What are the states of energy? List the Laws of Thermodynamics.

Answers

Answer 1

Answer:

The laws of thermodynamics define a group of physical quantities, such as temperature, energy, and entropy, that characterize thermodynamic systems in thermodynamic equilibrium.

Explanation:

Answer 2


What are the states of energy? List the Laws of Thermodynamics.
Answer: The first law, also known as Law of Conservation of Energy, states that energy cannot be created or destroyed in an isolated system. The second law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of any isolated system always increases.

Paragraph: Discuss the three laws of thermodynamics.
Key Points

The first law, also known as Law of Conservation of Energy, states that energy cannot be created or destroyed in an isolated system.
The second law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of any isolated system always increases.
The third law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of a system approaches a constant value as the temperature approaches absolute zero.
Terms

absolute zeroThe lowest temperature that is theoretically possible.
entropyA thermodynamic property that is the measure of a system’s thermal energy per unit of temperature that is unavailable for doing useful work.

System or Surroundings

In order to avoid confusion, scientists discuss thermodynamic values in reference to a system and its surroundings. Everything that is not a part of the system constitutes its surroundings. The system and surroundings are separated by a boundary. For example, if the system is one mole of a gas in a container, then the boundary is simply the inner wall of the container itself. Everything outside of the boundary is considered the surroundings, which would include the container itself.

The boundary must be clearly defined, so one can clearly say whether a given part of the world is in the system or in the surroundings. If matter is not able to pass across the boundary, then the system is said to be closed; otherwise, it is open. A closed system may still exchange energy with the surroundings unless the system is an isolated one, in which case neither matter nor energy can pass across the boundary.


A Thermodynamic SystemA diagram of a thermodynamic system
The First Law of Thermodynamics

The first law of thermodynamics, also known as Law of Conservation of Energy, states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed; energy can only be transferred or changed from one form to another. For example, turning on a light would seem to produce energy; however, it is electrical energy that is converted.

A way of expressing the first law of thermodynamics is that any change in the internal energy (∆E) of a system is given by the sum of the heat (q) that flows across its boundaries and the work (w) done on the system by the surroundings:

Δ
E
=
q
+
w
Δ
E
=
q
+
w

This law says that there are two kinds of processes, heat and work, that can lead to a change in the internal energy of a system. Since both heat and work can be measured and quantified, this is the same as saying that any change in the energy of a system must result in a corresponding change in the energy of the surroundings outside the system. In other words, energy cannot be created or destroyed. If heat flows into a system or the surroundings do work on it, the internal energy increases and the sign of q and w are positive. Conversely, heat flow out of the system or work done by the system (on the surroundings) will be at the expense of the internal energy, and q and w will therefore be negative.

The Second Law of Thermodynamics

The second law of thermodynamics says that the entropy of any isolated system always increases. Isolated systems spontaneously evolve towards thermal equilibrium—the state of maximum entropy of the system. More simply put: the entropy of the universe (the ultimate isolated system) only increases and never decreases.

A simple way to think of the second law of thermodynamics is that a room, if not cleaned and tidied, will invariably become more messy and disorderly with time – regardless of how careful one is to keep it clean. When the room is cleaned, its entropy decreases, but the effort to clean it has resulted in an increase in entropy outside the room that exceeds the entropy lost.

The Third Law of Thermodynamics

The third law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of a system approaches a constant value as the temperature approaches absolute zero. The entropy of a system at absolute zero is typically zero, and in all cases is determined only by the number of different ground states it has. Specifically, the entropy of a pure crystalline substance (perfect order) at absolute zero temperature is zero. This statement holds true if the perfect crystal has only one state with minimum energy.

Related Questions

1. in a biogeochemical cycle, a chemical element spends time in different places, called .

Answers

reservoirs is the answer

which of the following pairs Is most closely related? a- Tree and ant b- bacterium and tapeworm c- spider and fern d- wolf and cat

Answers

The closely related context here refers to the existing similarity used to classify these group of organisms.

Of the pairs, the most closely related is the wolf and cat

They are first and foremost both animals.They are also both vertebratesThey also belong to the same class of mammalsThese similarities makes them more closely related than any of the other following pairs which include a plant and an animal, an invertebrate and a single celled organism, another plant and an invertebrate.

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The Vikings were able to effectively use their longboats to wage successful invasions from the water because: (Select ALL that apply)

the boats moveded swiftly and efficiently in the water making it easy to envade their enemies

the longboat rode high in the water, allowing it to sail further in the shallow water and transport the vikings closer to shore

the longboat was effectively camouflaged making it difficult for enemies to see it until it was too late

the long boat was not only fast, but also light enough to be carried over land fortifying bridges​

Answers

The Vikings were able to effectively use their longboats  because of the

following:

The boats moved swiftly and efficiently in the water making it easy to evade their enemies.The longboat rode high in the water, allowing it to sail further in the shallow water and transport the vikings closer to shore.The long boat was not only fast, but also light enough to be carried over land fortifying bridges​.

Vikings made use of the long boat because it was light weighted and the

people could carry it.

The light weight of the ship also ensured that it moved swiftly and was able

to sail in shallow waters.

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Select ALL the correct arswers.
Which statements correctly describe mutations in gametes and mutations in somatic cells?
Mutations to somatic cells are only present in the type of cell in which the mutation occurred.
Mutations to gametes are more likely to be beneficial than mutations to somatic cells.
Mutations to somatic cells will be inherited by an organism's offspring.
Mutations to gametes can be passed on to an organism's offspring
O Mutations to gametes do not involve changes in the DNA.
Mutations to somatic cells are transferred to daughter cells.

Answers

Answer:mutations to gametes can be passed on to an organism's offspring and mutations to somatic cells are only present in the type of cell in which the mutation occurred.

Explanation:The mutation in the somatic cells is known as somatic mutations. As they do not take place in the cells, which give rise to gametes, thus, the mutation is not inherited to the next generation by the sexual means.  

On the other hand, the genetic mutations take place in the germline cells, that is, egg and sperm, because of this the mutations possesses the tendency to get passed on from one generation to another.  

Thus, mutations are only passed on to offspring when they take place in germ cell DNA. The other kind of cells, the somatic cells refers to the rest of the cells in the body and mutations, which takes place in these cells do not get inherited further to the offspring.  

Hence, the correct statements are

are there any devices to stop incontinence in men post prostatectomy?

Answers

Answer: Urethral sling, artificial urinary sphincter may help.

Explanation:

addition of large amounts of salt to soil in which plants are growing kills the plants. explain

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When salt+water enters the soil, the plant tries to absorb it throughout its roots like normal water. However, salt+water does not allow for osmosis through the plant tissues. It is so dense that the salt solution actually draws water out of the plant, dehydrating and eventually killing it

Question 8 of 10
The molecules that make up food contain energy. How does the human body
get energy from the food molecules?
A. By adding energy to the molecules
B. By breaking and reforming chemical bonds in the molecules
C. By using them to form ionic bonds
D. By combining the molecules together

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Answer: B.) By breaking and reforming chemical bonds in the molecules.

Explanation:

At optimum light intensity, which atmospheric gas most directly influences
the rate of photosynthesis? *

Answers

Answer:

Carbon dioxide - with water - is one of the reactants in photosynthesis. If the concentration of carbon dioxide is increased, the rate of photosynthesis will therefore increase

Explanation:

hope it helps

What is the most important characteristic about the Earth allowing it to support life? *
the options are:
an atmosphere with oxygen
seasons
a temperature range that is not too hot or cold.

Answers

Answer:

an atmosphere with oxygen

seasons

the process of food molecules reacting with oxygen is known as what process

Answers

Answer:

cellular respiration

Explanation:

its called cellular respiration

a zebra cell is just about to replicate its dna. what will happen first?

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Answer:

The DNA unravels to make two strands.

I think this is the right answer

bennett is a 12-year-old boy whose bmi-for-age falls at the 90th percentile on the bmi-for-age growth chart. bennett is

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Answer:

bennett is a 12-year-old boy whose bmi-for-age falls at the 90th percentile on the bmi-for-age growth chart. bennett is

Explanation:

bennett is a 12-year-old boy whose bmi-for-age falls at the 90th percentile on the bmi-for-age growth chart. bennett is

The dark reaction doesn't require sunlight, for energy. Why?

A) It gathers energy from the chlorophyll.
B) It stores energy inside of the chloroplast.
C) It gathers all of its energy and stores it in its Mitochondria
D) It gathers its energy from organic batteries called ATP or NADPH.

Answers

Answer: C it gather energy from the mitochondria

Question 2 of 10
Which of the following is a description of a resource that belongs to a country
with a high carrying capacity?
A. Homes are small and house many people.
O B. Food is brought in from other places.
C. Water comes directly from bodies of water.
OD. Food is not always available.
SUBMIT

Answers

Answer:

c

Explanation:

cause it comes straight from the creek behind the houses

Carrying capacity defines the population size supported by a region. Water coming directly from water bodies suggests a high carrying capacity. Thus, option C is correct.

What is carrying capacity?

Carrying capacity is the quantity of the organisms or the population that can be supported in a habitat without any degradation and damage to the environment. It is a crucial factor in ecology.

It can be high and low depending on the availability of water, food, and space. A high carrying capacity can support a large population than a low carrying capacity because of the abundant resources.

Small homes with large family members, imported food items, and scarcity of food are limiting factors that are not the property of the high carrying capacity, instead, abundant availability of water is the characteristic of the high carrying capacity.

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PLEASE HELPP!!!!
Which process does osmosis involve?
A. movement of solute up a concentration gradient
B.movement of solute across the cell membrane
C. movement of water across a cell membrane
D. movement of water up a concentration gradient

Answers

Answer: c

It says the answer needs to be 20 characters long)

The distortion (change in shape) of enzyme molecules which occurs at high temperatures is known as

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This is called denaturation. Proteins are denatured by heat.

Active transport moves molecules from and to which concentration?
A: high to low
B: low to high
C: low to lower

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Required Answer : -

Option (B) low to high is right Answer

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We know that, Active transport moves ions and molecules across a membrane against the concentration gradient. It requires energy.

The characteristic features of active transport are:

-The movement of molecules in case of active transport is from lower concentration to higher concentration so it shows uphill transport.

-These have carrier proteins that are highly specific like enzymes for the substances to be carried across the membrane.

-The process of active transport can be inhibited by inhibitors that react with the protein side chains.

-The transport rate reaches its maximum when all the protein carriers are in use or get saturated with the substances to be carried.

The various types of processes that depend on active transport are:

-Absorption of amino acids from the gut.

-Absorption of mineral ions by plant roots.

-Excretion of urea and hydrogen ions by the mammalian kidney.

-Exchange of sodium and potassium ions in nerve cells.

-Filling of the contractile vacuole in amoeba.

The phloem in the leaves of a plant is rich in sugars because of the high rate of active transport.

Additional information :-

Some intrinsic protein molecules function as molecular pumps. These permit the cell to go for active transport to accumulate glucose or ions against the concentration gradient. Cells that undergo active transport have abundant mitochondria that provide ATP needed to power active transport.

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Cheers :))

Is Neptune’s volume more than 100 times as large as earth

Answers

No it’s technically 57.7 times as large as earth

Answer: False

Explanation: If your doing this on ixl GG.2 this is the correct answer.

what is the primary action of antidiuretic hormone?

Answers

Answer:

The primary action of the antidiuretic hormone is that it causes collecting ducts in the kidneys to reabsorb more water.

Explanation:

Human vasopressin is also known as the Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) causes kidney-collecting ducts to reabsorb more water.

What is Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)?

Human vasopressin is also called antidiuretic hormone, arginine vasopressin or argipressin. It is defined as the hormone synthesized from the AVP gene as a peptide prohormone in neurons in the hypothalamus that converts to AVP.

ADH is the hormone that helps constrict blood vessels and helps the kidneys control the amount of water and salt in the body which helps control blood pressure and the amount of urine. This reduces the amount of urine released and the nature of urine becomes hypertonic which is concentrated. Because of this type of action, vasopressin is known as an antidiuretic hormone.

Thus, Human vasopressin is also known as the Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) causes kidney-collecting ducts to reabsorb more water.

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where does all the carbon in organisms originate from?

Answers

Answer:

plants from the earth's atmosphere.

Explanation:

Plants fix carbon in the form of carbon dioxide during photosynthesis. Then, any animal that comes along and eats the plant gets the carbon too.

Yeast is a part of the group

Answers

Well I guess it is then

the hair cells responsible for hearing are located on the ________; their hair bundles are embedded in the ________

Answers

Answer:

Basilar Membrane; Tectorial Membrane

Hope this helped! :^)

Guiding Question: How does island size and/or the distance to the mainland affect carnivore richness in the Apostle Islands?

Answers

Answer:

observe the island size and or distans

The constitutional convention began as what ?

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if u mean what it was originally called for then

Answer:
it was originally and officially called for to revise the articles of confederation, and unofficially called for to decide how America should be governed.
a revolution in government; a meeting of state delegates called to revise the articles of confederation

what percentage of american black genes are european

Answers

Answer:

African Americans and Latinos have much lower percentages than European Americans, whose genomes are 99.6% European, 0.19 percent African, and 0.18 percent Native American.

Explanation:

I hope I have helped you :)

ocean acidification impacts are:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Answers

Explanation:

In the 200-plus years since the industrial revolution began,concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased due to human actions.During this time,the pH of surface ocean waters has fallen by 0.1 pH units.This might not sound like much,but the pH scale is logarithmic,so this change represents approximately a 30 percent increase in acidility.

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that's the answer of my book

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Explain step by step or in simple terms how does the body regulate water ​

Answers

Answer:

The kidneys can regulate water levels in the body; they conserve water if you are dehydrated, and they can make urine more dilute to expel excess water if necessary. Water is lost through the skin through evaporation from the skin surface without overt sweating and from air expelled from the lungs.

In plant cells, how are chloroplasts and mitochondria related?

A. Chloroplasts manufacture food;mitochondria break down the food and convert it to energy

B. Chloroplasts package nutrients;mitochondria deliver the nutrients to other parts of the cell

C. Chloroplasts absorb water from the surrounding tissue; mitochondria store water

D. Chloroplasts direct the functions of the cell;mitochondria deliver messages to other parts of the cell.

Answers

Answer:

Explanation:

Answer is A

Mitochondria are the "powerhouses" of the cell, breaking down fuel molecules and capturing energy in cellular respiration. Chloroplasts are found in plants and algae. They're responsible for capturing light energy to make sugars in photosynthesis.

Observe the cell as it moves from stage to stage through cell division. What trends can you describe about the cell and its internal contents?

Answers

Answer:

The cell is going through a state of mitosis.

Explanation:

Note the spindle fibers moving apart and splitting the chromosomes.

how long does it take from the time beans are planted until they are harvested

Answers

about 65 days after planting
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