WHAT IF? Suppose that two species, A and B , have similar appearances but very divergent gene sequences. while species B and C have very different appearances but similar gene sequences. Which pair of species is more likely to be closely related: A and B or B and C ? Explain.

Answer:

Explanation:

It can affect the intramolecular forces and change the enzyme's shape -- potentially to the point where it is rendered ineffective. With these effects in mind, typical enzymes have a pH range in which they perform optimally.

An experiment on S. patens and T. angustifolia demonstrates how salinity and competition impact plant dispersal in an estuary.

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Like intrinsic behaviour, learned behaviour can contribute to reproductive isolation and hence speciation. Learned bird songs, for example, aid in species identification during courting, ensuring that only individuals of the same species mate.

In general, a learnt behaviour is one that an organism acquires via experience. In contrast to learned actions, inherent behaviours are genetically programmed and may be executed without any prior experience or training. Of fact, some behaviours are a combination of learnt and intrinsic components.

Behavior helps us grasp difficult conservation issues including how to conserve endangered species, assess environmental quality, and plan nature preserves. It is used to assess the significance of human-related dangers to survival in otherwise inhospitable environments.

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Calcium activity dynamics correlate with neuronal phenotype at a single cell level and in a threshold-dependent manner.

Calcium is a ubiquitous signaling molecule that is essential in a variety of physiological functions. Recent research has revealed that calcium activity is highly important in vertebrate brain development. We wanted to see if calcium activity and neuronal phenotype are solely connected at the population level or at the level of single cells.

This Old English word's origins are unknown, although it is thought to be linked to Old English threscan, from which we get the words thresh, which means "to extract seed from (a harvested plant) with a machine or instrument," and thrash, which means "to beat harshly with or as if with a stick or whip.

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As blood vessels constrict, their radius decreases. The impact a decreased vessel radius has on blood flow is it decreases Blood flow.

The vessel's length and diameter In accordance with the law of linear proportionality, a vessel's length is equidistant from its resistance. A vessel's resistance increases and its flow decreases with length. The increased surface area of the artery will restrict the flow of blood, therefore this makes logical sense, just as it does in the case of blood volume. Fluid flow changes substantially when the radius of the circle is modified even little (since the radius is raised to the 4th power). The rate of flow increases exponentially as the circle's radius increases.

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Salts do not conduct electricity while metals and acids can conduct electricity because of the presence of free electrons or ions in metals and acids.

Salts do not conduct electricity because there is no presence of free electrons in it while on the other hand, metals and acids can conduct electricity due to the presence of free electrons in metals and presence of ions in acids. Charge carriers are responsible for carrying electrical charges from one point to another. It act as charge carriers that allows electrical conductivity.

So we can conclude that Salts do not conduct electricity while metals and acids can conduct electricity because of the presence of free electrons or ions in metals and acids.

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Lymphocytes are the infection-fighting cells produced by the immune system and are carried around the body in the circulatory system.

Lymph nodes along with spleen produce lymphocytes. Lymphocytes are the defender cells that protect the body from being attacked by the invaders. There are generally two types of lymphocytes that help the immune system work efficiently. The two lymphocytes are known as T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes.

When the body recognizes any antigen that may affect the body, the immune system gets activated and starts functioning. B cells trigger the production of antibodies, also called immunoglobulins. These antibodies bind with the antigen and invade them. T cells help the B cells to invade the antigens. T cells also send signals to other cells like phagocytes to engulf the killed antigens.

Although lymphocytes are produced by the lymph nodes and spleen, they are introduced into the bloodstream of the body. The blood in the circulatory system then transfers these cells to different body organs. Here they recognize the antigens, if any, and start responding.

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The unique shared derived feature that helps to identify a fungus is:  presence of chitin in the cell walls.

Fungus actually refers to the organisms of Kingdom Fungi. These are eukaryotic heterotrophic organisms that may be unicellular or multicellular. They are non-vascular as well as non-motile. The reproduction in fungi occurs by the means of spores.

Chitin is the polymers of N-acetyl-d-glucosamine groups. These are joined together by β (1→4) linkages. They are commonly found in the  cell wall of fungi and in the exoskeleton of arthropods. It is non-toxic and biodegradable polymer. It is known to be the 2nd most abundant biodegradable substance.

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Answer:

isthmus

Explanation:

Isthmus: a narrow strip of land with sea on either side, forming a link between two larger areas of land.

This isthmus forms a link between North and South America.

The primary reason designers seek to lower the center of gravity in automobiles is to  increase stability.

The main objective of reducing the center of gravity in cars is to increase stability.

A vital factor in determining a vehicle's stability, braking effectiveness, and safety is its center of gravity (CG). As the only source of propulsion in a gravity vehicle, mass has a significant role in how well the vehicle performs.

Any vehicle's center of gravity is where all of the mass of the vehicle is concentrated in one place. It is, to put it simply, where a thing weighs on average.

The second sacral vertebra is where the center of gravity for the human body is located. It is often located in your car someplace towards the center of the vehicle.

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Fertilization calcium waves are introduced, and evidence is presented that allows us to infer the  general mechanism of these waves.

Two major classes of hypotheses submitted to explain the generation of  fertilization calcium waves are presented, and the triggering of  fertilization calcium waves in inverted animals can most commonly be  explained  by the mechanism by which activators enter the oviduct. I conclude.

Activates the egg by stimulating activation of phospholipase C via the src family kinase pathway and, in mammals, by  diffusion of  sperm-specific phospholipase C from sperm to egg in sperm-egg fusion. Waves are placed in the context of cell cycle control to investigate the mechanism of repetitive calcium spikes in mammalian eggs.

The evidence that calcium signaling controls early embryonic cell division  is reviewed, and it is concluded that calcium signaling is essential in all three stages of early embryonic cell division. Evidence is contemplated that the Phosphoinositide signaling pathway controls meiotic resumption  during oocyte maturation. Overall, the evidence is concluded  to indicate a requirement for phosphoinositide/calcium signaling during meiosis resumption.

During meiosis, changes in the calcium signaling machinery occur, resulting in the generation of a calcium surge when a mature oocyte  is fertilized. We review evidence that the shape and structure of the endoplasmic reticulum change dynamically during maturation and after fertilization, and discuss the link between endoplasmic reticulum dynamics and the cytoskeleton.

There is evidence that calcium signaling plays an important role in the development of  early embryonic patterns. We briefly describe the morphogenesis of sea squirt, frog, and zebrafish embryos and describe the developmental context in which calcium signaling functions.

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Simple cuboidal epithelium is a specialized tissue built for absorption or secretion (Option 3 is correct).

Simple cuboidal epithelium is a layer of specialized cells that cover certain structures and organs in order to facilitate the absorption of nutrients in the body.

In conclusion, Simple cuboidal epithelium is a specialized tissue built for absorption or secretion (Option 3 is correct).

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The ability of water to function as a versatile solvent arise from the structure of water molecules as it consists of polar covalent bonds.

A solvent is any liquid that can dissolve particles in it, called solute, and form a solution. The most widely used solvent is water. It is most widely used due to its polar nature.

Polar covalent bonds are those where atoms having electronegativity difference share electrons and form bonds. Water has polar covalent bonds. This provides it the ability to surround any ionic substance and form hydrogen bonds with it. This is the reason why water acts as a versatile solvent.

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Clear cutting trees, pumping of wells, removal of copper from a mine are example of Resource depletion and is therefore denoted as option A.

Resources is referred to as the materials which are usually naturally occurring and help to improve the standard of living of humans thereby making them much needed and valued. They are of two types which are renewable and non-renewable resources.

Resource depletion on the other hand involves the consumption of resources in such a way that replenishment takes more time and examples include clear cutting of trees etc.

Pumping of wells and removal of copper from a mine are also examples because their consumption is faster than it can be replenished thereby making option a the most appropriate choice.

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The extracellular matrix of the animal cell has all of the following molecular components except a middle lamella.

The extracellular matrix is a complex network of proteins that surround cells in higher organisms (animals) which is used to attach nearby cells and thus provide structural support.

In conclusion, the extracellular matrix of the animal cell has all of the following molecular components except a middle lamella.

Complete question:

The extracellular matrix of the animal cell has all of the following molecular components except __________. proteoglycans, fibronectin, integrins, a middle lamella, collagen.

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The statement 'prefix strepto- means that the bacteria are arranged in clusters' is FALSE and it is used to indicate twist shape.

The prefix strepto- is used in biology to denote any form of life such as microorganisms (e.g. bacteria form Streptococcus genera) that exhibit twisted-shaped structures.

In conclusion, The statement 'prefix strepto- means that the bacteria are arranged in clusters' is FALSE and it is used to indicate twist shape.

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The concentration can be found if the data was presented with the help of the beer lambert law.

According to the Beer-Lambert law, the characteristics of the medium through which light is traveling affect how much light is attenuated. The Beer-Lambert Law is briefly discussed on this page, along with the definitions of the terms "absorbance" and "molar absorptivity" as they apply to UV-visible absorption spectrometry.

The intensity of the light going through the reference cell is calculated for each wavelength of light flowing through the spectrometer. Typically, this is referred to as Io, which stands for intensity.

Therefore, the beer lambert law can be used for the determination of concentration.

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The process of oogenesis is often described as the production of a haploid egg by meiosis, but in some animals, including humans, this is not an entirely accurate description because

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According to the research, the correct option is paleontology. To study the ancient human past, archaeologists and physical anthropologists work with scientists in the field of paleontology who study animal fossils.

It is the natural science that through the analysis of its fossil remains is in charge of studying the disappeared organic beings.

In this sense, it studies the reconstruction of extinct living beings and the knowledge of their origin and evolution, the relationships between them and their environment, their migrations, the processes of extinction and the fossilization of their remains.

Therefore, we can conclude that according to the research, the correct option is paleontology. To study the ancient human past, archaeologists and physical anthropologists work with scientists in the field of paleontology who study animal fossils.

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Both statements are true.

The influenza virus undergoes antigenic shift as a minor change in the viral strain and is also found in cats and swine.

The influenza virus is an infectious respiratory disease that affects the respiratory system in humans and animals.

Commonly, this virus is known as flu and for most people, it resolves automatically after some time.

Moreover, it has contagious symptoms ranging from mild to severe.

The most common and widespread systems are headaches, fever, sore throat, coughing, and breathing problems.

In severe cases, pneumonia can also result from this infection as a result of mutational changes.

It is found in cats, whales, humans, and swine.

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The correct sequence of the human alimentary canal is Mouth → Esophagus → Stomach → Small intestine → Large intestine.

the organs that food and liquid pass through on their way to being ingested, digested, absorbed in, and excreted as faeces. The mouth, pharynx (throat), oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus are included in this group of organs. The digestive process includes the gastrointestinal tract.

The digestive tract (also called the digestive tract). Food can move through the body via this long tube of organs. It encompasses the oesophagus, stomach, and intestines and extends from the mouth to the anus (where excrement emerges). The digestive tract of an adult is approximately 30 feet (9 meters) long.

The correct sequence of the human alimentary canal is Mouth → Esophagus → Stomach → Small intestine → Large intestine.

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the phenomenon that causes a single ancestral species to evolve into a wide array of descendant species with diverse habitats, forms, or behaviors that occurs often as a result of colonization of a new area is known as Adaptive radiation.

According to theory, an ecological opportunity or even a new adaptive zone might cause adaptive radiations. The disappearance of competitors and predators, the development of significant innovation, and dispersal to just a new environment can all be causes of ecological opportunity. Each of these environmental opportunities could lead to an expansion of the population and lax stabilizing (constraining) selection.

The expanding population would have greater genetic diversity than the original population since genetic diversity, as well as population size are positively associated. Phenotypic variety can rise when stabilizing selection is less intense.

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Answer:

taxonomy .

Explanation:

the science of naming organisms using a scheme of classification based on similar characteristics is named taxonomy .

( I don't know if this was the answer that you need )

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Juan’s Absolute threshold is probably lower than Sergei's.

An absolute threshold is the lowest level of a stimulus that an organism can detect. This definition originated in neuroscience and psychophysics. The absolute threshold has been redefined in light of the signal detection theory as the point at which a stimulus will be picked up a certain percentage of the time (typically 50%). The subject's goals and expectations, cognitive processes, and degree of stimulus adaptation are a few examples of the many variables that might affect the absolute threshold. The smallest stimulus level that may be recognized is known as an absolute threshold, which is often regarded as occurring at least half the time. The phrase is frequently employed in experimental neuroscience research and is applicable to any stimuli.

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Answer:

stains for LM are colored molecules that bind to cell componetns affecting the light passing through. Stains used for EM involve heavy metals that affect the beams of electrons passing through.

Explanation:

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Answer:

In light microscopy, the cell components are stained using colorful dyes or stains affected by the light passing through them, and the specimens are clearly visible. However, in electron microscopy, the stains are heavy metals scattered on the biological samples affected by the beam of electrons.

Explanation:

Answer:

Tundra is much warmer than deserts, so less water evaporates during the growing season and the tundra stays more moist.

Explanation:

Helium could be successively added to make new elements until carbon were more nucleons can not be added due to increased nuclear forces.

The term nuclear fusion refers to the process in which the atoms of elements could be joined together. We know that elements could build up from helium all the way up to iron by the process of nuclear fusion. This is the way that elements were made in the universe from the beginning. Let us recall that nuclear fusion continues to occur in the sun and that is the way that the sun is able to produce light. There is a lot of evolution of heat that accompanies a nuclear fusion as we could see in stellar reactions.

Now if you add helium to carbon you get oxygen. When another helium atom is added, we get neon and if we add another helium atom, we get magnesium.

We could make elements up to iron because at that point, the nuclear forces would not permit the addition of more nucleons due to increase in nuclear forces.

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The majority of the arterial supply to the head and neck comes from the  arteries.

What are arteries?

In human beings and the general public of other animals, an artery (plural arteries) is a blood vessel that transports blood from the heart to at least one or greater body components (tissues, lungs, mind, and so forth.). The umbilical and pulmonary arteries, which delivery deoxygenated blood to the organs that oxygenate it, are the 2 exceptions to the rule that most arteries deliver oxygenated blood (lungs and placenta, respectively). The extracellular fluid that fills the arterial device is the effective arterial blood extent.

The circulatory device, which includes the arteries, is in fee of transporting oxygen and nutrients to all cells, casting off carbon dioxide and waste products, keeping a super blood pH, and transferring immune machine proteins and cells.

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The comparison between nonpolar covalent bonds, polar covalent bonds, and the formation of ions in terms of electron sharing between atoms is given below:

In a covalent bond, there is a sharing of electrons between atoms that bond to form a bond, and the sharing of electrons has to do with the nature of the atoms as this determines if they would be shared equally or not.

If two atoms that have similar or equal electronegativity values that do not exceed 0.5 come together, they would form a nonpolar covalent bond.

This refers to the interatomic linkage that occurs when electron pairs are shared between atoms.

Hence, we can see that The comparison between nonpolar covalent bonds, polar covalent bonds, and the formation of ions in terms of electron sharing between atoms is given below:

In a covalent bond, there is a sharing of electrons between atoms that bond to form a bond, and the sharing of electrons has to do with the nature of the atoms as this determines if they would be shared equally or not.

If two atoms that have similar or equal electronegativity values that do not exceed 0.5 come together, they would form a nonpolar covalent bond.

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Fraga et al (2005) found that twins were epigenetically indistinguishable early in life and epigenetic differences accumulated as they aged.

Epigenetic modifications are specific changes in the chemical groups (such as methyl groups) that bind to DNA and histones, which may affect gene expression patterns.

Epigenetic modifications control genes by altering the accessibility of DNA to transcription factors, which represent a fundamental phenomenon capable of regulating gene expression.

In conclusion, Fraga et al (2005) took tissue samples from 40 pairs of monozygotic twins and screened the tissues for DNA methylation and histone modifications to find that the twins were epigenetically indistinguishable early in life and that epigenetic differences accumulated as they aged.

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