Answer:
Three principal theories about acid-base are,
1. Arrhenius theory
2. Bronsted-Lowry theory
3. Lux-Flood definition
4. Lewis theory
5. Usanovich definition
1. According to the Arrhenius, acids give up hydrogen ion in aqueous medium and a base give up hydroxyl ion in its aqueous medium. Examples are aqueous solution of HCl, CH3COOH, PhCOOH, and H2SO4. These give up H+ in an aqueous medium. Aqueous solutions of NaOH, Ca (OH)2 are Arrhenius bases.
Arrhenius theory has some limitations. This theory cannot explain the acidic nature of BF3 or basic behavior of NH3. This theory fails to give any explanation about acidity and basicity which does not produce H+ and OH- in their aqueous solutions.
2. According to the Bronsted-Lowry, an acid releases proton and a base accepts proton. NH3 accepts proton and forms ammonium ion, so ammonia acts as a base.
But this theory also has limitations. According to this theory acidic behavior of BF3 still cannot be explained.
3. Lux-Flood describes the acid-base theories based on oxide ion transformation. It gives clear explanation for acid-bases theories of non-protonic system. According to them, a base will donate the oxygen atom and an acid will accept oxygen atom.
4. According to the Lewis theory, acids are those substances which accept electron pair and base are those substances which donates electron pairs. Lewis theory can explain the acidic nature of BF3. In BF3, B is two electrons short to fulfil its octet. So it can accept a pair of electrons from an electron donating substituent. So it is an electron pair acceptor compound and acts as an acid.
Substances which have π electrons can donate electron pair to an electron deficient substance and acts as a base. Ethylene and acetylene is Lewis bases. AlCl3, PCl3 are Lewis acids.
5. According Usanovich, an acid is some chemical species which would react with bases and yields cations or accepts anions or electrons. A base is some chemical species which would react with acids, yield anions or electrons or combine with cations.
Explanation:
Br2(g) cl2(g)⇌2brcl(g) δh∘f for brcl(g) is 14. 6 kj/mol. Δs∘f for brcl(g) is 240. 0 j/mol
The Change in Gibb's free energy, ΔG for the reaction at 298K is; -56.92KJ.
Gibb's free energy of reactionsIt follows from the Gibb's free energy formula as expressed in terms of Enthalpy and Entropy that;
ΔG = ΔH - TΔSOn this note, it follows that;
ΔG = 14.6 - (298× 0.24)Hence, the Gibb's free energy for the reaction is;
ΔG = 14.6 - 71.52ΔG = -56.92KJRemarks: The question requires that we determine the Gibb's free energy for the reaction at 298K.
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The Gibbs free energy for the reaction Br²(g) Cl²(g)⇌2BrCl(g) is -56.92 KJ.
What is Gibbs Free energy?It's the total work done in a closed thermodynamic system.
By the formula of Gibbs free energy
[tex]\rm \Delta G = \Delta H - T \Delta S[/tex]
The H is 14.6 KJ/mol
The change in temperature is 0.24
Putting the values in the equation
[tex]\Delta G = 14.6 - (298 \times 0.24)\\\\ \Delta G = 14.6 - 71.52\\\\ \Delta G = -56.92KJ[/tex]
Thus, the Gibbs free energy for the reaction is -56.92 KJ
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136 grams of barium sulfate is used to make a 2.5 M solution. How many liters of water are needed?
Answer:
yay well done good job keep going
how much electrical energy (in kilowatt-hours) would a 60.0W light bulb use in 60.0 days ifvleft steadily
Answer:
60w x 24 = 1440wh per day
1440 x 60 = 86400 WATTS HOUR FOR 60 DAYS
Explanation:
In short.
86400/1000 = 86.4kwh
brainiest me :> THANK YOU!
Answer:
86.4kwh
Explanation:
What does it mean a solution is a weak base"? What about a "Strong base"? Give logical pH values for each
Answer:
A weak base is a base that, upon dissolution in water, does not dissociate completely, so that the resulting aqueous solution contains only a small proportion of hydroxide ions. PH 7-10
A strong base is a base that is completely dissociated in an aqueous solution. a PH of about 12-14
Look at the products of the chemical reaction to determine if the reactant added to water caused an acid reaction, a base reaction, or a neutralization reaction.
Acid
Neutralization
Base
1.
2HF + 2CaOH -> 2H2O + 2NaF
2.
3HI + 2H2O -> 2H3O+ + 3I- + H+
3.
2CH3COO- + H2O -> CH3COO- + OH- + CH3COOH
0.05 moles of HCL are added to 2 L of H2O. What is the molarity of the solution?
Impossible to answer the question with the information provided.
1.60
0.025M
10.4
1. The reaction is a neutralization reaction
2. The reactant added to the water causes an acid reaction
3. The reactant added to the water causes a base reaction
4. The molarity of the solution is 0.025 M
What is a neutralization reaction?This is a reaction involving an acid and a base which result in the formation of salt and water only
HF + NaOH –> H₂O + NaF
The reaction above indicates neutralization since the reaction produces water (H₂O) and salt (NaF) only
What is an acid?An acid is a substance which dissolves in water to produce hydronium ion H₃O⁺
3HI + 2H₂O —> 2H₃O⁺ + 3I¯ + H⁺
The reaction above is an acid reaction since it produces H₃O⁺
What is a base?A base is a substance which dissolves in water to produce hydroxide ion OH¯
2CH₃COO¯ + H₂O —> CH₃COO¯ + OH¯ + CH₃COOH
The reaction above is a base reaction since OH¯ is produced.
How to determine the molarity Mole = 0.05 mole Volume = 2 LMolarity =?Molarity = mole / Volume
Molarity = 0.05 / 2
Molarity = 0.025 M
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Draw the structure of the major nitration product from the reaction of nitric acid with 1,3‑dimethylbenzene. Show all formal charges
The 2,4 and 5 positions are accessible for nitration of 1,3‑dimethylbenzene. The final product is shown in the image attached.
What is nitration?Nitration is a type of reaction in which the nitro group (-NO2) is introduced to an aromatic ring. We have to note that in the compound 1,3‑dimethylbenzene, the 2,4 and 5 positions are accessible for nitration as shown.
Hence, the nitration of 1,3‑dimethylbenzene occurs as shown in the image attached with the compound shown being the major product.
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The structure of the major nitration product from the reaction of nitric acid with 1,3‑dimethylbenzene is shown in attached image.
What is nitration?Nitration is a process in which addition of nitro group (-NO₂) is taking place on the substrate molecule.
In the given question 1,3‑dimethylbenzene is the susbtarte in which nitration will be done in the presence of sulphuric acid (H₂SO₄) and nitric acid (HNO₃). Methyl groups which are present in the substrate molecule will behave as an ortho para directing groups as they are electron donating groups. So the major product obtained in the reaction is shown below in image.
Hence the structure of major nitration product is shown below in image.
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1) What happens when the pressure above the surface of a liquid is equal to the vapor
pressure of the liquid? Explain.
2)If the pressure on the surface of water in the liquid state is 30 kPa, the water will
boil at what temperature?
3) What is the vapor pressure of ethanol at its normal boiling point?
4) As the pressure on a liquid is changed from 100. kPa to 120.0 kPa, what happens to the
boiling point? Explain your answer.
5). Which substance has the lowest vapor pressure at 75°C?
(1) water (3) ethanoic acid
(2) propanone (4) ethanol 5 _____
6). According to Reference Table H, what is the vapor pressure of propanone at 45°C?
(1) 22 kPa (3) 70. kPa
(2) 33 kPa (4) 98 kPa 6 _____
7). The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid is equal to the pressure on the surface of the liquid. What is the boiling point of propanone if the pressure on its surface is 48 kilopascals?
(1) 25°C (3) 35°C
(2) 30.°C (4) 40.°C 7 ________
8) A liquid boils when the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the atmospheric pressure on the surface of the liquid. Using Reference Table H, determine the boiling point of water when the atmospheric pressure is 90. kPa. _____________
Table F: Solubility Guidelines
1. Based on the Solubility Guidelines chemistry reference table, a saturated solution of
Which salt would be most concentrated?
A) ZnCl2 B) AgCl C)BaSO4 D) PbCrO4
Explain your answer.
________________________________________________________________________
2. Based on the Solubility Guidelines chemistry reference table, which saturated solution
would be the least concentrated?
A) barium sulfate B) sodium sulfate C) potassium sulfate D) lithium sulfate
Explain your answer.
________________________________________________________________________
3. Solutions of AgNO3 (aq) and KCl (aq) are mixed. Will a visible reaction occur? Fill in
the missing parts to the reaction and explain your answer.
AgNO3(aq) + KCl(aq) ___________ + ____________
________________________________________________________________________
4. Which solution will undergo a double replacement reaction with Na2CO3 (aq) to produce
a white solid substance?
A) CaCl2 (aq) B) LiCl (aq) C) KCl (aq) D) NH4Cl (aq)
5. In the laboratory, a student mixes aqueous solutions of NiSO4 and NaOH. What will be
the result of this experiment?
________________________________________________________________________
When the atmospheric pressure is equal to the vapor pressure of the liquid, boiling of liquid will begin.
What happens when atmospheric pressure is equal to the vapor pressure of liquid?When the atmospheric pressure is equal to the vapor pressure of the liquid, boiling will begin. The bubbles formation started to the liquid molecules which have gained enough energy to change to the gaseous phase.
The vapor pressure of ethanol is 5.95 kPa at 20.0 °C, and its vapor pressure is 53.3 kPa at 63.5 °C.
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The ksp for silver sulfate (ag2so4) is 1. 2 ✕ 10-5. Calculate the solubility of silver sulfate in each of the following
For ksp of silver sulfate (ag2so4) at 1. 2 ✕ 10-5, the solubility of silver sulfate is mathematically given as
x = 5.26*10^{-4}
What is the solubility of silver sulfate in 0.15 M AgNO3?Generally, the equation for the Chemical reaction is mathematically given as
Ag2SO4 ⇄ 2Ag+ + SO4 2-
Therefore
Ksp = [Ag+ ]2 *[SO4 2-]
1.2*10-5 = ( 0.15 +2x)2*(x)
x = 5.26*10^{-4}
In conclusion, the solubility of silver sulfate is
x = 5.26*10^{-4}
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If the ksp of silver sulfate (ag2so4) at 1.2 × 10⁻⁵, the solubility of silver sulfate is 5.26 × 10⁽⁻⁴⁾.
What is the ksp value?ksp value determines the equilibrium between the solids and its respective ions in a solution.
The reaction is [tex]\rm Ag_2SO_4 \leftrightharpoons 2Ag+ + SO_4^2-[/tex]
The ksp pf silver sulfate is 1.2 × 10⁻⁵
Tho calculate the solubility?
Putting the values in the equation
[tex]\rm Ksp = [Ag^+ ]^2 \times [SO_4^ 2^-]\\\\1.2\times 10^-^5 = ( 0.15 +2x)2\times (x)\\x = 5.26\times 10^{-4}[/tex]
Thus, the solubility of silver sulfate is 5.26 × 10⁽⁻⁴⁾.
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You are pulling an object up 1 m with a 5 m ramp. You pull
with 20 N of force.
How much does the object weigh?
For an object 1 m long with a 5 m ramp, You pull with 20 N of force, The weight of the object is mathematically given as
W= 5714.3 N
What is the weight of the object ?Generally, the equation for the weight is mathematically given as
W = mg = F/Sinθ
W= 20/Sin0.2
W=20/ 0.0035
W= 5714.3 N
In conclusion, the weight of the object
W= 5714.3 N
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How many molecules are in 37 grams of H2O
Answer:
2.053812097286304 mol
Given that delta.g for the reaction below is –957.9 kj, what is delta.gf of h2o? 4nh3(g) 5o2(g) right arrow. 4no(g) 6h2o(g) delta.gf,nh3 = -16.66 kj/mol delta.gf,no = 86.71 kj/mol –228.6 kj/mol –206.4 kj/mol 46.7 kj/mol 90.7 kj/mol
The valur of energy of formation ΔGf of H₂O is -228.6 kJ/mol.
How we calculate ΔG ?ΔG of any reaction will be calculated as:
ΔG = Sum of ΔG of products - Sum of ΔG of reactants
Given chemical reaction is:
4NH₃(g) + 5O₂(g) → 4NO(g) + 6H₂O(g)
For this reaction, ΔG will be calculated as:
ΔG = [ΔGf 4(NO) + ΔGf 6(H₂O)] - [ΔGf 4(NH₃) + ΔGf 5(O₂)]
Given that:
ΔG = -957.9 kJ
ΔGf of NH₃ = -16.66 kJ/mol
ΔGf of NO = 86.71 kJ/mol
ΔGf of O₂ = 0 (because it is present in elemental form)
ΔGf of H₂O = let x (to find)
On putting all these values on the above equation, we get
-957.9 = [4(86.71) + 6(x)] - [4(-16.66) + 5(0)]
-957.9 = 346.84 + 6x + 66.64
6x = -957.9 - 346.84 - 66.64
6x = -1,371.38
x = -228.56 = -228.6 kJ/mol
Hence, correct option is (1) i.e. -228.6 kJ/mol.
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Answer:
A) -228.6 kJ/mol
Explanation:
EDGE 2022
What is the only non-metal that is not on the upper right side of the periodic table?
Answer:
Hydrogen
Explanation:
Hydrogen number one on the periodic table is on the left side and is a non metal gas.Hydrogen is on the left side because like members of the IA group containing Lithium, Sodium and Potassium it has a normal charge of +1.
Answer:
I believe it is Hydrogen
Explanation:
There is an extreme temperature difference between day and night in a desert during clear weather. However, even though the outside temperature drops greatly at night, the water in a swimming pool in the desert tends to remain warm. Use your knowledge of heat energy, specific heat, and heat transfer to explain these facts.
please help!!!!!!
Sand has a lower heat capacity hence it heats up easily and looses heat easily. On the other hand, water has a higher heat capacity and looses heat more slowly hence it remains warm at night.
What is heat transfer?The transfer of heat refers to the movement of heat from one body to another. We should note that sand has a low specific heat capacity hence it is rapidly heated up in the day and looses heat quickly at night.
On the other hand, water has a high specific heat capacity hence it heat up slowly and also does not loose heat easily even when the surrounding temperature is much colder. As such, there is an extreme temperature difference between day and night in a desert during clear weather and the water in a swimming pool in the desert tends to remain warm even when the outside temperature drops greatly at night.
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Can someone do this fill in the blanks
Answer: aragon is in group 0
2. It’s a non metal
3. Group number
Explanation:
Besides chlorine what are the chemical sanitizers approved for operations.
Iodine and quaternary ammonium are chemical sanitizers approved for operations.
What is a Sanitizer?These are chemicals which help to remove pathogens from the surface of materials.
Iodine and quaternary ammonium are able to do that in a safe manner. This is therefore the reason why both of them were approved as sanitizers and chosen as the most appropriate options.
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) Which direction does thermal energy flow in the following diagram? *
2 points
Heat flows from the ice cream to the hand.
Heat flows from the hand to the ice cream.
The system is too cold for heat to move.
Answer:
the heat flows from the hand to the ice cream
Explanation:
we produce body heat therefore it moves to the ice cream also there is no possible way the heat could move from the ice cream because the ice cream is cold
Heat flows from the hand to the ice cream. Therefore, the correct option is option B among all the given options.
What is thermal energy?When the temperature rises, a type of energy called thermal energy is produced. The amount of thermal energy usually directly inversely proportional to the object's change in temperature. Thermal energy takes the form of heat. The thermal energy of a substance increases with temperature.
The quicker movements of the substance's atoms and molecules are what cause thermal energy to rise as temperature rises. In some cases, a substance's molecules will separate from one another and leave because the temperature has such high. Unexpectedly, thermal energy also affects the states of matter. Heat flows from the hand to the ice cream.
Therefore, the correct option is option B.
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Which location represents a period on a periodic table?.
is the soda ginger ale(canada dry) a weak acid or a strong acid? why
Answer:
Ginger ale is a strong acid
Explanation:
This is because of the high amounts of carbonic acid that it contains, putting it below the 4.6 Ph threshold.
HELLO MAY I GET HELP AGAIN?
Answer:
( c ) sunlight.
Explanation:
the leaves are closer to the sunlight they require.
A box is pushed across the floor for a distance of 5 metters with a force of 50N in 5 seconds. a. how much work is done? b. what is the power. also what formulas are used.
Answer:
50W
Explanation:
The formula and is
W = F × s
(force x distance)
W= 50 N× 5 m =250 N m=250 J
Done in 5 seconds the power is
p
=
W
t
where
t
=time
p
=
250
J
5
=
50 J
/s
=50 W
Answer:
Maybe 250 newtons
Explanation:
Suppose you’re out of acetic acid (ch3cooh) and decide to use ethanol (ch3 ch2oh) as the solvent in the transformation of 3 into 4. Would this be a wise choice, and why?
The use of ethanol instead of acetic acid is not the wise choice.
Why use of ethanol instead of acetic acid is not the wise choice?When you are out of acetic acid and decide to use ethanol as the solvent in the transformation, it would not be a wise choice because acetic acid and ethanol are two totally different chemicals. Due to different in features, it can't act the same and the desirable results can't be observed.
So we can conclude that use of ethanol instead of acetic acid is not the wise choice.
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To use ethanol in place of acetic acid as a solvent in the transformation of 3 into 4, is not a wise choice.
What are functional groups?Functional groups are the specific groups which after attaching to any molecule changes the property of the molecule.
Acetic acid has carboxylic (-COOH) group as functional group and ethanol has hydroxyl (-OH) functional group and both has different properties from each other. So use to ethanol in place of acetic acid is not correct as it will not fulfill the requirements of acid.
Hence use of ethanol in place of acetic acid is not a wise choice.
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The equilibrium for the reaction between (ch3)2nh a weak base
The equilibrium for the dissolution of the weak base is ;(CH3)2NH(aq) + H2O(l) ⇄ (CH3)2NH3^+(aq) + OH^-(aq)
What is a weak base?A weak base is one that does not ionize completely in solution. As such, a weak base will have a very low base dissociation constant Kb reflecting its minimal dissociation in solution.
The question is incomplete hence we are are unable to work out the equilibrium but in solution it will look like this;
(CH3)2NH(aq) + H2O(l) ⇄ (CH3)2NH3^+(aq) + OH^-(aq)
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The equilibrium for the reaction between (Ch₃)2NH of the weak base is (CH₃)2NH(aq) + H₂O(l) ⇄ (CH₃)2NH₃⁺(aq) + OH⁻(aq).
What are weak bases?A weak base is one that does not completely dissociate in water.
It leaves only a small proportion of hydroxide ions and the concerned basic radical in the resulting aqueous solution.
A large proportion of dissociated base molecules.
Thus, the equilibrium for the reaction is (CH₃)2NH(aq) + H₂O(l) ⇄ (CH₃)2NH₃⁺(aq) + OH⁻(aq).
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Based on the arrows, in which direction are air masses moving? from west to east from north to south toward the equator toward the middle latitude
Air masses are large air volume at constant humidity and a temperature it moves by convection in the atmosphere. The direction is from west to east.
What are the directions?Directions are the path or the points of something or an object. The earth has four major directions one towards the upper side called north, downwards called south, towards the left known as the west, and towards the right called east.
The image shows the movements of the arrow from the left to the right side. On the left is, the west and towards the right is the east.
Therefore, option a. from west to east is the movement of the air masses.
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The reaction between alcohols and carboxylic acids is called
Explanation:
When a carboxylic acid is treated with an alcohol and an acid catalyst, an ester is formed (along with water). This reaction is called the Fischer esterification.
The reaction between alcohols and carboxylic acids is called Fischer esterification.
What is Fischer esterification?Fischer Esterification is an organic reaction that produces an ester by converting carboxylic acids in the presence of excess alcohol and a strong acid catalyst.
This ester is created in the presence of water.
Thus, the reaction between alcohols and carboxylic acids is called Fischer esterification.
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Which of the following statements about minerals and ores is true?
Answer:
please give a photo I can't now to help u
Answer:
they have a crystalline structure is the correct answer <3
Explanation:
The single most important factor influencing potassium ion secretion is ________
The single most important factor influencing potassium ion secretion is its concentration in blood plasma.
What is Plasma?
This is the liquid portion of the blood and serves as the transport medium for nutrients in the body.
When there is a high concentration in the plasma, it maximizes the concentration gradient which favors its secretion into the urinary fluid.
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The single most important factor influencing potassium ion secretion is concentration.
What is Plasma?This is the liquid part of the blood present in the body and it transports nutrients throughout the body.
Whenever in the body there is high concentration of potassium ion as a result of which concentration gradient increases which in turn favors the secretion of potassium ion into the urinary fluid.
Hence concentration is the important factor.
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Why are flood plains desirable farm land in spite of the fact that they are prone to flooding?.
Flood plains are desirable farm land in spite of the fact that they are prone to flooding because of its high fertility.
Why are floodplains desirable farm land?Floodplains are very fertile agricultural areas because the floods carry nutrient-rich silt and sediment and deposited it that plains. Floodplains are flat which make easier farming.
So we can conclude that flood plains are desirable farm land because of its high fertility.
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For the molecule allene, h2 c = c = ch2, give the hybridization of each carbon atom. Will the hydrogen atoms be in the same plane or perpendicular planes?
Owing to the fact that allene is not a planar molecule, the hydrogen atoms in the molecule do not lie on the same plane.
What is a plannar molecule?A planar molecule refers to those molecules that lie on same plane. This means that the atoms in the molecules are all arranged along the same plane.
Now we know that the molecule allene is not a planar molecule. Owing to the fact that allene is not a planar molecule, the hydrogen atoms in the molecule do not lie on the same plane. All the carbon atoms present are sp2 hybridized.
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Which electromagnetic wave does the student replace the question mark with in the table?
A
radio waves
B
gamma rays
C
infrared waves
D
visible light waves
Answer:
B) Gamma
Explanation:
Gamma is by far the most powerful, and only one that can produce this much energy
option c is your answer.
At what number carbon does the phosphate group connect to the sugar?.
The phosphate group attached to the 5' carbon of the sugar on one nucleotide forms an ester bond with the free hydroxyl on the 3' carbon of the next nucleotide.