Answer:
Multipartite viruses have one of the most puzzling genetic organizations found in living organisms. These viruses have several genome segments, each containing only a part of the genetic information, and each individually encapsidated into a separate virus particle. While countless studies on molecular and cellular mechanisms of the infection cycle of multipartite viruses are available, just as for other virus types, very seldom is their lifestyle questioned at the viral system level. Moreover, the rare available “system” studies are purely theoretical, and their predictions on the putative
benefit/cost balance of this peculiar genetic organization have not received experimental support. In light of ongoing progresses in general virology, we here challenge the current hypotheses explaining the evolutionary success of multipartite viruses and emphasize their shortcomings. We also discuss alternative ideas and research avenues to be explored in the future in order to solve the long-standing mystery of how viral systems composed of interdependent but physically separated information units can actually be functional.
The perusal of the literature presented above illustrates our current ignorance on the reasons explaining why multipartite viruses are so successful. The simple fact that they can be ssRNA, dsRNA, or ssDNA likely indicates that multi-encapsidation has evolved more than once, and yet we are unable to confirm any associated beneficial aspects. The proposed putative benefits are not yet convincing because of a lack of data, and because most also appear valid for segmented virus, thus not explaining multi-encapsidation. We believe further experimental work on the specifics of the biology of multipartite viruses is necessary to evaluate and challenge the existing hypotheses, and, even better, propose new ones perhaps more pertinent or unforeseen. A possibility that should not be ignored is that, because multipartitism most likely evolved independently several times, its evolution may have responded to distinct selection pressures: it is possible that the reasons that led to the evolution of multipartitism differ in different groups of viruses and that potential benefits that exist in one group do not exist in another. As concluding remarks, we outline a few research lines that could clarify or assign specific properties to multipartite viruses that we judge immediately critical.
Structural, physical, and biochemical properties of the virus particles depending on the contained segment(s) should be investigated in more detail. An important outreach of these studies (detailed in section 4) is that distinct properties of particles containing different segments may reflect an adaptive process involved in the temporal regulation of gene expression specific to multipartite viral systems. Although such variable particle properties were shown to be related to the RNA folding structure, they may also be important for multipartite ssDNA viruses in which secondary/tertiary folding structures of various segments appear to have unknown biological functions [97].
Also related to the regulation of gene expression, the discovery of the genome formula in populations of the nanovirus FBNSV [50] contributes to the consideration of a putative important role of gene copy number variations in the biology of viruses. Prominent questions are whether the genome formula is also controlled in other multipartite viruses, whether it actually regulates gene and phenotype expression, and whether it is an adaptive and evolvable trait. While arguments in favor of the adaptive regulation of gene copy number in multipartite viruses are discussed in section 3, a direct experimental demonstration is still lacking.
HELPPP ASAP! TIMED! 10 MINUTES LEFTT! How is cold front formation different from stationary front formation?
A.Stationary fronts form between warm and cold air masses, while cold fronts form when a cold air mass advances
against a warm air mass.
B.Cold fronts form between two air masses that barely move, while stationary fronts form when a warm air mass is
trapped between two cold air masses.
C.Cold fronts form when a warm air mass moves over a cold air mass, while stationary air fronts form when a cold
air mass moves over a warm air mass.
D.Stationary fronts form when a warm air mass is trapped between two cold air masses, while cold fronts form when
a warm air mass moves over a cold air mass.
Answer: Stationary fronts form between warm and cold air masses, while cold fronts form when a cold air mass advances against a warm air mass. Cold fronts form between two air masses that barely move, while stationary fronts form when a warm air mass is trapped between two cold air masses.
Explanation:
the part that form of fruit after fertilization
Answer:
Ovules
Explanation:
After fertilization occurs, each ovule develops into a seed. Each seed contains a tiny, undeveloped plant called an embryo. The ovary surrounding the ovules develops into a fruit that contains one or more seeds.
Hope this Helps
A student applies 55 N of force to a box on four types of surfaces. Each surface has a different value for Ffric-
On which surface is the student not able to move the box?
A. A
B. C
C. D
D. B
Answer:
D
Explanation:
The surface is the student not able to move the box is D.
What is force?Force is defined as an outside force that has the potential to alter how a body is moving or resting. A force is not something an object "has in it" or that it "contains." One thing experiences a force from another. The idea of a force encompasses both living and non-living things. The body can change its size, shape, and direction when force is applied. As we discovered in a previous session, forces are significant because they induce modifications to motion.
Net force is defined as all of the forces pulling on a thing combined. The net force, which is a single force, replaces the original forces' influence on the particle's motion. The top 5 words that are similar to "net force" in terms of this word similarity engine are resultant force, force, acceleration, physics, and rotation.
Thus, the surface is the student not able to move the box is D.
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Match the following groups with the correct description
a. Euglenozoans
b. Diatoms
c. Brown algae
d. Apicomplexans
e. Green algae
1. exists as a large plasmodium and sporulates when conditions dry up.
2. are key primary producers. Have silica skeletons and produce oil to maintain buoyancy.
3. no cell wall, but pellicle. Some free living, others are parasites.
4. exhibits alternation of generations and produces both motile zoospores and sperm.
5. May be unicellular or colonial. Photoautotrophic and biflagellated
6. No cell wall, but have alveoli and a complex life cycle. Some are pathogens of humans.
Answer:
a- 3
b- 2
c- 4
d- 6
e- 5
Explanation:
A) Euglenozoans are eukaryotic organisms that belong to the Kingdom Protista. They are either free-living or parasitic in nature. They have no cell wall in their structure but instead possess a pellicle.
B) Diatoms are photosynthetic algae that belong to the division-Bacillariophyta. The ability to photosynthesize makes them a primary producer in an ecosystem. Their cell wall is made up of silica, which is unique to their group of algae. They also produce oils to maintain buoyancy.
C) Brown algae belong to the division- Phaeophyta. They exhibit alternation of generations in their life cycle where they produce both motile zoospores and sperm.
D) Apicomplexans are organisms such as plasmodium etc that belong to the phylum- Apicomplexa. Most of them are pathogenic, with some affecting humans. They lack cell wall but have a flat vesicle called ALVEOLI.
E) Green algae belong to the division Chlorophyta. They are photosynthetic organisms and exists as unicellular or colonial organisms. They have flagellated for locomotion.
is it true that all organisms are composed of one or more cells, and the life processes of metabolism and heredity occur within these cells.
Answer:
Yes it is true
Explanation:
Cells are the basic unit of all organisms
A classic example of osmosis in the classroom involves placing an egg in water or syrup. The egg first sits in vinegar until the shell is dissolved. Then, it is placed in a glass of either tap water or syrup. The mass of the egg is measured. The results are in the chart below. Use what you know about osmosis to explain why the egg increased in mass in the distilled water but decreased in mass in the corn syrup.
Answer:
Water is hypotonic compared to the inside of the egg; there are more solutes in the egg than in the water. Because water moves down its concentration gradient, it moves from the distilled water into the egg. It will continue to move in this direction until there is an equilibrium between the inside of the egg and the surrounding water. This increases the mass of the egg.
Corn syrup is hypertonic to the inside of the egg. Again, water moves down its concentration gradient from the inside of the egg to the solution. This will decrease the mass of the egg.
The reason solutes do not move, instead of water, in these situations is because the egg shell (assuming it is like a chicken egg) does not allow solutes to pass though it. Only water is able to move through the shell.
Explanation:
A type of large mammal living in herds develops many adaptations over a
period of time. These include ability to drink a lot of water and go without
water for long periods of time and fur on the top of their body.
What can we say about the living conditions of these mammals?
Select one
They are grass eaters who must travel long distances to find food.
They are hunters that rely on group tactics to get their prey.
They live in a sunny environment where water is scarce.
They live in a cold environment with lots of trees but lite grass.
Which of the following organelles would you not find in a plant cell?
Answer:
Animal cells each have a centrosome and lysosomes, where as plant cells do not.
Explanation:
Animal cells each have a centrosome and lysosomes, where as plant cells do not. Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts and other specialized plastids, and a large central vacuole, whereas animal cells do not.
How are polymers formes
Answer:
Polymers are formed by two main ways called addition and condensation polymerization. In addition, polymerization, an initiator (or catalyst) reacts with a starting monomer. The result of this initiation reaction is a monomer attached to the initiator with an unsatisfied bond
Explanation:
Answer:
Polymers are formed, in two main ways called addition and condensation polymerization. Also, polymerization, an initiator (or catalyst) reacts with a starting monomer. The result of this initiation reaction is a monomer attached to the initiator with an unsatisfied bond.
Explanation:
More than 90% of plants have mycorrhizal associations with fungi. How might this association have evolved (include mechanisms)
Answer:
It is a symbiotic relationship and it evolved because of the benefits both plants and fungi derive from the association.
Explanation:
Mycorrhizal association is a symbiotic association between fungi and plants where both of the benefits from the relationship. The fungi inhabit the root system of plants which increase the ability of the plant's root system to absorb water for it own use and the fungi benefited from it by carbohydrates from plants which is produced as a result of photosynthesis.
can someone help me with the worksheet below
P.S i am not in college im in 5th grade but i thought it wouldnt let me have an account if i was 11
Answer:
i think you can have an account starting from middle school, but ill gladly help.
1. tissues
2. skin
3. connective tissues
4. brain
5. organ
6. taste buds
7. epithelial tissues
8. organ systems
9. organism
10. nerve tissues
Alma is walking in a park
Answer:
i like walking in a park
Explanation:
How do heterotrophs make energy? How do autotrophs make energy?
Answer:
Heterotrophs obtain energy by eating plants and animals. Plants are autotrophs, absorbing the sun's energy through photosynthesis and making glucose. Most autotrophs use a process called photosynthesis to make their food. In photosynthesis, autotrophs use energy from the sun to convert water from the soil and carbon dioxide from the air into a nutrient called glucose.
What are the by-products of algae production?
Answer: Algae
Explanation: can produce different biofuels: bioethanol, vegetable oils, biodesiel, bio-oil, bio-syngas, and bio- hydrogen. Production of these biofuels can be coupled with flue gas CO2 improvement, wastewater treatment, and the production of high-value chemicals.
Answer:
produce different biofuels: bioethanol, vegetable oils, biodesiel, bio-oil, bio-syngas, and bio- hydrogen. Production of these biofuels can be coupled with flue gas CO2 improvement, wastewater treatment, and the production of high-value chemicals.
Explanation:
What does the cardiovascular system do?
carries hormones for the endocrine system
transports oxygen and carbon dioxide for the respiratory system
sends nerve impulses to the brain and spinal cord
carries nutrients for the digestive system
works with the immune system to fight infection
Answer:
transports oxygen and carbon dioxide for the respiratory system
Explanation:
What are some problems that can occur from an altered gene that makes hemoglobin? (Site 1)
Answer:
If mutations that produce hemoglobin S and beta thalassemia occur together, individuals have hemoglobin S-beta thalassemia (HbSBetaThal) disease. Abnormal versions of beta-globin can distort red blood cells into a sickle shape. The sickle-shaped red blood cells die prematurely, which can lead to anemia
Explanation:
Answer:
If mutations that produce hemoglobin S and beta thalassemia occur together, individuals have hemoglobin S-beta thalassemia (HbSBetaThal) disease. Abnormal versions of beta-globin can distort red blood cells into a sickle shape. The sickle-shaped red blood cells die prematurely, which can lead to anemia.
Explanation:
How did Dr. Steen Willadsen clone mammals?
A) He took an embryo and split it to produce identical twins.
B) He transplanted the nuclei of adult cells into donor egg cells.
C) He transplanted the nuclei of embryos into donor egg cells.
D) He transplanted the nuclei of adult cells into the cells of an embryo.
Answer:
B
Explanation:
The adult is fully developed so the genetics could pass on
What foods below would test positive for starch in the presence of iodine?
Question 8 options:
a steak
a hard boiled egg
noodles, bread, or crackers
chicken
The group of foods that would test positive for starch in the presence of iodine would be noodles, bread, or crackers.
Noodles, bread, or crackers consist largely of starch. Starch has the capacity to turn the brown color of iodine to blue-black because the iodine molecules insert themselves in the structure of the amylose content of the starch.
Foods like steaks, hard-boiled eggs, and chicken are essentially made of proteins and will, therefore, fail the iodine test for starch.
More on tests for foods can be found here: https://brainly.com/question/23815022
We can conduct an experiment to find out if ants are happy.
O True
O False
pls someone help me with the worksheet below
p.s im in grade 5 not college
Explanation:
lol I'm in 7th but use Google
What are the smallest blood vessels in the body called?
a. capillaries
b. venules
c. arterioles
d. alveoli
which do all cells need in order to function?
a: oxygen
b: water
c: carbon dioxide
d: offspring
Answer:
A. Oxygen ( for animals )
B and C ( for plants )
Explanation:
Cellular nutrients come in many forms, including sugars and fats. In order to provide a cell with energy, these molecules have to pass across the cell membrane, which functions as a barrier — but not an impassable one. During cellular respiration, oxygen is needed. Carbon dioxide is the product of cellular respiration.
In the event you are referring to plants, then both water and carbon dioxide are needed for photosynthesis.
Oxygen is required by all cells in order to function properly. Thus, the correct option is A.
What are Cells?Cells may be defined as the building blocks of living organisms. They are considered the basic structure and functional unit of life. All living beings are made up of cells.
Antony von Leeuwenhoek discovered the living cell for the very first time in 1674 with the help of an improved microscope in Pond water.
Cells require oxygen because they have the ability to break down food particles in the presence of oxygen to derive energy for metabolic activities. This process of breaking down food in the presence of oxygen is known as cellular respiration.
This is because oxygen functions as a final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain to synthesize an energy molecule known as ATP.
Therefore, Oxygen is required by all cells in order to function properly. Thus, the correct option is A.
To learn more about Cellular respiration, refer to the link:
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example of kinetic energy.
Answer:
Moving Car. ...
Bullet From a Gun. ...
Flying Airplane. ...
Explanation:
Pls help i dont understand :(
Answer:
I think it might be D
Explanation:
I hope this helps~
Answer:
d
Explanation:
eukaryotes have membrane bound cells, while prokaryotes dont
Which of the following statements regarding plant and animal cells is incorrect?
Answer:
D.
Explanation:
Animal cells are in the animal kingdom while plant cells are in the plant kingdom.
Answer:
hi
Explanation:
this isn't an answer but i do pacyber too, and im in biolgy, world history, algebra 2, and english 10. amos gracie28444 lets help each other out
What are characteristics used to describe matter
Answer:
Physical properties are characteristics that describe matter as it exists. Some of many physical characteristics of matter are shape, color, size, and temperature. An important physical property is the phase (or state) of matter. The three fundamental phases of matter are solid, liquid, and gas
Explanation:
Question 28
A person who has PKU, a recessive genetic disorder,
А
inherited the allele for the trait from one parent.
B
inherited the allele for the trait from both parents.
С
is heterozygous for the trait.
ОО
D
will not pass the allele for the trait to his or her offspring.
Answer:
B
Explanation:
In order for one to have a recessive trait, both parents must carry the trait.
XX Xy= XX XX Xy Xy
Xy Xy= XX Xy Xy YY
XX XX= XX XX XX XX
yy yy= yy yy yy yy
Only the options in which both parents have the allele can pass it on. Only if there is no dominant allele will the trait be expressed, which can only be a yy recessive (since heterozygous would be dominant). Therefore, he will pass the allele on to his/her offspring.
Compare and Contrast the simple electric motor and the generator using a vent diagram below
Answer:
compare
Explanation:
homie we can’t see the vent diagram because there is no pic
Does the sun affect the tides???
Answer:
The most of the time tides are caused because if the moon but the sun also pulls on the tides, BUT depending on the positions of the sun, earth and moon, the ocean my experience a spring tides, neap tides, or even somewhere in between.
I took this exam and got a A
Answer:
yes the brighter the sun the hotter and lower the tide
Explanation:
This is looks so difficult for me. Someone explation? And answer pl?
Answer:
That is the periodic table.
Explanation:
The periodic table has elements such as, metals, non-metals, metalloids. There are more specific groups such as, transition metals and alkali metals and halogens. This periodic table of elements is divided into different groups.