Can threats to people's social (i.e. group) identity lead to deviant attitudes and behaviors? Belmi et al. (2015) sought to answer this question. They had 188 self-identified Black American college students and 123 self-identified White American college students complete three sets of self-reported measures. The first set asked whether the student worried about being seen negatively in school because of their ethnicity. The second set asked whether the student felt and expected to be disrespected at school. The final set asked whether the student engaged in delinquent behaviors at school in the past year (e.g. cheating on a test, copying someone else's work, picking a fight, using drugs, etc.). As predicted, the authors found that the more students worried about being seen negatively in school because of their ethnicity, the more likely they were to engage in social deviance, though this relationship occurred only for Black American students. The same finding occurred for the disrespected variable. That is, the more students worried about being seen negatively in school because of their ethnicity, the more likely they felt disrespected. A. Did the study establish covariance (a change in one variable led to a change in the other)? Explain. B. Did the study establish temporal precedence (a change in one variable preceded a change in the other)? Explain. C. Did the study eliminate alternative explanations? Explain. D. Is the study design causal (experimental), correlational, or quasi-experimental?

The study found that worries about being seen negatively due to ethnicity were related to engagement in social deviance among Black American college students, but not among White American students, suggesting a potential influence of social identity on deviant attitudes and behaviors.

A. The study established covariance because there was a significant relationship between students' worries about being seen negatively in school due to their ethnicity and their engagement in social deviance. The more students worried, the more likely they were to engage in deviant behaviors.

B. The study did not establish temporal precedence. While the study found a relationship between worries about being seen negatively and engagement in deviant behaviors, it does not provide evidence of which variable preceded the other. It is possible that both variables are influenced by other underlying factors.

C. The study attempted to eliminate alternative explanations by focusing on self-identified Black American and White American college students. By examining the relationship specifically within these racial groups, the authors aimed to minimize alternative explanations related to other factors. However, other unmeasured variables could still potentially account for the observed relationship.

D. The study design is correlational. The researchers examined the relationship between variables but did not manipulate or control any variables. They observed and measured the variables as they naturally occurred.

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