The three-carbon compound pyruvate is changed into the two-carbon molecule acetyl CoA, which is joined to coenzyme A.Coenzyme A is an essential component of this process, which turns a NAD+ molecule into NADH and releases a carbon dioxide molecule.
How is pyruvate converted to acetyl?
The splitting, or lysis, of glucose is known as glycolysis.The 6-carbon glucose is broken down by glycolysis into two 3-carbon pyruvate molecules.In the presence or absence of oxygen, this activity takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell.Four ATP and a little quantity of NADH are produced during glycolysis. Be aware that this procedure totally converts one molecule of the three-carbon organic acid pyruvate to three molecules of CO2.Four molecules of NADH, one of FADH2, and one of GTP (or ATP) are created during this process. Each pyruvate molecule loses one carbon atom during the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA due to the release of carbon dioxide.When pyruvate is broken down, electrons are transferred to NAD+ to create NADH, which the cell will use to make ATP. The inputs (reactants) of pyruvate oxidation are pyruvate, NAD+, and Coenzyme A. The outputs (products) are carbon dioxide, NADH, and acetyl CoA.A carbon is removed from the three-carbon pyruvate molecule created during glycolysis to create the new, 2-carbon acetyl CoA molecule.The carbon that is extracted leaves the body as carbon dioxide (CO 2 start subscript, 2, end subscript), taking two oxygens from pyruvate with it. One carbon atom from the pyruvic acid splits off inside the matrix to create carbon dioxide, which is subsequently discharged into the atmosphere.Pyruvic acid's additional two carbon atoms rearrange to create acetic acid, which is then attached to a substance known as coenzyme A.The final product is a molecule known as acetyl-CoA. Each pyruvate molecule loses one carbon atom during the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA due to the release of carbon dioxide.When pyruvate is broken down, electrons are transferred to NAD+ to create NADH, which the cell will use to make ATP. A two-part oxidation reaction using pyruvate that involves NAD+ and the co-enzyme A molecule, commonly referred to as "CoA," is one of the most researched oxidation reactions in the field.Pyruvate is oxidized in this reaction, one carbon is lost through decarboxylation, and acetyl-CoA, a new molecule, is produced.To learn more about pyruvate oxidation refer
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pLS help me it's due tomorrow!
Hemostasis is your body’s normal reaction to an injury that causes bleeding.
What is hemostasis?Your body's natural response to an injury that results in bleeding is hemostasis. This response stops the bleeding, allowing your body to begin healing the wound. You must have this talent to survive, especially if you have severe wounds. However, the mechanisms that regulate hemostasis can occasionally break down, leading to potentially serious or even dangerous issues with bleeding or clotting.Primary hemostasis and secondary hemostasis are the two components of hemostasis. Unstable hemostatic platelet plug development results from primary hemostasis employing vascular endothelial cells and platelets. In secondary hemostasis, activation of the coagulation cascade leads to the creation of a stable fibrin clot. Hemostasis generally results in the injury site's bleeding ceasing. To prevent blood clots from forming at the site of an injury, natural anticoagulants are required. After the healing process, the blood clot must be removed in order to restore blood flow. One of the key elements needed to remove a clot is the fibrinolysis system. To guarantee an efficient response to vascular injury that is restricted to the injured spot, procoagulant and anticoagulant components interacted intricately.Therefore, your body's natural response to an injury that results in bleeding is hemostasis.
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an individual who is heterozygous for an autosomal dominant condition has a child with an individual who does not have the autosomal dominant condition. what is the percent chance that their child will have the disease? (enter a whole number, not a decimal or fraction.)
The percentage of their child having the disease will be 50%.
An autosomal dominant condition means that the disease will still occur in the individual if he is heterozygous for the trait. The punnet square between a heterozygous autosomal dominant parent and autosomal recessive parent will be made to check for the chances in their offspring to carry that condition:
a a
A Aa Aa
a aa aa
The alleles for the heterozygous autosomal dominant parent are Aa and those for the autosomal recessive parent of the condition are aa.
The results show that there are 50% chance that the children will be heterozygous autosomal dominant for the trait.
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Which phrase describes a feature of the cell wall that allows materials to enter and exit the cell?
Answer:
c
Explanation:
The holes in the cell wall allow materials to enter and exit the cell. Therefore, option C is correct.
A cell wall is a rigid outer layer found in some cells, primarily in plant cells, fungi, algae, and certain bacteria. It is located outside the cell membrane and provides structural support, protection, and shape to the cell.
The composition of the cell wall varies depending on the organism. In plant cells, the primary component of the cell wall is cellulose, a complex carbohydrate. Other components such as hemicelluloses, pectins, and lignin may also be present. These components give the cell wall its strength and rigidity.
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A geologist sees this folded rock when studying in the field. he is drawn to the sample that is labeled a. he determines this formation was caused by compression. what type of landform did he find at label a? anticline syncline plateau fault-block mountain
An anticline is a structural trap with an arch-like structure that typically forms as a result of compressional stress. In an anticline, the younger rocks are created on the outside while the older rocks are found inside.
What is meant by Anticline? A structural trap called an anticline is created when rock layers are folded into the shape of an arch. In an anticlinal trap, the rock layers were initially horizontally stacked until earth movement caused them to fold into an arch-like structure known as an anticline. Examples include the Purcell Anticlinorium, which dates from the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous and is located in British Columbia, the Blue Ridge Anticlinorium, which is located in the Appalachians in northern Virginia and Maryland, and the Nittany Valley in central Pennsylvania.Since these are the structures in which the oil and natural gas are confined, these anticlines are very significant in the study of geology. Thus, alternative is the right response (A).The complete question is,
A geologist sees this folded rock when studying in the field. He is drawn to the sample that is labeled A. He determines this formation was caused by compression. What type of landform did he find at label A? A)anticline B)syncline C)plateau D)fault-block mountain
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Answer:
A geologist sees this folded rock when studying in the field. He is drawn to the sample that is labeled A. He determines this formation was caused by compression.
What type of landform did he find at label A?
Answer: anticline
Cyclorana platycephala is a frog that is found in Australia. Like all frogs, it needs to keep its skin moist. During periods of drought it digs a chamber in the ground and lines it with mucous, which hardens and seals the chamber from water loss. The frog settles into the chamber, its metabolism slows down, and it becomes inactive. The frog can survive in this state for up to five years. Describe how this trait will determine the types of biome that the frog might live in.
These traits will make the frog live in harsh conditions in its different biomes.
The species, Cyclorana platycephala, has moist skin to undergo cutaneous respiration. It can dig underground chambers and line the chamber with mucous to avoid water loss. This is important to avoid severe conditions of drought when water is scarce.
The frog's ability to slow down its metabolism is also a brilliant feature to avoid harsh conditions of food and water unavailability. These traits allow the frog to survive in conditions that are impossible for other organisms to live in.
What is Cutaneous respiration?
Cutaneous respiration, also known as cutaneous gas exchange, is a type of breathing in which an organism's skin or outside integument serves as the site of gas exchange rather than its gills or lungs. Cutaneous respiration may be used in conjunction with other methods of gas exchange, such as ventilation, or it may function alone.
Therefore, these traits help the frog to live in severe environmental conditions.
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how is muscle contraction stimulated by calcium ions? i. calcium ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and bind to myosin, stimulating atpase activity. ii. none of the other options. iii. calcium ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and bind to tropomyosin, stimulating its atpase activity. iv. calcium ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and bind to troponin c, promoting the binding of myosin to actin. v. calcium ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and bind to actin, promoting its binding to myosin.
Myosin and actin filaments of the muscle fibrils glide into one another as a result of calcium diffusing in the cytoplasm, resulting in the contraction of the complete muscle fiber.
How is muscle contraction stimulated by calcium ions?Myosin and actin filaments of the muscle fibrils glide into one another as a result of calcium diffusing in the cytoplasm, resulting in the contraction of the complete muscle fiber.
When the membrane of the T-tubular system is activated, calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum through calcium ion channels. As a result of its binding to Troponin C, which causes it to conform, the myosin head is able to cling to the actin filament, resulting in the contraction of the muscle.
In addition to facilitating mobility, muscle contraction even contributes to the body's posture, joint stability, and heat production. Muscle contraction exists responsible for maintaining posture, such as standing and sitting.
Therefore, the correct answer is option ii. none of the other options.
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Hibernation is an adaptation that helps animals to _______. a. survive high elevations b. survive cold winters c. survive droughts d. evade predators please select the best answer from the choices provided a b c d
D The best answer for the question "Hibernation is an adaptation that helps animals to _______" is b. survive cold winters.
Hibernation is a survival mechanism that helps animals conserve energy during the harsh winter months when food and resources are scarce.
By lowering their metabolic rate, animals can slow down their bodily functions, reduce their energy expenditure, and survive for extended periods without food.
This adaptation allows animals to endure the cold and harsh conditions of winter, and it is especially useful for small mammals, such as squirrels, bats, and hedgehogs, who are unable to migrate to warmer areas.
Overall, hibernation is a remarkable adaptation that has helped many animals survive in challenging environments throughout the ages.
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during mendel's first set of experiments, all the plants F1 offspring expressed the same version of the studied trait. Which of the following best describes these experiments
During Mendel's first set of experiments, all the plant's F1 offspring expressed the same version of the studied trait because Mendel crossed true-breeding plants with different versions of a studied trait (Option D).
What are true breeding plants?True breeding plants are plants that when they are crossed can produce all progeny with the same trait because they are homozygous. In this case, Mendel crossed true-breeding plants which were dominant homozygous or recessive homozygous, thereby obtaining all heterozygous offspring.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that true breeding plants are homozygous for a given trait, which may be dominant or recessive and therefore the cross of true breeding plants always produce plants with the same phenotype of one of the parental lines.
Complete question:
During Mendel's first set of experiments, all the plants F, offspring expressed the same version of the studied trait. Which of the following best describes these experiments? A. Mendel observed crosses that took place naturally in his gardens.
B. Mendel crossed plants that all expressed the same version of a studied trait.
C. Mendel allowed true-breeding plants to self-pollinate.
D. Mendel crossed true-breeding plants with different versions of a studied trait.
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you take a summer vacation by the ocean in P.E.I. you love the ocean plants you see and you decided to bring some home for the fish tank. after a week or two, you notice that your plants are not thriving to live in your freshwater tank. use your knowledge you gained in this chapter to propose a reason for this
The reason that the plants are not thriving to live in your freshwater tank is due to slow growth, and lack of adequate lighting and carbon dioxide.
How to illustrate the informationFrom the information illustrated, during the summer vacation, the person saw the ocean plants and decided to bring some home for the fish tank. Plants require nutrients for the same reasons that animals do. They require them in order to germinate, grow, combat diseases and pests, and reproduce. Nutrients, like animals, are required in bigger, smaller, or trace amounts for the plant to be healthy.
Nitrogen is the growth ingredient responsible for green, leafy growth. Nitrogen, as a primary component of proteins, is found in every living cell. As a result, this nutrient is usually more responsible for stimulating plant growth than any other.
It was later noticed that after a week or two, the plants are not thriving to live in your freshwater tank. In this case, the important thing to do is to create a consistent light that will compensate for the cycle. The fact that the ocean water is salted and the nutrients gotten from the ocean is also another contributory factor to the changes noticed.
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The debate regarding viruses continue. According to this passage, some consider viruses to be alive because they
Responses
A cause disease.cause disease.
B reproduce.reproduce.
C contains DNA or RNA.contains DNA or RNA.
D respond to stimuli.
The passage is missing but some consider viruses to be alive because they respond to stimuli (Option D).
Are viruses dead or alive?In general, it is well accepted that viruses are not life (but they are biological entities) because they are unable to survive in absence of suitable hosts in order to reproduce or obtain energy and the required molecular machinery for their functions.
Viruses have many properties that resemble organisms such as the presence of genetic material (either DNA or RNA) which is used to store the genetic information to produce proteins using the molecular machinery of host cells.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that viruses are not live because cannot live outside the hosts that they parasite but they are considered biological entities because share certain features with live organisms such as the presence of genetic material.
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Which event occurs during telophase of mitosis?cytoplasm dividesnuclear membranes reformsister chromatids separatechromosomes become visible
During the Telophase, the daughter chromosomes reach the poles. Telophase passes into the next interphase as the nuclear envelopes and the nucleoli re-form and the chromatin becomes diffuse.
On the other hand, remember that cytokinesis starts during the nuclear division phase called anaphase and continues through telophase. Cytokinesis is the physical process of cell division, which divides the cytoplasm of a parental cell into two daughter cells.
We can conclude that the correct answers are:
Answer:Nuclear membranes reform
and
Cytoplasm divides
in a certain species of diploid fish a single gene controls skin color. researchers have found four different alleles of this gene within the fish population. how many different gamete genotypes are possible in an individual of this species?
There are two gamete genotypes that are possible in an individual of this species.
One copy of each pair of chromosomes comes from the individual's mother and the other copy from the individual's father. Since we have two copies of each chromosome, he has two copies of each gene. According to Mendel's law of segregation, a diploid organism passes randomly selected alleles for a trait to offspring, so the offspring receives one allele of her from each parent.
Individuals and all diploid organisms can only have two alleles for a given gene, but multiple alleles can exist at the population level, and within populations, Different individuals can have different pairs of these alleles. If two alleles are the same, the individual is homozygous for that allele. If the alleles are different, the individual is heterozygous.
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Describe the phase change of the ice if it were to be left sitting out.
The phase change that occurs when the ice is left sitting out will be melting that causes solid to turn into liquid.
Melting is the phenomenon in chemistry where a solid substance is converted into liquid. This change happens due to the difference in the temperature requirement. For a substance to be solid, the temperature must be low while it should be high for liquid phase.
Solid are those substances that have strong intermolecular forces and their molecules lie very closely packed in a definite shape. Thus, solid substances have a definite shape and volume. The kinetic energy pf solids is quite less.
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methotrexate is a drug that can inhibit cell division by preventing the synthesis of purine bases. cells treated with methotrexate arrest at a particular stage of the cell cycle. q5.12 points during which stage of the cell cycle would you expect cells treated with methotrexate to arrest? briefly explain your reasoning in 1-2 sentences.
Methotrexate arrest cells at the late S-phase of the cell cycle.
Since methotrexate arrests cells in the late S-phase of the cell-progressive cycle, which is when DNA synthesis is occurring and they exhibit no discernible increase in DNA content, and no M-phase occurs, the outcomes of the methotrexate treatment may be more comparable to those shown for other treatments.
These traits may be seen in the graph of the cells treated with medication A, where a rise in x indicates that DNA synthesis is occurring while a drop in 2 indicates that no M-phase, or mitotic phase, is occurring.
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PLSSS HELP IF YOU TURLY KNOW THISS
Answer:
C some plants
Explanation:
the phenomenon that causes a single ancestral species to evolve into a wide array of descendant species with diverse habitats, forms, or behaviors that occurs often as a result of colonization of a new area is known as
Adaptive radiation is the process through which organisms rapidly diverge from a single ancestral species into a variety of novel forms, especially when a change in the environment opens up new resources.
What kinds of circumstances can result in adaptive radiation?A species develops in a setting with few other species and abundant resources, such as islands created by volcanic activity and the eventual colonization of those islands.
How does allopatric speciation work?When a species divides into two distinct groups that are isolated from one another, allopatric speciation.
(1) Takes place. They can't breed with one another because of a physical barrier, such a mountain range or a waterway.
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Paleontologists find a fossil ape with long arms. What type of environment can they infer it inhabited?.
The type of environment can they infer it inhabited is Woodland.
Environments such as lush rainforests and hot and humid climates are also not good places for fossils to form. Similarly, rocky peaks are not good places for fossils to form without depositing fine sediments. This radiometric method is often used to date the crystals and glasses of rapidly cooled volcanic rocks such as volcanic ash.
The most common minerals dated this way are zircon and apatite. For example, fossils are more likely to be preserved in marine environments where rapid burial by sediment is possible. Less favorable environments include rocky peaks where the carcass collapses quickly or deposits little sediment to bury the carcass.
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place these events related to the history of earth in chronological order (from old to new) a) first prokaryote stromatolite b) stanley and urey's experimental verification c) accumulation of atmospheric oxygen d) first flowreing plant archefuctus liaoningensis e) pulbication of origin of species
first prokaryote stromatolite
pulbication of origin of species
stanley and urey's experimental verification
accumulation of atmospheric oxygen
first flowreing plant archefuctus liaoningensis
What is history of the earth?The evolution of the planet Earth from its creation to the present is the subject of Earth history. The major occurrences of Earth's past, which were marked by continuous geological change and biological evolution, have been better understood thanks to the work of nearly all fields of natural science.
The date of Earth's formation is 4.5 billion years ago (abbreviated Ga for gigaannum), and evidence points to the emergence of life earlier than 3.7 Ga. Although there is some evidence of life as early as 4.1 to 4.28 Ga, it is still debatable because it's possible that the so-called fossils didn't originate biologically.
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3. can you think of any similarities between whales and the oil plumes where the oceanospirillales bacteria were found? (hint: why were whales once hunted in great numbers? what was their fat used for?) why might oceanospirillales bacteria be symbionts of osedax? 8pts
At 1,017 m or Osedax Monterey Bay sp. 3 "rosy" Osedax sp. MB3 and 381 m (Osedax Monterey Bay sp. 4 "yellow collar") depths, we looked into the genetic diversity of symbiotic bacteria associated with two newly discovered species of Osedax from Monterey Canyon, California.
Comparing adult Osedax frank press and juvenile Osedax frank press that had recently colonized whalebones implanted at 2,891 m allowed for the identification of differences in the compositions and abundances of the bacteria associated with the newly discovered host species through the use of quantitative PCR and clone libraries of 16S rRNA gene sequences.
Oceanospirillales symbionts connected to Gammaproteobacteria associated with the previously described O. frank press and Osedax rubiplumus were present in the newly discovered Osedax species.
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bill, age 50, is depressed and suffers from headaches, joint pain, and fatigue. he is referred to an endocrinologist who orders tests that indicate bill has an enlarged heart and overproduction of growth hormone. the endocrinologist also notes bill has enlarged bones, especially his facial bones, hands, and feet. the most likely diagnosis for 50-year-old bill is .
Osteoporosis makes bones weak and brittle, so fragile that even minor stressors like coughing or bending over can break them. Hip, wrist, and spine fractures brought on by osteoporosis are the most frequent.
What is Osteoporosis?Bone is a living tissue that constantly degrades and is replaced. Osteoporosis is a condition which is seen in females and sometimes in males.
Osteoporosis can affect people of all races. It is usually occurs due to calcium deficiency but menopause is also one of the reason for this. A lots of bone loss takes place. Apart from it lots of leg pain and back pain happens.
Back pain from a shattered or compressed vertebrae is one of the signs, as is gradual height loss.
Therefore, Osteoporosis makes bones weak and brittle, so fragile that even minor stressors like coughing or bending over can break them. Hip, wrist, and spine fractures brought on by osteoporosis are the most frequent.
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Why are enzymes so important in metabolic reactions?
Answer:
Explanation:
Enzymes are proteins that help speed up metabolism, or the chemical reactions in our bodies. They build some substances and break others down. All living things have enzymes.
the ld50 indicates the . a. lowest dose that kills any member of the population b. amount of toxicant it takes to kill half the population c. lowest dose that kills 50 out of 1000 members of the population d. lowest dose required to cure half of the population
(b) "amount of toxicant it takes to kill half the population" is what the ld50 indicates.
The median lethal dose, also known as LD50 (short for "lethal dosage, 50%"), LC50 (short for "lethal concentration, 50%") or LCt50, is a hazardous measurement that calculates the deadly dose of a disease, toxin, or radiation.
The dose necessary to cause the death of 50% of a population under test after a predetermined test period is known as the LD50 value for a drug. Commonly used as a broad indicator of a substance's acute toxicity are LD50 values.
Greater toxicity is indicated by a lower LD50. It shows how much poisonous substance is required to eliminate half the population.
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What number is water on a pH scale?
Answer: 7
Explanation:
neutral
why do boy act weird
A male child acts weird when he is not comfortable with things happening around him which could be as a result of depression, embarrassment, uneaseness or even rejection.
How a boy act weirdThere are countless ways which can make an individual behave strangely in his environment. When the situation of happenings take a particular pattern which does not make one good, the act of weirdness set in. This term "weirdness" can be described in several ways to explain the various reaction which is seen in an individual.
However, in another context, the weirdness of a person may be inform of showcasing or demonstrating certain personalities or characters which is not common among others.
In addition, the weirdness of boy could set in when he likes the other gender and lacks certain ways or approaches to make his intentions known.
In conclusion, we can therefore confirm with the explanation given from above that a boy act weird as a result of unusual circumstances around him.
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Give a detailed overview of your topic including their origin story (Hyperion greek mythology)
Hyperion was one of the twelve Titan kids of Gaia (Earth) and Uranus in Greek mythology (the Sky). Helios (the Sun), Selene (the Moon), and Eos are the products of Hyperion and his sister, the Titaness Theia (the Dawn).
Where does Greek mythology come from?Greek creation legend. The Ancient Greeks held the view that the world was initially in a state of chaos, or complete emptiness. Gaia (Mother Earth), Uranus (the sky), and other ancient gods (known as primordials), including Pontus, appeared out of thin air (the primordial god of the oceans).
Hyperion assisted his siblings in overthrowing their father, Uranus, and later rose to become one of the Titan pillars, notably the East pillar, which supports the sky in the universe. He is also credited with establishing the sun and moon cycles for his offspring.
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which single use container uses up the fewest resources from the enviorement
Answer:
Paper cupExplanation:
Paper cup is made from pulp which is obtained from wood.
Paper is usually very light with a low durability
it decomposes much more quickly than plastic and glass.
and it is less likely to be a source of pollution and don’t really pose a risk to wildlife.
Therefore, paper cups arere single use cups uses up the fewest resources from the environment. A paper cup uses up the most resources from the environment if used just once. HOPE THIS HELPS!
how does the eukaryotic ribosomal small subunit recognize the start codon on the mrna?group of answer choicesit undergoes a conformational charge that recruits other proteins when it hydrogens bonds to the correct tri-nucleotide sequence.it binds an met-trna to the first aug codon after the kozak sequence.it wraps the mrna strand to bring initiation enhancer proteins into the vicinity of the start codon.it binds an met-trna to the first aug codon it encounters.it performs an atp hydrolysis within the small subunit once it encounters a met-trna already bound to the aug.
The statement "it binds an met-trna to the first AUG codon after the kozak sequence." is the correct answer to how eukaryotic ribosomal small subunit recognize the start codon on the mrna.
First option: This choice is incorrect since amino acids are connected to their associated tRNAs by activating ATP, a process known as aminoacylation of tRNA.
Option 2: This choice is appropriate. Once the tRNA is charged, mRNA attaches a met- tRNA to the first AUG codon following the kozak sequence.
Option three: This choice is incorrect. While recognizing the start codon on the mRNA, there is no conformational change in the tiny unit of the ribosome.
Option four: This choice is incorrect. The mRNA isn't wrapped by ribosomes. Instead, along the mRNA, ribosomes migrate from codon to codon.
Option 5: This choice is incorrect. The initial AUG codon, but before the kozak region, is where it binds a Met-tRNA.
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a herd of 55 cows eat 3250 pounds of silage daily . if the herd size increases to 80 cows how much more will be needed daily ?
Answer:
1,475 lbs.
Explanation:
Divide the current amount of silage eaten by the current amount of cows to find how much food one cow eats:
3250 ÷ 55 = 59
Then, subtract the current herd size from the new herd size to find how many new cows will be added to the herd:
80 - 55 = 25
Now, multiply the amount of new cows by the amount of silage eaten per cow:
25 * 59 = 1,475
There will need to be 1,475 more pounds of silage daily.
during photosynthesis, light energy is converted into energy stored in _____ in molecules
Answer: Chloroplasts
after experimenting with the effects of ph on enzymes, would you suspect that human blood has a constant ph? why? what would be the adaptive advantage of this?
Human blood has a constant pH so as to ensure that other enzymes and protein present in it are not denatured and the adaptive advantage of this is the ability to eat or ingest substances of any pH.
What is pH?This is referred to as power of hydrogen and is also the degree of acidity or alkalinity if a substance. Enzymes on the other hand are biological catalyst which speeds up the rate of a reaction and is done by lowering the activation energy.
Enzymes are proteinous and can be denatured by high temperature and a pH which is in its extreme value. The pH of blood is constant as a result of the lungs and kidneys regulating it. This is important as it ensures that metabolic processes aren't hindered and ingesting any edible substance won't be a problem.
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