appropriate experimental control?
The appropriate control, in this case, would be to transplant the SCN from one wild-type hamster to another wild-type hamster.
What is SCN?As the primary circadian pacemaker in the mammalian brain, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus produces circadian rhythms in rest and exercise, body temperature, neuroendocrine operation, autonomic, memory, and psychomotor performance, as well as a variety of other psychological and physiological processes.
The circadian timing system, a crucial brain mechanism, is controlled by the SCN (CTS).
Therefore, in the case of SCN transplants in wild-type hamsters, the appropriate control is the transplant of SCN from one wild-type hamster to another wild-type hamster.
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one of a botanist's hybridization experiments with peas yielded offspring with of those peas (or %) having yellow pods. according to genetic theory, 25% of the offspring peas should have yellow pods.
We utilize the X2 test to determine whether or not there is a discrepancy between observed and predicted frequencies in a population. There is no statistically significant difference here. H-W equilibrium exists in the population.
What is the Hardy Weinberg equation?Calculating the genetic diversity of a community at equilibrium may be done using the Hardy-Weinberg equation. The main concept in population genetics that G. H. Hardy and Wilhelm Weinberg separately described in 1908 is now known as the Hardy-Weinberg equation.
The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium principle, which holds that the level of genetic diversity in a population will stay unchanged from one generation to the next in the elimination of unfavorable circumstances, is expressed by the equation.
Therefore, we utilize the X2 test to determine whether or not the difference between the observed and predicted frequencies in a population is statistically significant. The statistical significance of this discrepancy is zero. There is an H-W equilibrium in the population.
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An observation about how to solve a problem is called a
Answer:
An observation about how to solve a problem is called a theory / scientific method
Explanation:
The process of evolution by natural selection depends on the existence, in every biological population of?
The process of evolution by natural selection depends on the existence, in every biological population of genetic variability.
Genetic Variability- The capacity of the genes present to enable a cell, organism, or population to live and reproduce is known as genetic viability.
Natural Selection- An evolutionary mechanism is natural selection. Environment-adapted organisms have a higher chance of surviving and dispersing the genes that contributed to their success. Over time, this mechanism leads to the evolution and divergence of species.
Genes- The fundamental genetic component transferred from parent to child. Genes are composed of DNA sequences and are organized sequentially at specified sites on chromosome in the cell nucleus.
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Which landforms are most likely affected by the creation of polders?
Answer: Lowlands
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quantification of gait parameters in freely walking wild type and sensory deprived drosophila melanogaster
Quantification of gait parameters in freely walking wild type and sensory deprived drosophila melanogaster. True.
The analysis of locomotion in massive animals, drastically mammals, often is based on the position of visual marks generally joints that may be without problems detected and tracked.
However, in smaller insects including Drosophila, any such method becomes no longer most effective technically tough however is likewise probable to disturb on foot. Such challenges have a more distinct examination of the that incorporate walks conduct to overcome those boundaries and the biomechanical features on foot in Drosophila we became to an optical effect referred to as general internal mirrored image.
However, if a denser material, which includes the tarsus of an insect leg, contacts the surface of the glass, then the domestically overall internal mirrored image will scatter the light.
Disclaimer:- your question is incomplete, please see below for the complete question.
Quantification of gait parameters in freely walking wild type and sensory deprived drosophila melanogaster. T/F
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