The number of neutrons possessed by beryllium with atomic mass is 9, and its atomic number is 4 is 5 neutrons.
What is neutron?A neutron is a subatomic particle with no charge that is a component of an atom's nucleus.
By deducting the number of protons or atomic number from the mass number, one can determine the number of neutrons that make up an atom of an element.
In other words, the number of neutrons equals the mass number minus the number of protons.
This suggests that the proton number or atomic number of beryllium is 4. An isotope of beryllium-9 has the following number of neutrons:
Neutron number = 9 - 4 = 5.
Because of this, an isotope of beryllium-9 has five neutrons.
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explain what it means for an electron to be both a particle and a wave. what two scientists contributed to this quantum model of the atom?
The energy of the electron is deposited at a point, just as if it was a particle. So while the electron propagates through space like a wave, it interacts at a point like a particle. This is known as wave-particle duality.
Only recently have scientists began to think of light as both a wave and a particle. Two major scientists that helped discover this property were Heinrich Hertz in 1887 and Albert Einstein in 1905.
ABOUT WAVE PARTICLE DUALITYWave–particle duality is the concept in quantum mechanics that every particle or quantum entity may be described as either a particle or a wave. It expresses the inability of the classical concepts "particle" or "wave" to fully describe the behaviour of quantum-scale objects. As Albert Einstein wrote:
It seems as though we must use sometimes the one theory and sometimes the other, while at times we may use either. We are faced with a new kind of difficulty. We have two contradictory pictures of reality; separately neither of them fully explains the phenomena of light, but together they do.
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California, a city that is far inland, such as Sacramento, is typically warmer than a city near the coast, such as San Francisco agree or disagree why
The fact that California is surrounded by water makes is cooler than Sacramento that is surrounded by land.
Why is Sacramento warmer than California?We have to note that the features that surround an area is a key factor is determining whether or not the place would be warm or cold. If a place is surrounded by water, the convection of the air would lead to land and sea breeze and make the place to be cooler.
On the other hand for the places that have been surrounded by land, we would notice that the temperature of those areas would tend to be much higher than the islands.
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1. Based on the Data Table, what mass of magnesium is contained in your compound? Show all calculations.
31.634 – 31.064 = 0.57
2. Based on the Data Table, what mass of oxygen is contained in your compound? Show all calculations.
3. Compare the mass of the Mg ribbon with the mass of the magnesium oxide. How can you account for the change in mass between the two?
4. Now that you have the mass of magnesium and oxygen in your compound, you can find moles of each element in the compound and you can determine your experimental empirical formula. Show all calculations and your empirical formula below.
5. What is the known formula for magnesium oxide? Compare the known formula to the empirical formula you determined in question 4. Are they the same or no?
Answer:
Answer 1: The mass of magnesium contained in the compound is 0.57g, which can be determined by subtracting the mass of the crucible and lid (31.064g) from the mass of the crucible, lid, and magnesium ribbon (31.634g).
Answer 2: The mass of oxygen contained in the compound is 1.39g, which can be determined by subtracting the mass of the crucible, lid, and magnesium oxide (31.970g) from the mass of the crucible and lid (31.064g).
Answer 3: The change in mass between the two can be accounted for by the reaction of the magnesium with oxygen to form magnesium oxide.
Answer 4: The number of moles of magnesium is 0.0995 (2.39/24) and the number of moles of oxygen is 0.0868 (1.39/16). Dividing the moles of each element by the smallest amount of moles (0.0868) results in a simplest ratio of 1:1. Therefore, the empirical formula of magnesium oxide is MgO.
Answer 5: The known formula for magnesium oxide is MgO, which is the same as the empirical formula determined in question 4.
46. Describe how you would shape a piece of
aluminum foil so that it floats on water.
When you get sick, what does the doctor recommend you to do before giving a prescription, apart from physical check-up? Give concreate examples or situations that show knowledge in focusing microscope is very useful?
The doctor may recommend taking a thorough medical history, including current symptoms and past illnesses, before giving a prescription. They may also recommend diagnostic tests such as bloodwork or imaging to help inform treatment decisions. Microscopy is often used in the diagnostic process for conditions such as infections or cancers.
When a patient is sick, a doctor will typically take a thorough medical history and perform a physical examination before determining the best course of b. Depending on the condition, the doctor may also order laboratory tests, imaging studies, or other b tests to help make a diagnosis.
One example of a situation where focusing a microscope is useful is in the diagnosis of a bacterial infection. A doctor may take a sample of the patient's infected tissue or fluid (such as blood or urine) and use a microscope to examine it for the presence of b. The doctor can then use the information obtained from the microscope to determine the type of bacteria causing the infection and the most appropriate antibiotic to treat it.
Another example is in pathology. Pathologists use microscopes to examine tissue samples taken during biopsies or surgeries to diagnose or confirm a wide variety of diseases, including cancer. The microscope allows them to see the structure and organization of cells and tissues at a high level of detail, enabling them to identify abnormal cells or changes that may indicate the presence of a disease.
In addition, Microscopy is widely used in the field of research, particularly in the field of Biology and Medicine, providing a key tool for advancing our understanding of the structure, function, and interactions of cells, tissues, and organisms.
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consider a saturated solution of silver chloride in water. compared to the original concentrations of the silver ion and the chloride ion, how would the concentrations be different after some nacl is added to the solution?
The concentrations of the silver ion and chloride ion in the solution will not be affected by the addition of NaCl, as the solution is already saturated.
When a solution is saturated, it means that the maximum amount of solute (in this case, silver chloride) has been dissolved in the solvent (water) at a given temperature and pressure. Adding more solute (such as NaCl) will not cause any additional solute to dissolve, as the solution is already at its saturation point.
Therefore, the concentrations of the silver ion and chloride ion in the solution will not change as a result of adding more NaCl. It's important to note that adding more solvent (water) would decrease the concentration of the solute.
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Draw the missing intermediate and add curved arrows for the production of phenylethyne by the double dehydrohalogenation of 2,2-dibromoethylbenzene. Note that, although stereochemistry is not graded, it is an important part of the mechanism
Illustration of the missing intermediate and add curved arrows for the production of phenylethyne by the double dehydrohalogenation of 2,2-dibromoethylbenzene is given in the attachment.
Dehydrohalogenation is an elimination reaction used in chemistry to get rid of a hydrogen halide from a substrate. Although the reaction is frequently linked to the synthesis of alkenes, it has additional uses.
Alkyl halides have historically served as the substrates for dehydrohalogenations. Halides without a C-H bond on an adjacent carbon are not acceptable substrates for alkyl halides because they cannot produce an alkene.
Halides made of aryl are similarly inappropriate. Chlorobenzene dehydrohalogenates when subjected to a strong base, releasing phenol through a benzyne intermediate. Many alkyl chlorides change into the equivalent alkene when treated with a strong base. It is a kind of elimination reaction and is also known as a-elimination reaction.
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S waves from a quake arrive at seismic station 40 seconds after the arrival of p waves how far away is the epicenter
Answer:
waves that move through only solids and they are slower than P-Waves and they travel in an S type motion(cannot go through outer core because it is liquid)
Explanation:
Derive an equation for the work of mechanically reversible, isothermal compression of 1 mol of a gas from an initial pressure P1 to a final pressure P2 when the equation of state is the virial expansion [Eq. (3. 33)] truncated to: Z = 1 + B′P How does the result compare with the corresponding equation for an ideal gas?
In comparison to the ideal gas equation,
W = -nRT ln(P2/P1), the virial expansion equation takes into account the interactions between the particles in the gas and the deviation from ideal gas behavior.
The work of mechanically reversible, isothermal compression of 1 mol of a gas from an initial pressure P1 to a final pressure P2 when the equation of state is the virial expansion [Eq. (3. 33)] truncated to:
Z = 1 + B′P can be derived using the formula W = -nRT ln(P2/P1).
Substituting the value of Z into the equation,
we get W = -nRT ln(P2/P1) - (nRT/B′) ln(1+B′P2) + (nRT/B′) ln(1+B′P1)
This equation describes the work done on a gas that follows the virial expansion equation, with the added term (nRT/B′) ln(1+B′P) representing the deviation from the ideal gas behavior.
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in the laboratory, a student adds 51.1 ml of water to 20.1 ml of a 0.659 m hydrobromic acid solution. what is the concentration of the diluted solution? assume the volumes are additive.
We can find the concentration of the final solution by:
C1V1 = C2V2
C2 = (C1 * V1) / V2
C2 = (0.659 M * 20.1 ml) / 71.2 ml
C2 = 0.0922 M
Therefore, the concentration of the diluted solution is 0.0922 M.
What is the above used equation used for?C1V1=C2V2 is used to calculate an unknown quantity where two solutions are proportional. It is used to calculate how much ingredient is contained in a different volume of the same concentration.
What do you mean by dilution?Dilution is the process of lowering the concentration of a solute in a solution by simply adding more solvent to the solution, such as water. Diluting a solution happen by adding more solvent without adding more solute.
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2 which subatomic particle is not indicated by the atomic number of a neutral atom? proton neutron electron
The subatomic particle is not indicated by the atomic number of a neutral atom is neutron.
The subatomic particles is the particles that atom is composed of. The subatomic particles is given as :
ProtonNeutron ElectronThe atomic number of the neutral atom is equals to the number of the protons. The number of protons is equals to the number of electrons for the neutral atom. The mass number is equal to the number of protons + number of neutrons.
Thus, the number of neutrons is the subatomic particle that is not indicated by the atomic number of a neutral atom.
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when placed at the same temperature, compare the entropy of 10 mole of ar(g) at 10.0 atm and 10 mole of ar(g) at 0.5 atm. which system has a higher entropy? group of answer choices 10 mole of ar(g) at 10.0 atm 10 mole of ar(g) at 0.5 atm there is not enough information. they are the same in entropy.
When placed at the same temperature, the entropy of 10 mole of Ar(g) at 10.0 atm and the 10 mole of Ar(g) at 0.5 atm. The system has a higher entropy is 10 mole of Ar(g) at 0.5 atm.
The entropy is the measure the randomness of the of the system. the measure of the system's thermal energy per unit the temperature that is not available for doing the useful work.
The Entropy will increases with temperature at the constant pressure. The pressure increases leads to the higher degree of the order in the molecular arrangement. so, the entropy decreases with the increasing pressure.
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Why is iron the heaviest element that can be produced in stars
Answer: The main light elements that can be produced in stars is helium. the heaviest part that can be produced in giant stars is iron.
what are the physical properties of iron?
The physical properties of iron include iron is a heavy metal with a density of 7.9 g/cc, It is a lustrous metal, greyish white in colour.
Iron is highly malleable and ductile which is a good conductor of heat and electricity.
Iron can be magnetized and It melts at 1536 degrees Celcius and boils at 2861 degree Celsius, dissolved readily in dilute acids.
the geometry of a molecule has an important consequence for its polarity. a molecule that contains polar bonds may still be nonpolar, if .multiple choice question.the molecule is symmetrical and the individual bond dipoles cancelthe molecule contains atoms other than oxygen or fluorine, which are highly electronegativethe molecule is sufficiently small that the individual bond dipoles are insignificant
The polarity of a molecule is significantly impacted by its shape. A molecule that contains polar bonds may still be nonpolar if the molecule is symmetrical and the individual bond dipoles cancel.
The distribution of electric charge in a molecule is referred to as polarity. A dipole moment is produced by the positive and negative charge areas that coexist in a molecule having polar links. The individual bond dipoles will cancel out each other if the molecule is symmetrical, which ensures that the positive and negative charges are distributed equally. Even though the molecule in this instance has polar bonds, it will nonetheless be nonpolar. However, if a molecule is not symmetrical or contains strongly electronegative atoms like fluorine or oxygen, the bond dipoles will not cancel each other out, resulting in polarity.
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The actual question is:
The geometry of a molecule has an important consequence for its polarity. a molecule that contains polar bonds may still be nonpolar, if
a) the molecule is symmetrical and the individual bond dipoles cancel.
b) the molecule contains atoms other than oxygen or fluorine, which are highly electronegative.
c) the molecule is sufficiently small that the individual bond dipoles are insignificant.
d) the molecule is sufficiently small that the single bond dipoles are significant.
How much work is done when 7 N of force is used to push a stalled motorbike 5 m?
Hey there!
========================================| Welcome to Physics |
Topic for Discussion - Work
========================================What is "work" when it comes to Physics?"
In physics, work is the energy transferred to or from an object via the application of force along a displacement. In short, it is the force applied to an object over distance.
The formula for work is [tex]W=Fs[/tex].
[tex]W=work[/tex][tex]F=force[/tex][tex]s=displacement/distance[/tex]Given the scenario above, there is "a force of 7 N on a stalled motorbike for a distance of 5 meters (m)". Now, we have to "determine the amount of work" that is being done during this
Knowing our formula for work, simply apply the given data in the scenario using the formula to determine the work being done.
[tex]W=Fs[/tex]
[tex]F=7[/tex]
[tex]s=5[/tex]
[tex]W=7*5[/tex]
[tex]W=35[/tex]
Hence, the work being done in the given scenario would be 35.
__________________________________________________
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the letter x replaces the element symbol. the top value represents mass number and the bottom value represents atomic number. 1. ) how many neutrons does this element have? 2. ) how many neutrons does this element have? 3. ) and are these two elements isotopes? (yes or no) 4. 3. ) and are these two elements isotopes? (yes or no)
Chemical chemical X. The silicon is available. This information is not given here. Therefore, we shall use the atomic number as the amount of protons. So, the solution is 17.
What do the protons in atoms do?A proton, a quasiparticle, is found in the nucleus of every atom.. The particle has an electrical charge that is positive and opposite to the electron's. A single proton would weigh just 1.673? 10-27 kilos if it were isolated, which is only a little bit less than a neutron.
Protons and electrons: what are they?A subatomic particle with a negative charge is an electron. A proton is an unit of matter with the a positive charge. Protons are bound together in an atom's nucleus by the potent nuclear energy. The neutron is a type of subatomic particle sans charge (they are neutral).
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Answers for Predicting Products of Chemical Reactions
The prediction of chemical reaction is CO2 and H2O are the end products of every combustion reaction involving hydrocarbons or hydrogen-carbon-oxygen molecules (assuming a complete reaction).
a. C6H12 + 9O2 6CO2 + 6H2O during combustion
b. Combustion: 8CO2 + 6H2O from 2C4H6 + 11O2
c. Combustion: 6CO2 + 5H2O + C6H10O3 + 7O2
The predicting products of chemical reactions is The ability of human chemists to predict reactions' outcomes with acceptable certainty is amazing. These forecasts are, of course, founded on fundamental physical principles, but they are unquestionably not based on meticulous numerical calculations.
For example:-
1. Mg + I2 becomes MgI2.
The product must have a 1:2 cation:anion ratio since Mg can only form Mg2+ and I can only form I-.
2. Dual displacement: CuS + 2HCl CuCl2 + H2S
Be aware that the substance is not H2Cl2. Recognizing that CuCl2 is composed of three ions—Cu2+ and two Cl-—is crucial.
3. NaOH + HClO4 NaClO4 + H2O, or double displacement
You must understand that perchlorate (ClO4-) and hydroxide (OH-) are polyatomic ions in this question and won't disintegrate. Additionally, as this is an acid-base reaction, the end products ought to be salt and water.
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Complete question:
What is predicting product of chemical reaction.
Combustion:
a. C6H12 + O2 =
b. Combustion: C4H6 + O2 =
c. Combustion: C6H10O3 + O2 =
how much co(g) is required to completely react with 22.55 g fe2o3? if 15.32 g fe(s) are produced, what is the % yield?
11.87 g of CO(g) is required to completely react with 22.55 g Fe₂O₃(s) to produce 15.32 g Fe(s). The percent yield of the reaction is 97.15%.
The balanced equation for the reaction between CO(g) and Fe₂O₃(s) is:
Fe₂O₃(s) + 3 CO(g) -> 2 Fe(s) + 3 CO₂( g)
To determine how much CO is required to completely react with 22.55 g of Fe2O3, we need to use the stoichiometry of the reaction.
From the balanced equation, we know that for every 1 mole of Fe₂O₃(s) that reacts, 3 moles of CO(g) are consumed. To convert mass to moles, we use the molar mass of Fe₂O₃(s), which is 159.69 g/mol.
22.55 g Fe2O3 / 159.69 g/mol = 0.1412 moles of Fe2O3
From the balanced equation we know that for every 1 mole of Fe₂O₃(s), 3 moles of CO(g) is required, so we can calculate the moles of CO(g) needed for the reaction:
0.1412 moles Fe₂O₃(s) (3 moles of CO(g) / 1 mole of Fe₂O₃(s)) = 0.4236 moles of CO(g)
To get the mass of CO(g), we can convert the moles to grams using the molar mass of CO(g), which is 28.01 g/mol.
0.4236 moles of CO(g)(28.01 g/mol) = 11.8660 = 11.87 g of CO(g)
To find the % yield, we divide the actual yield (15.32 g Fe(s)) by the theoretical yield (mass of Fe(s) produced from all the Fe₂O₃(s) consumed) and multiply by 100.
Theoretical yield of Fe(s) = mass of Fe₂O₃(s) consumed(mass of Fe(s) produced from 1 mol Fe₂O₃(s) / mol of Fe₂O₃(s) consumed)
= 22.55 g Fe₂O₃(s) (55.85 g Fe(s) / mol Fe(s)) (2 mol Fe(s) / 1 mol Fe₂O₃(s)) (1 mol Fe₂O₃(s) / 159.69 g Fe₂O₃(s)) = 15.77 g Fe(s)
% yield = (15.32 g Fe(s) / 15.77 g Fe(s)) x 100 = 97.15%
So, 11.87 g of CO(g) is required to completely react with 22.55 g Fe₂O₃(s) to produce 15.32 g Fe(s) and the % yield of the reaction is 97.15%.
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why would iron be useful when building a rocket
Answer: to keep it strong
Explanation:
4. Samples of compound X, Y, and Z are analyzed, with results shown here.
Compound
X
Y
Z
Description
clear, colorless, liquid with strong odor
clear, colorless, liquid with strong odor
clear, colorless, liquid with strong odor
Mass of Carbon
1.776 g
1974 g
7.812 g
Mass of Hydrogen
0.148 g
0.329 g
0.651 g
Do these data provide example(s) of the law of definite proportions, the law of multiple proportions, neither, or both?
What do these data tell you about compounds X, Y, and Z?
The data can show us that X ,Y and Z are all esters
What is the law of definite proportions?The law of definite proportions, also known as Proust's Law, states that a given chemical compound always contains the same elements in the same proportion by mass.
This means that no matter how a compound is obtained or prepared, its elemental composition will always be the same. For example, water is always composed of hydrogen and oxygen in a ratio of 2:1, regardless of its source or method of preparation.
The law of definite proportions is a fundamental principle of chemistry and provides evidence for the atomic theory of matter.
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What is sodium bicarbonate is is soluble in water
In water, sodium bicarbonate dissolves to form sodium and bicarbonate which makes the solution alkaline, which means it can neutralize acid.
What is an acid?An acid is described as a molecule or ion capable of either donating a proton, known as a Brønsted–Lowry acid, or forming a covalent bond with an electron pair, known as a Lewis acid.
sodium bicarbonate is less soluble in water because the density of the water is more than the density of the sodium bicarbonate.
Acids are known to produce hydrogen ions and bases accept hydrogen ions.
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One of the biggest concerns of Nuclear Energy is
A-Disposal of radioactive waste.
B-Emissions are dangerous to local wildlife.
C-Deforestation of forests.
D-Polluted water sources.
Answer:
a - disposal of radioactive waste
Explanation:
The major concern of nuclear energy is disposal of radioactive waste as they release poisonous chemical element known as plutonium whichc\ causes cancerous effects in humans and animals.
discuss the process of water cycle stage by stage
Inject some lactose (about 25 molecules should do it) into the simulation. Note what happens. Specifically, what is lactose being converted into
Inject some lactose (about 25 molecules). Specifically, lactose is being converted into glucose and galactose.
Lactose is a disaccharide made up of one molecule of glucose and one molecule of galactose. In the body, lactose is broken down by the enzyme lactase, which is found in the small intestine. Lactase catalyzes the hydrolysis of lactose into glucose and galactose, which can then be absorbed into the bloodstream and used for energy. This process is called lactose digestion. Lactose is a type of sugar that is naturally present in milk and dairy products. Lactose is a important source of energy for many organisms, including humans. Lactose intolerance is a common condition in which the body is unable to fully digest lactose, the main sugar found in milk and dairy products. This occurs when there is not enough of the enzyme lactase, which is responsible for breaking down lactose in the small intestine. Symptoms of lactose intolerance include bloating, diarrhea, and gas after consuming milk or dairy products. Lactose is also used in various industries such as food and pharmaceuticals, as a sweetener and filler. Lactose is used as a filler in tablets and capsules, it is also used in the production of fermented milk products like cheese, and is used as a ingredient in infant formulas.
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As the pressure of a gas at 7 atm is changed to 3 atm at constant temperature, will the
volume of gas increase, decrease, or remain the same? Explain why in terms of how the
molecules are moving.
Using Boyle's law, As pressure is decreased, the volume will increase.
Boyle's Law describes how pressure and volume relate when the temperature is constant.
P1V1 = P2V2
When temperature is kept constant in this equation, pressure and volume have an inverse relationship.
When the volume is reduced, molecules have less room to move and collide more frequently, which raises the pressure. If the volume is increased, the molecules have more room to move, collisions occur less frequently, and the pressure is reduced.
The combined gas law, however, governs the connection between the three quantities when temperature is included.
As the gas volume decreases, the molecules hit the walls more frequently, raising the pressure; conversely, as the volume grows, the molecules must travel farther to contact the walls, reducing the frequency with which they do so and raising the pressure.
According to Boyle's law, a gas's pressure tends to decrease as its volume rises.
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~Is Making water dangerous ~ (And what are the things you need to make it?~
Heat is transferred only when___________________.
Answer: the direction of decreasing temperature
suppose a biochemist has 10 ml of a 1.0 m solution of a compound with two ionizable groups at a ph of 8.00. she adds 10.0 ml of 1.00 m hcl, which changes the ph to 3.20. the value of one of the groups is 3.8 and it is known that is between 7 and 10. what is the exact value of ?
To determine the exact value of pK2 in this case, we can use the relationship between pH and pK, which states that the pH of a solution is equal to the pK of the acid with the lowest concentration when the acid and its conjugate base are in equilibrium.
Here, we know that the pH of the solution dropped from 8.00 to 3.20 after the addition of HCl. We can assume that the second group is now in the acid form since we know that the first ionizable group has a pK of 3.8, and the second group (pK2) is between 7 and 10, we can assume that the second group is now in the acid form.
We can use the relationship between pH and pK to calculate the exact value of pK2:
pH = pK2 = pKw / [H+] = 14.00 - log([H+])
3.20 = 14.00 - log([H+])
Solving for [H+], we find that [H+] = 1.0 x 10^-3.2
Now we can find the value of pK2 as:
pK2 = 14.00 - log(1.0 x 10^-3.2) = 14.00 - (-3.2) = 14.00 + 3.2 = 17.2
Therefore, the exact value of pK2 is 17.2.
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the behavior of an atom depends on the group of answer choices the atomic mass of the atom valence electrons in the innermost electron shell the number of extra neutrons in the nucleus number of valence electrons in the outermost electron shell
The behavior of an atom depends on the number of valence electrons in the outermost electron shell. the correct answer is E.
The quantity of electrons in an atom's valence shell, which is its outermost shell, is a major determinant of that atom's chemical activity.
The periodic table's same-group elements will all have an equal number of valence electrons. Since the electrons located in an atom's outer shell have the potential to create chemical bonds, they are the electrons that best explain an element's reactivity. These electrons are known as valence electrons.
Core electrons are those found in the innermost shell or lower energy level; valance electrons are those found in the outermost shell or higher energy level.
Bonding is facilitated by the valance electrons. Chemical reactions cause the valance electrons to either create an ionic bond or a covalent link.
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explain why the conductivity decreases, passes through a minimum, and then increases as the volume of h2so$ added to the barium hydroxide
The conductivity decreases initially as acid and base neutralize, passes through a minimum at the highest salt concentration, and then increases again as acidity increases and salt concentration decreases.
The conductivity decreases as the volume of H₂SO₄ is added to the barium hydroxide because the acid and base are neutralizing each other, forming salt and water which are poor conductors.
As the volume of acid added increases, the conductivity passes through a minimum because the salt concentration is at its highest point and then increases again as the acid and base are no longer neutralizing and the salt concentration begins to decrease.
In addition, the addition of sulfuric acid leads to the formation of more dissolved ions in solution, which increases the conductivity. The increase in concentration of these ions can be attributed to the protonation of the hydroxide ions and the formation of sulfate ions. As the acidity increases further, the conductivity increases again.
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Your question seems incomplete, but I suppose the question was:
"Explain why the conductivity decreases, passes through a minimum, and then increases as the volume of H₂SO₄ added to the barium hydroxide."