complete the description of crystalline lattices and lattice energy as they relate to ionic compounds. some terms will be used more that once, whereas some terms will not be used at all. Ionic ____________ in their solid state form _________ lattices of alternating metallic__________ and nonmetallic __________. The __________ of this lattice releases a large amount of energy, known as the ________ energy. Note that ___________ energy cannot be directly measured, but can only be approximated using ____________-___________ ____________ and its corresponding calculations.

The mole fraction of CO₂ in the cylinder is 0.35.

At 183 K,

P(CO) = P (total) - P (co₂)

          = 0.90 atm - 0.25 atm = 0.65 atm

Now, for CO,

T₁ = 366 K

T₂ = 183 K

P₁ = P (say)

P₂ = 0.65 atm

Using Gay-Lussac's law,

P₁/T₁ = P₂/T₂

P = (0.65 × 366)/183 = 1.3 atm

i.e., P(co) at 366 K = 1.3 atm

So, P(co₂) at 366 K = 2.00 atm - 1.3 atm = 0.70 atm

Mole fraction of CO₂,

X(co₂) = P(co₂)/P(total) = 0.70 / 2.00 = 0.35

Hence, the mole fraction is 0.35.

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The most important molecule in the ecosystem is oxygen (O2). Therefore the correct option is option D.

As it is used in the process of cellular respiration to produce energy, oxygen is crucial for the survival of the majority of Earth's creatures.

Organic substances, such as glucose, are broken down during cellular respiration to release energy, while oxygen serves as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.

ATP is produced as a result of this process, and cells use ATP as a source of energy.

Other crucial ecological processes that include oxygen include the oxidation of contaminants and the creation of ozone, which helps shield the planet from the sun's harmful UV radiation. Therefore the correct option is option D.

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To use the titration curve for a weak acid to calculate the pH of a 0.150 M solution of that acid, you would need to know the pKa value of the acid and the volume of the titrant added during the titration.

To calculate the pH of a 0.150 M solution of a weak acid using the titration curve, follow these steps:

1. Identify the weak acid and its corresponding Ka value (acid dissociation constant). The titration curve should provide this information or you can find it in a reference table.

2. Write the chemical equation for the dissociation of the weak acid (HA) in water:
HA + H₂O ⇌ H₃O⁺ + A⁻

3. Set up an equilibrium table (ICE table) to represent the initial concentrations, the change in concentrations, and the equilibrium concentrations of the species involved:
   [HA] [H₃O⁺] [A⁻]
I: 0.150    0       0
C: -x        x       x
E: 0.150-x   x       x

4. Write the expression for the Ka using the equilibrium concentrations:
Ka = ([H₃O⁺][A⁻])/([HA])

5. Substitute the expressions from the equilibrium table into the Ka expression:
Ka = (x^2)/ (0.150-x)

6. Solve for x, which represents the [H₃O⁺] concentration at equilibrium. Since the weak acid is only slightly dissociated, you can assume that x is much smaller than 0.150, and the equation simplifies to:
Ka = (x^2)/0.150

7. Calculate the pH of the solution using the equilibrium [H₃O⁺] concentration:
pH = -log₁₀([H₃O⁺])

Following these steps will help you calculate the pH of a 0.150 M solution of a weak acid using the titration curve.

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A streak plate is a common microbiological technique used to isolate individual bacterial colonies. This method involves streaking a sample of bacteria onto a sterile plate using a sterile inoculating loop. The loop is sterilized between each streak to prevent cross-contamination of bacterial colonies.

However, a streak plate can become contaminated if proper sterilization techniques are not followed. If the inoculating loop is not properly sterilized between each streak, it can carry over bacteria from the previous streak onto the next streak, resulting in mixed colonies on the plate.Another common source of contamination is improper handling of the sterile plate. If the lid of the plate is not securely closed, airborne bacteria can settle onto the surface of the plate and contaminate the culture.In addition, contaminated equipment or reagents can also lead to a contaminated streak plate. For example, if the agar medium used in the plate preparation is not properly sterilized, it can introduce bacteria into the culture.To prevent contamination of a streak plate, it is important to follow proper aseptic techniques and sterilization procedures. This includes sterilizing all equipment and reagents, using proper handling techniques, and properly closing the plate lid. By following these guidelines, a streak plate can be a reliable and effective method for isolating individual bacterial colonies.

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The conjugate acid for SO₄²⁻ is HSO₄⁻ In chemistry, a base is a substance that can accept or donate a pair of electrons, whereas a conjugate acid is a substance that forms when a base accepts a proton (H+).

In the first example, [tex]HSO4^-[/tex] is a base as it can accept a proton to become its conjugate acid, H₂SO₄. Therefore, H₂SO₄ is the conjugate acid of HSO₄⁻. In the second example, SO₄²⁻ is a base because it can accept a proton to form its conjugate acid, HSO₄⁻. Therefore, HSO₄⁻ is the conjugate acid of SO₄²⁻. In the third example, NH₃ is a base because it can accept a proton to form its conjugate acid,  NH₄⁺. Therefore,  NH₄⁺ is the conjugate acid of NH₃.

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If the reaction is carried out with 1 mole of FeCl₃ and 3 moles of AgNO₃, then 3 moles of AgCl will be formed.

The balanced chemical equation for the reaction between FeCl3(aq) and AgNO3(aq) is:

FeCl₃(aq) + 3AgNO₃(aq) → 3AgCl(s) + Fe(NO₃)₃(aq)

According to the balanced chemical equation, 1 mole of FeCl3 reacts with 3 moles of AgNO₃ to produce 3 moles of AgCl and 1 mole of Fe(NO3)3.

Therefore, the number of moles of AgCl formed will depend on the number of moles of FeCl₃ and AgNO₃ used in the reaction.

Without information on the amount of FeCl₃ used or the concentration of the solutions, it is not possible to determine the exact number of moles of AgCl formed.

However, if the reaction is carried out with 1 mole of FeCl₃ and 3 moles of AgNO₃, then 3 moles of AgCl will be formed.

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The new volume of the balloon at the top of Pike’s Peak is 6.1 L.

Using the combined gas law, we can calculate the new volume of the balloon:

where P1 = 570.3 torr,

V₁ = 3.8 L,

T₁ = 35.1°C + 273.15 = 308.25 K,

P₂ = 400 torr,

T₂ = 9.2°C + 273.15 = 282.35 K.

Solving for V₂, we get:

Therefore, the new volume of the balloon at the top of Pike’s Peak is 6.1 L.

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Answer:

First, we need to determine the molar ratio between magnesium (Mg) and silver (Ag) in the balanced chemical equation:

1 mol Mg : 2 mol Ag

This means that for every one mole of magnesium that reacts, two moles of silver are produced.

Next, we need to calculate the number of moles of silver that can be produced from 350 grams of silver:

mass of silver = 350 g

molar mass of silver = 107.87 g/mol

moles of silver = mass of silver / molar mass of silver

moles of silver = 350 g / 107.87 g/mol

moles of silver = 3.24 mol Ag

Now, we can use the mole ratio to determine the number of moles of magnesium required to produce 3.24 moles of silver:

1 mol Mg : 2 mol Ag

moles of Mg = moles of Ag / 2

moles of Mg = 3.24 mol Ag / 2

moles of Mg = 1.62 mol Mg

Finally, we can use the molar mass of magnesium to convert the number of moles to grams:

molar mass of Mg = 24.31 g/mol

mass of Mg = moles of Mg x molar mass of Mg

mass of Mg = 1.62 mol x 24.31 g/mol

mass of Mg = 39.3 g

Therefore, approximately 39.3 grams of magnesium are needed to produce 350 grams of silver.

Explanation:

Stoichiometry, which involves balancing the equation and using the molar mass of each substance, must be used to calculate how many grams of magnesium are required to make 350 grams of silver.

Firstly, balance the chemical equation:

Mg + 2AgNO₃ → Mg(NO₃)₂ + 2Ag

A mole of magnesium interacts with two moles of silver nitrate to form a mole of magnesium nitrate and two moles of silver, according to this equation. We can deduce from the balanced equation that the magnesium-to-silver ratio is 1:2.

Following that, we must determine the molar mass of silver:

Silver(Ag): 107.87g/mol

The requisite magnesium can then be calculated using the formula below:

Grams of Magnesium (Mg) = (molar mass of Ag x grams of Ag) / (2 x molar mass of Mg)

Grams of Magnesium (Mg) = (107.87 g/mol x 350 g) / (2 x 24.31 g/mol)

Grams of Magnesium (Mg) = 303.38 g

Thus, 350 grams of silver can be made from 303.38 grams of magnesium.

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Calcium oxide, CaO, is formed when calcium reacts with oxygen, while calcium sulfide, CaS, is formed when calcium reacts with sulfur.

In the beaker where calcium reacts with oxygen, the compound calcium oxide, CaO, is formed. This is because calcium has a valency of +2 and oxygen has a valency of -2. Therefore, they combine in a 1:1 ratio to form a neutral compound. The chemical formula for calcium oxide is CaO.

Now, in the other beaker where calcium reacts with sulfur, we need to look at the valency of sulfur. Sulfur has a valency of -2, which means it requires two electrons to form a stable compound. Calcium, on the other hand, has a valency of +2. Therefore, in order for the compound to be neutral, we need two calcium atoms to combine with one sulfur atom. This gives us the chemical formula CaS, which is calcium sulfide.

In summary, when equal amounts of calcium react with oxygen and sulfur, they form different compounds. Calcium oxide, CaO, is formed when calcium reacts with oxygen, while calcium sulfide, CaS, is formed when calcium reacts with sulfur. The chemical formula of the compound formed depends on the valencies of the elements involved in the reaction.

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The symptoms you are describing are commonly associated with an acute febrile illness, typically caused by an infection.

The patient may experience chills and rigors, followed by a fever spike that can reach up to 40C/104F. Sweating often follows the fever. It is important to seek medical attention if these symptoms persist or worsen. This type of fever is often caused by a bacterial or viral infection and is usually accompanied by other symptoms such as headache, fatigue, body aches and pains, and nausea. If left untreated, this type of fever can lead to more serious health complications. It is important to seek medical attention if any of these symptoms are present.

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The strongest winds could be found at Location C.

In a High Pressure System the winds usually move in a clockwise direction around the centre of the system in the Northern Hemisphere and counterclockwise in the Southern Hemisphere.

However, the winds are generally light and relatively calm within the high pressure centre, and the strongest winds are typically found on the outer edges of the system, where the high pressure zone meets areas of lower pressure. These outer edges are known as the "ridge" of the high-pressure system, and the winds here can be quite strong as the high-pressure air flows outwards towards areas of lower pressure.

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There are few or no clouds near a high pressure system. The correct option is (C).

High Pressure System is a large-scale weather system with an area of high atmospheric pressure in its centre, surrounded by lower pressure air. Another name for High Pressure System is Anticyclone.

High-pressure systems are typically associated with clear and dry weather conditions, as the descending air suppresses the formation of clouds and precipitation.

In the Northern Hemisphere, winds around a high pressure system circulate in a clockwise direction, while in the Southern Hemisphere, the winds circulate counterclockwise. High-pressure systems are often associated with stable weather patterns and can persist for days or even weeks, depending on the strength and location of the system.

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Based on formal charges and electronegativity, the more likely Lewis structure between the two is the RIGHT structure because oxygen is more electronegative than nitrogen.

Electronegativity is the ability of an atom to attract electrons in a chemical bond, and since oxygen has a higher electronegativity than nitrogen, it is more stable when it has a higher number of bonds in the structure. The right structure better fulfills this requirement, making it more likely.

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2.48L is the volume in liter of 2.184M solution that can be created with 5.421 moles of LICI.

Each thing in three dimensions takes up some space. The volume of this area is what is being measured. The space filled within an object's borders in three dimensions is referred to as its volume.

It is sometimes referred to as the object's capacity. Finding an object's volume can help us calculate the quantity needed to fill it, such as the volume of water required to refill a bottle, aquarium, or water tank.

Molarity = number of moles/ volume of solution

2.184 = 5.421 / volume of solution

volume of solution= 2.48L

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The assertion stating that the term vapour is used to represent the gaseous state of a substance which is otherwise liquid at room temperature is true, but the reason is not a correct explanation.

Vapour is commonly used to describe the gaseous state of a substance that is present at a liquid or solid state at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. When a liquid or solid substance evaporates, vapours are formed that can be inhaled.

Even though the ammonia gas can be referred to as ammonia vapour,  the reason does not explain why vapour is used to describe the gaseous state of substances that are typically present in liquid or solid state at room temperature.

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If 100. 0 ml of a 0. 5 M solution of HCl is diluted by adding water to a final volume of 500. 0 ml, 0.1 M  is the concentration of the diluted solution.

To calculate the dilution concentration, we use the following formula:

[tex]M_1V_1 =M_2V_2[/tex]

where M is the molarity

V is the volume of the solution

In the first solution,

M = 0.5 M

V = 100 mL

In the second solution,

V = 500 mL

Therefore, according to the equation,

0.5 * 100 = 500 * M

M = 0.1 M

The final molarity of the solution after dilution is 0.1 M.

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The heat that is transferred in the reaction can be given as -42.7kJ/mol

We know that the reaction equation can be written as;

HCl + NaOH ---->NaCl +H2O

Then Number of moles of HCl = 75/1000 * 1.25 = 0.09375 moles

Then we know that the total mass of the solutions is;

(75g + 75 g) = 150 g

We would then have the heat that is absorbed by the solution in the calorimeter as;

H = mcdT

H = 150 * 4.18 * (28.32 - 21.45)

H = 4.3 kJ

The heat of the reaction is thus;

ΔH rxn = -(4.3 kJ)/0.09375 moles

= -42.7kJ/mol

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The molarity of the aqueous solution of NaOH is 1.0 x [tex]10^-^1^0[/tex] mol/L if its pH is measured and found to be 10.00, as the pH of a solution is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions ([H+]) present in the solution.

pH = -log[H+]

10.00 = -log[H+]

[H+] = [tex]10^-^p^H[/tex]

[H+] =     [tex]10^-^1^0[/tex]

[H+] = 1.0 x[tex]10^-^1^0[/tex] mol/L

Since NaOH is a strong base, it dissociates completely in water to give Na+ and OH- ions. The concentration of hydroxide ions ([OH-]) in the solution is equal to the concentration of NaOH:

[OH-] = [NaOH]

The concentration of hydroxide ions to find the molarity of the NaOH solution:

Molarity = moles of solute / volume of solution (in liters)

Molarity = [OH-] = [NaOH]

Molarity = 1.0 x[tex]10^(^-^1^0^)[/tex]mol/L

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We need 4.375 moles of NaCl to produce 1250mL of a 3.50M saltwater solution.

Given,

Concentration, Molarity = 3.50M

Volume = 1250 ml = 1.25 L

moles = concentration (M) x volume (L)

moles = 3.50 M x 1.25 L

moles = 4.375

Therefore, we need 4.375 moles of NaCl to produce 1250mL of a 3.50M saltwater solution.

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The AISI (American Iron and Steel Institute) and SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers) assignment system for identifying steel alloys use a four- or five-digit number where the first two digits represent the major alloying elements present, and the last two or three digits refer to the carbon content present in the alloy. This numbering system helps in categorizing and identifying various steel alloys based on their specific properties and compositions.

The last two or three digits in the AISI and SAE steel alloy assignment system refer to the specific composition and processing details of the alloy. This system is used to ensure consistent and accurate identification of different steel alloys used in various industries, including automotive manufacturing. The first two digits indicate the major alloying elements present, such as chromium or nickel, which can significantly impact the properties of the steel. This system helps engineers and manufacturers select the appropriate steel alloy for a specific application, based on its intended use, strength, and other desired characteristics.

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Considering the reaction, heat evolved are:

a. -286 kJ/mol

b. -572 kJ

c. -1666 kJ

d. -2.78 × 10⁹ kJ.

a. The given ΔH is for the production of 2 moles of H₂O. Therefore, for the production of 1 mole of H₂O, the amount of heat evolved will be half of the given value:

Heat evolved for 1 mole of H₂O = (-572 kJ/2) = -286 kJ/mol

b. Calculate the number of moles of hydrogen in 4.03 g:

n(H₂) = mass/molar mass = 4.03 g/2.016 g/mol = 2.00 mol

From the balanced chemical equation, 2 moles of H₂ produce 2 moles of H₂O. Therefore, 2.00 moles of H₂ will produce 2.00 moles of H₂O. So, the amount of heat evolved will be:

Heat evolved = 2.00 mol × (-572 kJ/2 mol) = -572 kJ

c. Similarly, calculate the number of moles of oxygen in 186 g:

n(O₂) = mass/molar mass = 186 g/32.00 g/mol = 5.81 mol

From the balanced chemical equation, 2 moles of H₂ react with 1 mole of O₂ to produce 2 moles of H₂O. Therefore, 5.81 moles of O₂ will react with 2.91 moles of H₂ to produce 5.81 moles of H₂O. So, the amount of heat evolved will be:

Heat evolved = 5.81 mol × (-572 kJ/2 mol) = -1666 kJ

d. The number of moles of H₂ needed to fill the Hindenburg can be calculated using the ideal gas law:

PV = nRT

n = PV/RT = (1.0 atm × 2.0 × 10⁸ L)/(0.0821 L·atm/(mol·K) × 298 K) = 9.75 × 10⁶ mol

From the balanced chemical equation, 2 moles of H₂ produce 2 moles of H₂O. Therefore, 9.75 × 10⁶ mol of H₂ will produce 9.75 × 10⁶ mol of H₂O. So, the amount of heat evolved will be:

Heat evolved = 9.75 × 10⁶ mol × (-572 kJ/2 mol) = -2.78 × 10⁹ kJ.

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A chemist titrates 25 mL of a 0.1M ammonia aqueous solution with 0.5M HCl solution at 25°C. Calculate the pH at equivalence. The pK_a of ammonia is 9.26. Round your answer to 2 decimal places.

The pH of the solution at equivalence is 9.26. The pH at equivalence can be calculated using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, which states that pH = pK_a + log (base/acid).

At equivalence, the base and acid concentrations are equal, so the ratio is 1. Therefore, pH = 9.26. This means that when the 25 mL of ammonia aqueous solution is titrated with 0.5M HCl solution, the pH of the solution will be 9.26.

At the beginning of the titration, the pH of the solution will be higher due to the presence of ammonia. As the titration progresses, the concentration of the acid will increase until it is equal to the concentration of the base, at which point the solution is at its equivalence point. At the equivalence point, the pH will be equal to the pK_a of the base, which in this case is 9.26. This indicates that the pH of the solution at equivalence is 9.26.

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Answer:

Gamma Rays is your answer

Patricia's data when using the graduated cylinder suggests that she is achieving some level of precision but may need to take additional steps to improve the accuracy of her measurements, such as minimizing sources of error and verifying the calibration of the measuring device.

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The compound formed when hydrogen bromide is added to but-2-ene is 2-bromobutane.When hydrogen bromide (HBr) is added to but-2-ene, an electrophilic addition reaction occurs.

in which the H-Br bond adds to the carbon-carbon double bond, resulting in the formation of a bromoalkane. The product of this reaction is determined by the position of the hydrogen atom on the carbon-carbon double bond. In this case, the hydrogen atom is attached to the second carbon atom from the end of the carbon chain, so the bromine atom adds to this carbon atom, resulting in the formation of 2-bromobutane. The other options listed in the question involve different positions of the hydrogen atom on the but-2-ene molecule, resulting in different products being formed.

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The energy of Bohr orbits in a hydrogen atom varies as 1/n², where n is the orbit number or principal quantum number. As the orbit number (n) increases, the energy of the orbit becomes less negative, but at a decreasing rate due to the inverse square relationship.

To understand why this is the case, let's go through a brief explanation of Bohr's model and its relation to energy:
1. Bohr's model of the hydrogen atom consists of an electron orbiting a proton in discrete energy levels or orbits, represented by the principal quantum number n.
2. These energy levels are quantized, meaning the electron can only exist in specific energy states and not in between. As n increases, the energy level increases, and the electron is farther away from the nucleus.
3. The energy of each Bohr orbit is given by the formula: E = -13.6 eV/n². Here, E represents the energy of the orbit, eV is electron-volts (a unit of energy), and n is the principal quantum number. The negative sign indicates that the energy is negative, which means that the electron is bound to the nucleus.
4. From the formula, it is evident that as n increases, the energy of the orbit becomes less negative (i.e., it increases). However, the relationship between the energy and n is an inverse square one (1/n²). This means that as n increases, the increase in energy becomes smaller and smaller.
In summary, the energy of Bohr orbits in a hydrogen atom varies as 1/n².

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Air that is exhausted from a chemical hood is typically not re-circulated back into any part of the building.

This is because the air may contain potentially hazardous chemical fumes and contaminants, which could pose a risk to building occupants. Instead, the exhausted air is typically vented directly outside of the building. In some cases, the air may be filtered before it is exhausted to remove harmful chemical, but this depends on the specific design and configuration of the chemical hood and ventilation system.

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To arrange species into isoelectronic groups, compare the number of electrons in each species. Species with the same number of electrons belong to the same isoelectronic group. Separate species with different electron counts into different groups.

We can arrange the species into isoelectronic groups, follow these steps:

1. Identify the species you need to group. Unfortunately, you didn't provide a list of species, so I'll use some examples: Na⁺, Cl⁻, and Ne.

2. Determine the number of electrons in each species. Na⁺ has 10 electrons, Cl⁻ has 18 electrons, and Ne has 10 electrons.

3. Group the species with the same number of electrons together. In this case, Na⁺ and Ne have the same number of electrons, so they belong to the same isoelectronic group (Group A), while Cl⁻ belongs to another group (Group B) due to its different electron count.

4. Continue this process for all other species you have, placing them into the appropriate isoelectronic group (e.g., Group C) based on their electron counts.

Remember, isoelectronic species have the same number of electrons, so you'll want to group them accordingly.

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The question that is most useful to determine the name of the acid is;

Does the add formula contain a polytomic lon?

The chemical formula of an acid, specifically the components and the quantity of hydrogen ions (H+) it contains, is often used to decide the name of the acid.

When naming binary acids, which are made of hydrogen and a nonmetal, the prefix "hydro-" is added to the root name of the nonmetal element, then the suffix "-ic" and the word "acid" are added.

The name of an oxyacid is derived using a separate naming procedure based on the amount of oxygen atoms in the molecule for oxyacids, which are composed of hydrogen, a nonmetal, and oxygen.

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25.8 g of NH₄NO₃ decomposed to produce 32.3 L of water vapor.  71.4 g of NH₄NO₃ are needed to produce 10.0 L of O₂.

a) To determine the number of liters of water vapor produced, we first need to calculate the moles of NH₄NO₃ that decompose:

The molar mass of NH₄NO₃ is:

M(NH₄NO₃) = 14.01 g/mol (N) + 4(1.01 g/mol) (H) + 3(16.00 g/mol) (O) = 80.05 g/mol

The moles of NH₄NO₃ can be calculated as:

moles NH₄NO₃  = mass/molar mass = 25.8 g / 80.05 g/mol = 0.322 moles  NH₄NO₃

From the balanced equation, we see that 4 moles of H₂O are produced for every 2 moles of  NH₄NO₃  that decompose, so we can calculate the moles of H₂O produced as:

moles H₂O = 4/2 x moles NH₄NO₃ = 4/2 x 0.322 = 0.644 moles H₂O

Finally, we can use the ideal gas law to calculate the volume of water vapor produced at 350 degrees C and 0.950 atm:

PV = nRT

V = nRT/P

V = (0.644 mol) (0.0821 L·atm/mol·K) (623 K) / (0.950 atm) = 32.3 L

Therefore, 25.8 g of NH₄NO₃ decomposed to produce 32.3 L of water vapor.

b) To determine the grams of NH₄NO₃ needed to produce 10.0 L of O2, we can use the same approach, starting with the ideal gas law:

The molar volume of a gas at standard temperature and pressure (STP) is 22.4 L/mol.

The moles of O2 needed to produce 10.0 L can be calculated as:

moles O2 = V/STP = 10.0 L / 22.4 L/mol = 0.446 moles O2

From the balanced equation, we see that 2 moles of  NH₄NO₃ decompose to produce 1 mole of O2, so we can calculate the moles of NH₄NO₃ needed as:

moles NH₄NO₃= 2/1 x moles O2 = 2/1 x 0.446 = 0.892 moles NH4NO3

Finally, we can use the molar mass of NH4NO3 to calculate the grams needed:

mass NH₄NO₃ = moles NH₄NO₃ x molar mass = 0.892 mol x 80.05 g/mol = 71.4 g

Therefore, 71.4 g of NH₄NO₃ are needed to produce 10.0 L of O₂.

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