The description of the distribution of sedimentary deposits you would expect to find on a delta would be- E) Mud in channels, sand on floodplain.
Deltas are depositional features formed at the mouths of rivers where sediment is carried downstream and deposited as the river meets the ocean or a larger body of water.
The sedimentary deposits on a delta are typically sorted by size, with coarser sediments closer to the river mouth and finer sediments farther away.
In the channels of a delta, where the water is deeper and the current is faster, you would expect to find mud. This is because the water is able to carry and deposit finer sediments in these areas.
On the other hand, on the floodplain of the delta, where the water is shallower and the current is slower, you would expect to find sand. This is because the water is not able to carry and deposit finer sediments in these areas, so the coarser sediments settle out.
Therefore, the distribution of sedimentary deposits you would expect to find on a delta is mud in channels and sand on floodplain.
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a vesicular igneous texture indicates that:
a. there was a lot of gas in the magma
b. the rock cooled
c. the rock broke apart as it flowed
d. the rock cooled slowly
e. the ash and pumice were hot and became compacted
A vesicular igneous texture indicates that a. there was a lot of gas in the magma
A vesicular texture in an igneous rock is characterized by the presence of numerous small cavities or vesicles, which are formed by trapped gas bubbles during the solidification of the magma. This texture indicates that there was a significant amount of gas in the magma, leading to the formation of these vesicles.Vesicular texture is a type of texture in igneous rocks that contains small cavities or vesicles in the rock. These vesicles are formed due to the presence of gases, such as water vapor, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide, in the magma during the time of solidification. As the magma rises to the surface, the decrease in pressure causes the gas bubbles to expand and become trapped in the solidifying magma, resulting in the formation of vesicles in the rock.
The size, shape, and distribution of the vesicles can provide information about the rate of cooling and the composition of the magma. A rock with a vesicular texture indicates that the magma contained a high concentration of gas, which could have been produced by the release of volatiles from a deep magma source or from the assimilation of gases from surrounding rocks.
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A vesicular igneous texture indicates the presence of gas in the magma during a volcanic eruption.
Explanation:A vesicular igneous texture indicates that there was a lot of gas in the magma. When magma contains high amounts of dissolved gases, such as water vapor and carbon dioxide, pressure builds up within the magma chamber. As the molten rock reaches the Earth's surface and erupts as a volcanic eruption, the sudden release of pressure causes the gases to rapidly expand, creating bubbles or vesicles throughout the rock.
These vesicles are preserved as the rock cools and solidifies. The size and shape of the vesicles can provide clues about the eruption dynamics and the type of magma involved. For example, larger vesicles suggest higher gas content, while elongated vesicles indicate the rock was stretched or flowed before solidification.
In conclusion, a vesicular igneous texture is primarily formed due to the presence of a significant amount of gas in the magma during a volcanic eruption.
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The brightest star in the sky tends to be ____. A very luminous B. the hottest C. near us D. all of the above
False. The brightest star in the sky, Sirius, is not the hottest or most luminous star. It appears brightest because it is relatively close to Earth, only 8.6 light years away.
The brightest star in the sky is Sirius, which is also known as Alpha Canis Majoris. It is located in the constellation Canis Major and has an apparent visual magnitude of -1.46, making it about 25 times more luminous than the sun. Sirius is also one of the nearest stars to our solar system, at a distance of about 8.6 light years. It is a main-sequence star that is about twice as massive as the sun and has a surface temperature of about 9,940 Kelvin, making it one of the hottest stars visible from Earth.
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When a fault is expressed at the surface, it is called a __________.
A) epicenter
B) fault scarp
C) rupture surface
D)focus
E) hypocenter
B) fault scarp. A fault scarp is a small step or offset on the ground surface where one side of a fault has moved vertically with respect to the other side.
When a fault moves, it can cause earthquakes and create visible features on the surface. A fault scarp is an example of a surface expression of a fault. A fault scarp is a small step or offset on the ground surface where one side of a fault has moved vertically with respect to the other side. Fault scarps can be produced by different types of faults, such as normal, reverse, or strike-slip faults, and they can be hundreds of kilometers long or just a few centimeters high. Fault scarps can provide important information about the behavior of faults and the frequency and magnitude of earthquakes. By studying fault scarps, geologists can estimate the amount of displacement that has occurred on a fault over time, which can help them understand the earthquake hazard in a particular region. Fault scarps can also create physical and topographic barriers to human activity, and they can have ecological effects by altering water flow, creating new habitats, or disrupting existing ones.
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because glacial advance is driven by gravity, it is impossible for glaciers to advance over perfectly flat terrain. true or false
True. Glacial advance is driven by gravity, but glaciers require a slope or gradient to move downhill.
Without a slope, glaciers cannot gain momentum to advance. Perfectly flat terrain would not provide any slope or gradient
For the glacier to move forward, so it would be impossible for the glacier to advance over such terrain.
Additionally, even slight undulations in the terrain may affect the direction and speed of glacial movement.
Therefore, a slope is necessary for glacial advance to occur.
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Which of the following are common processes that alter the different sizes and shapes of sediments within the surf zone?
1. Rocks become smooth and flattened
2. Angular rocks are rounded, as their corners are knocked off
3. Sand forms from broken rock particles
Angular rocks are rounded, as their corners are knocked off is a common process that alters the different sizes and shapes of sediments within the surf zone.
Rocks becoming smooth and flattened is also a process that can occur, but it is typically associated with aeolian processes (wind erosion) rather than surf zone processes. The formation of sand from broken rock particles is not a process that alters the sizes and shapes of sediments within the surf zone; rather, it is the result of weathering and erosion occurring upstream from the surf zone.In the surf zone, sediments are constantly being moved and sorted by the energy of breaking waves. As waves approach the shore, they slow down due to the shallower water and increase in height, causing them to break. The energy from the breaking waves then moves the sediment around in a number of ways.One process that occurs is called abrasion, in which rocks and other hard materials become smoother and more rounded as they are rolled around by the waves. This is particularly true for angular rocks, which lose their sharp edges and become more rounded over time.
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Hot spots in oceanic settings typically produce:
a. flood basalts in the middle of a continent
b. huge caldera explosions
c. island arcs
d. lines or clusters of volcanic islands
d. lines or clusters of volcanic islands. Hot spots in oceanic settings typically create chains of volcanic islands, such as the Hawaiian Islands or the Galapagos Islands.
These chains are formed as the tectonic plates move over the stationary hot spot, which produces magma that rises to the surface and creates new volcanoes. As the plate continues to move, the volcano moves away from the hot spot, becomes extinct, and is eventually eroded away, while a new volcano forms above the active hot spot. This process continues over millions of years, resulting in a chain of islands that increases in age as it extends away from the active hot spot.
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please match the typhoon category with its defining criteria.group of answer choices tropical depression [ choose ] typhoon [ choose ] strong typhoon [ choose ] very strong typhoon [ choose ] violent typhoon [ choose ]
Tropical depression: a tropical cyclone with maximum sustained winds of up to 38 mph (62 km/h).
Typhoon: a tropical cyclone with maximum sustained winds of at least 74 mph (119 km/h). A typhoon is a type of tropical cyclone that occurs in the Western Pacific Ocean. Typhoons are similar to hurricanes and cyclones, which occur in other parts of the world, but they are known by different names depending on their location.
Strong typhoon: a tropical cyclone with maximum sustained winds of at least 96 mph (154 km/h) but less than 116 mph (187 km/h). A strong typhoon is a typhoon that has intensified to become a powerful and potentially destructive storm. The strength of a typhoon is typically measured by its maximum sustained winds, which can reach over 150 miles per hour (240 kilometers per hour) in the most severe cases
Very strong typhoon: a tropical cyclone with maximum sustained winds of at least 116 mph (187 km/h) but less than 137 mph (220 km/h). A very strong typhoon is a typhoon that has intensified to become an extremely powerful and potentially catastrophic storm. It is typically characterized by sustained winds of 155 miles per hour (250 kilometers per hour) or higher, which can cause widespread devastation and loss of life
Violent typhoon: a tropical cyclone with maximum sustained winds of at least 137 mph (220 km/h).
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About ______ cubic kilometers of ash were released by Mount St. Helens, and a similar amount of material formed pyroclastic flows.
a. 0.25
b. 0.025
c. 0.22
d. 0.0002
Your answer is (a) 0.25 cubic kilometers. About 0.25 cubic kilometers of ash were released by Mount St. Helens, and a similar amount of material formed pyroclastic flows during the eruption in 1980. This eruption had a significant impact on the surrounding environment, including wildlife, vegetation, and water systems.
The answer is a. 0.25 cubic kilometers of ash were released by Mount St. Helens during its eruption on May 18, 1980. This eruption was one of the most significant volcanic events in U.S. history, and it caused widespread destruction and loss of life. In addition to the ash, a similar amount of material formed pyroclastic flows, which are fast-moving currents of hot gas and volcanic debris that can travel at high speeds and distances. The ash and other materials ejected from Mount St. Helens during its eruption had significant impacts on the surrounding environment and ecosystems, including changes to local waterways and forests. The aftermath of the eruption also provided scientists with valuable insights into the behavior of volcanoes and the ways in which they can impact the environment and human communities.
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Why can't color alone he used to identify most minerals?
Color alone cannot be used to identify most minerals because many minerals can occur in different colors. For example, quartz can be clear, white, gray, pink, purple, or even black. Some minerals, such as hematite, can occur in a wide range of colors, including red, brown, black, and gray.
Some minerals can have the same color but different mineralogical properties. For example, both fluorite and apatite can be purple or green, but they have different crystal structures and chemical compositions. Minerals are identified by a combination of physical and chemical properties. These properties include hardness, cleavage, fracture, luster, density, and the way they react with acids. In order to properly identify a mineral, it is necessary to use a combination of these properties rather than relying solely on color. Furthermore, the presence of impurities or variations in crystal structure can also affect the color of a mineral. For example, iron impurities can give quartz a yellow or orange tint, while chromium can make corundum red (ruby) or green (emerald). Therefore, relying solely on color to identify minerals can lead to incorrect identifications and misinterpretations of geological data. In summary, while color can be a helpful characteristic in identifying certain minerals, it cannot be relied upon as the sole indicator of mineral identification due to variations in color and the importance of considering other physical and chemical properties.
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How will minerals orient when a rock is put under normal stress?
A) perpendicular to the direction of the greatest stress
B) parallel to the direction of the greatest stress
C) random to the direction of the greatest stress
D) oblique to the direction of the greatest stress
When a rock is put under normal stress, minerals will orient:
B) parallel to the direction of the greatest stress
When a rock is put under normal stress, the minerals will orient perpendicular to the direction of the greatest stress. This is because normal stress is a type of stress that pushes or pulls on a rock perpendicular to its surface, causing the minerals to align themselves in a perpendicular orientation. In contrast, when a rock is put under shear stress (a stress that pushes or pulls on a rock parallel to its surface), the minerals will orient parallel to the direction of the greatest stress.
This occurs because normal stress is applied perpendicularly to the rock surface, and minerals align themselves parallel to the direction of least resistance, which is the direction of the greatest stress in this case.
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All of these stars are now on the Main Sequence. Which lives longest?
A. Mass 10 times that of the Sun
B. Surface is bright blue
C. Spectral type F
D. Spectral type M
The star with the lowest mass, spectral type M, lives the longest. As a star's mass increases, its lifespan decreases, with more massive stars burning their fuel much faster and having shorter lifetimes.
The Main Sequence is the most important and longest stage in the life of a star. It is the phase where a star spends the majority of its life, steadily burning hydrogen fuel in its core to produce energy and maintain its equilibrium.The lifespan of a star on the Main Sequence depends on its mass, with more massive stars having shorter lifetimes than less massive stars. This is because more massive stars have a higher rate of energy production, which causes them to burn through their fuel supply more quickly.In general, stars with a lower mass, like spectral type M stars, have longer lifetimes than more massive stars. This is because they have a lower rate of energy production and therefore burn through their fuel supply more slowly. Stars with a mass of 10 times that of the Sun, on the other hand, have much shorter lifetimes and will exhaust their fuel supply much more quickly.
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what type of natural disaster occurred in hurricane Dorian?
The natural disaster occurred in hurricane Dorian is
hurricanes which are severe tropical cyclones that result in powerful winds, heavy rainfall, storm surges, and inundation over a wide area causing extensive devastation.What is hurricane Dorian?Hurricane Dorian was designated Category 5, being the utmost category on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale.
The Abaco Islands and Grand Bahama Island experienced ruinous destruction, thereby resulting in high numbers of casualties and displacements of residents due to hurricane-force winds that extensively damaged infrastructure, buildings, and homes.
To make matters worse, the accompanying storm surge along with the heavy rainfall from Hurricane Dorian provoked substantial flooding and exacerbated the scale and implications of this devastating Hurricane.
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which of the following is most useful in allowing us to learn about clouds of intergalactic gas? which of the following is most useful in allowing us to learn about clouds of intergalactic gas? spectra of stars in our own galaxy x-ray images of galactic winds quasar spectra composite visible, x-ray, and radio observations of light emitted by these clouds
Composite visible, x-ray, and radio observations of light emitted by these clouds are most useful in allowing us to learn about clouds of intergalactic gas.
By combining observations across multiple wavelengths of light, astronomers can gain a more comprehensive understanding of the properties and behavior of these clouds, including their temperature, density, and composition.
Visible light observations can reveal the presence and movement of ionized gas, while X-ray observations can detect very hot gas and high-energy phenomena like galactic winds.
Radio observations can provide additional information about the distribution and movement of neutral gas, as well as the magnetic fields that shape these clouds. By combining these different types of observations, astronomers can build a more complete picture of the intergalactic gas that fills the vast spaces between galaxies.
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Mafic lava erupted at a submarine volcano will produce __________ .
A. an a'a' flow
B. a cinder cone
C. a pahoehoe flow
D. pillow basalt
Mafic lava erupted at a submarine volcano will produce pillow basalt. Option D is correct.
Mafic lava is rich in magnesium and iron, and has a low viscosity, which means it flows easily. When mafic lava is erupted at a submarine volcano, it cools quickly as it comes into contact with the cold water, forming pillow-shaped structures. These pillow-shaped rocks are known as pillow basalt and are a characteristic feature of submarine volcanic eruptions. A'a' and pahoehoe flows are types of lava that are typically associated with Hawaiian volcanoes, which have a different composition and erupt on land, not under water. A cinder cone is a type of volcano that forms from explosive eruptions of tephra, or volcanic ash and rock fragments.
Pillow basalt is a type of volcanic rock that is formed when lava erupts underwater or flows into the ocean. The lava cools quickly when it comes into contact with the cold water, causing it to solidify into pillow-shaped structures. These structures are created as the hot lava flows into the cold water and solidifies quickly at the edges, while the still-molten interior continues to flow forward, creating a "pillow" shape.
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Elastic deformation before an earthquake is like _______, whereas rupture is like__________.
A) breaking a rubber band; stretching a rubber band
B) baking a pie; rolling out dough
C) stretching a rubber band; breaking a rubber band
D) rolling out dough; baking a pie
C) stretching a rubber band; breaking a rubber band. Elastic deformation is the stretching or bending of rock that occurs before an earthquake.
This is similar to stretching a rubber band, where the rubber band becomes deformed but is still able to return to its original shape when the tension is released. However, when the stress on the rock exceeds its strength, the rock will rupture and release stored energy in the form of seismic waves. This is similar to breaking a rubber band, where the rubber band snaps and releases its stored energy. Therefore, elastic deformation is like stretching a rubber band and rupture is like breaking a rubber band.
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A detrital sedimentary rock can be radiometrically dated because the clasts formed at the same time as the rock.
A)True
B)False
B) False. A detrital sedimentary rock cannot be radiometrically dated because the clasts are not the same age as the rock itself. Clasts can be derived from multiple sources and may have different ages than the rock they are found in.
A detrital sedimentary rock cannot be radiometrically dated accurately because the clasts within the rock were formed at different times, and not necessarily at the same time as the rock itself. Radiometric dating works best for igneous and metamorphic rocks, which form from cooling magma or high temperature/pressure conditions, respectively. In contrast, detrital sedimentary rocks form from the accumulation and compaction of pre-existing rock fragments (clasts) that have been transported and deposited in a new location, meaning their age is not representative of the rock as a whole.
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Long-period seismic waves (LP) are generated by ______, which can be used to predict volcanoes because ______.
Long-period seismic waves (LP) are generated by magma movement, which can be used to predict volcanoes because these waves indicate increased pressure and activity within the volcanic system, signaling a potential eruption.
Long-period seismic waves (LP) are generated by the movement of magma beneath the Earth's surface, which can be used to predict volcanoes because they indicate the buildup of pressure within the volcano's magma chamber. When the pressure becomes too great, the volcano may erupt, and the LP waves can provide warning signals to alert scientists of an impending eruption. By monitoring LP waves, scientists can better understand the behavior of volcanoes and make predictions about their activity.
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xplain why the following telescope might not be very effective for research: a 10-m infrared telescope located in space right next to earth.
To address your concern regarding the effectiveness of a 10-meter infrared telescope located in space right next to Earth, here are some facts you need to note-
A 10-m infrared telescope located in space right next to Earth might not be very effective for research due to several reasons like atmospheric interference, inability to cool down itself being very close to earth, limited view of the sky and so on.
1. Atmospheric interference: Although the telescope is in space, being close to Earth means it may still be affected by Earth's atmosphere, which can absorb infrared radiation and reduce the telescope's ability to observe celestial objects clearly.
2. Thermal emission from the telescope: A 10-m infrared telescope would require cooling systems to minimize its own thermal emission. Being close to Earth, the telescope could be more exposed to heat sources, making it harder to maintain the required low temperatures for accurate infrared observations.
3. Orbital mechanics: Being in space right next to Earth means the telescope would likely be in a low Earth orbit. This requires constant adjustments to maintain its position, which may impact its ability to accurately observe and collect data on celestial objects.
4. Limited view of the sky: Due to its proximity to Earth, the 10-m infrared telescope would have a limited view of the sky compared to a telescope located further away in space or at an appropriate location on Earth.
In conclusion, a 10-m infrared telescope located in space right next to Earth might not be very effective for research because of atmospheric interference, the challenges of managing its thermal emissions, orbital mechanics, and its limited view of the sky.
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What features are all produced by glacial erosion?
Glacial erosion can produce various landforms and features, such as cirques, arêtes, U-shaped valleys, moraines, drumlins, eskers, and striations.
There are several features produced by glacial erosion. Some of the main ones include:
1. Cirques: These are bowl-shaped depressions formed when glaciers erode the mountainsides. They often have steep walls and a flat bottom.
2. U-shaped valleys: Glaciers carve out distinctive U-shaped valleys with steep sides and a wide, flat bottom as they move through the landscape.
3. Hanging valleys: When a smaller glacier erodes a tributary valley, it often leaves it hanging above the main valley, creating waterfalls.
4. Aretes: These are narrow, jagged ridges that form between two adjacent glaciated valleys.
5. Horns: A horn is a sharp, pyramid-shaped peak that forms when several glaciers erode a mountain from different sides.
In summary, glacial erosion produces features such as cirques, U-shaped valleys, hanging valleys, aretes, and horns. These landforms are a result of the powerful erosional force of glaciers as they move through the landscape.
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A syncline is a downfold in rock where the youngest layers are in the middle of the fold and the oldest are on the outside.
A)True
B)False
B) False. A syncline is a downfold in rock where the youngest layers are in the middle of the fold and the oldest are on the outside.
A syncline is a type of fold in rock layers where the layers are folded downward in a U-shape.
The youngest layers are typically found on the outer parts of the fold and the oldest layers are found toward the center. This is the opposite of what is stated in the statement. In contrast, an anticline is a fold in rock layers where the layers are folded upward in an A-shape, with the oldest layers on the outer parts of the fold and the youngest layers toward the center.
A syncline is a type of fold in rock layers where the layers are folded downward in a U-shape. This typically occurs in response to compressional forces in the Earth's crust, where the layers are squeezed and folded like a piece of paper being pushed together from the sides.
The youngest layers are typically found on the outer parts of the fold, where the layers are less compressed and less deformed, and the oldest layers are found toward the center, where the layers are more compressed and more deformed.
Synclines are often associated with other types of geological features, such as faults and thrusts, which can further deform the layers and create complex patterns of folding and faulting.
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The presence of media hubs, coalitions focusing on specific environmental challenges, and headquarters for multinational corporations in major cities help explain how such citiesavoid participation in global processes and decision makingare linked globally in ways that transcend national political boundariesare isolated and dependent on national political boundaries for securitypreserve cultural heritage and contribute to increasing isolation
The presence of media hubs, coalitions focusing on specific environmental challenges, and headquarters for multinational corporations in major cities can contribute to the isolation of these cities in a few different ways.
Firstly, these cities may avoid participation in global processes and decision making because they are able to shape their own narratives and priorities through their media and corporate influence. Additionally, these cities may be linked globally in ways that transcend national political boundaries, making them less reliant on their national governments for support and more focused on their own interests. However, this can also make these cities more isolated and dependent on national political boundaries for security, as they may lack the support and protection of a larger national network. Finally, the emphasis on cultural heritage in these cities can contribute to increasing isolation, as they may prioritize preserving their unique cultural identity over engaging with the global community.
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Distinctive rock sequences of basalt and marine sedimentary rock that may be slices of the ocean floor are:a. guyots. b. ophiolites. c. seamounts. d. fracture zones.
Your question is about distinctive rock sequences of basalt and marine sedimentary rock that may be slices of the ocean floor. The correct answer is: b. ophiolites.
Ophiolites are sequences of rock that typically include layers of basalt and marine sedimentary rocks. They are thought to be remnants of the oceanic crust and upper mantle, which have been uplifted and exposed on land due to tectonic processes.
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how does the buoyancy of magma cause volcanic eruptions
Answer:
The magma rises and collects in chambers within the crust. As magma fills the chamber, pressure grows. If the pressure gets high enough, the magma can break through the crust and spew out in a volcanic eruption.
Explanation:
What is thought to be the source of magma for most intraplate volcanism?
The source of magma for most intraplate volcanism is thought to be mantle plumes.
Located deep below the Earth's mantle, a mantle plume is a column of heated, upwelling mantle rock that rises to the surface. The underlying rock may melt as the mantle plume rises, creating lava.
A volcano then erupts as the magma rises through the Earth's crust. Far from plate boundaries, where there is little tectonic action to produce magma, intraplate volcanism can occur.
Mantle plumes are believed to be the main source of magma in these areas. The Hawaiian Islands and the Yellowstone hotspot are two examples of intraplate volcanic phenomena connected to mantle plumes.
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When do we get rhyolite and granite?
Image by Historicair Which country on the map above has the largest population? A. country 1 B. country 2 C. country 4 D. country 5
Answer this some bull 5h!t
Explanation:
Earthquakes with a Richter magnitude less than 2.0 are generally not felt by humans.
A)True
B)False
The statement "Earthquakes with a Richter magnitude less than 2.0 are generally not felt by humans" is generally true.
Earthquakes with a magnitude of less than 2.0 are considered microearthquakes and are typically only detected by seismometers. They generally do not produce significant ground shaking and are not felt by humans, except in very rare cases and under very specific conditions. In contrast, earthquakes with a magnitude of 2.5 or higher are typically felt by humans, with the intensity of shaking increasing as the magnitude increases. However, the distance from the epicenter, the depth of the earthquake, and the geology of the area can all affect the intensity of shaking felt at a particular location. It is worth noting that the Richter magnitude scale is logarithmic, meaning that each increase in magnitude represents a tenfold increase in the energy released by the earthquake. This means that a magnitude 2.0 earthquake is 10 times more powerful than a magnitude 1.0 earthquake and that a magnitude 3.0 earthquake is 10 times more powerful than a magnitude 2.0 earthquake.
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Halley's ______ is a common visitor to Earth, appearing every 76 years as it travels along its elliptical orbit around the _____and into the outer solar system.
Answer:
First blank: Comet
Second blank: Sun
Halley's Comet is a common visitor to Earth, appearing every 76 years as it travels along its elliptical orbit around the Sun and into the outer solar system.
This famous comet is named after Edmond Halley, who was the first to predict its return in 1705. Halley's Comet is composed of rock, dust, and ice and has a nucleus that measures approximately 15 kilometers wide.
When the comet gets close to the Sun, its ices start to vaporize, and it creates a stunning coma and tail that can stretch for millions of kilometers.
The last time Halley's Comet was visible from Earth was in 1986, and it won't be visible again until 2061.
The study of comets like Halley's provides valuable insights into the early solar system and the conditions that led to the formation of our planet.
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Approximately how many of the buildings in Goma, Zaire, were destroyed by a lava flow in January 2002?
__________ is a deep, bowl-shaped depression produced by glacial erosion.
Answer:
Cirque
Explanation:
Cirque. A bowl-shaped, amphitheater-like depression eroded into the head or the side of a glacier valley. Typically, a cirque has a lip at its lower end.