el 188497 percent of the world's water supply is difficult, if not impossible, to obtain or to use because it is in the oceans or in the form of glaciers and ice caps. Scientists are exploring methods of conserving and protecting the rest of Earth's water supply for the growing population. According to the information provided, which of the following activities most directly affects the water supply?

The material that will thermalize the slowest is the one that has the highest thermal conductivity.

The thermal conductivity of a material is a measure of how well it conducts heat. Materials with high thermal conductivity will transfer heat quickly and therefore thermalize faster than materials with low thermal conductivity. Conversely, materials with low thermal conductivity will transfer heat slowly and will thermalize more slowly. It's worth noting that there are other factors that can affect how quickly a material thermalizes such as the specific heat capacity, temperature difference and the mass of the material.

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The organic product of the first reaction, in which ethyl chloride reacts with CH3O-, would be an ether, specifically CH3CH2OCH2Cl.

The substitution mechanism for this reaction would likely be SN2, as the reaction involves a nucleophilic substitution of the chloride ion in ethyl chloride with the oxygen atom in the alkoxide. The organic product of the second reaction, in which ethyl chloride reacts with FCH2O-, would also be an ether, specifically FCH2CH2OCH2Cl. The substitution mechanism for this reaction would also likely be SN2, as the reaction again involves a nucleophilic substitution of the chloride ion in ethyl chloride with the oxygen atom in the alkoxide. It's expected that the rate of the second reaction would be faster than the first reaction because fluoride is a better leaving group than hydroxide, making the transition state of the second reaction more stable and therefore the reaction more favorable.

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Answer:

The correct option is (a)

Explanation:

Boyle's law states that;

The pressure of a fixed amount of a gas varies inversely with its volume, the temperature is maintained constant.

Arsenic, lead, mercury and chloroform are examples of hazardous substances. These are heavy metals which attach to your cells that thwart your organs from accomplishing their job.

Lead, mercury and arsenic are widely scattered in the environment. Grown-ups are mostly exposed to these contaminants in the workplace. Children can be exposed to poisonous metals from multiple sources, including contaminated air, soil, water and food.

Arsenic is highly poisonous in its inorganic form. Contaminated water which is used for drinking, in preparation of food and irrigation of crops have the greatest threat to public health. Long-term consumption of arsenic can cause skin lesions and cancer.

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When these ions are created, they enter the solution and have the ability to conduct charge by travelling anticlockwise to the circuit's electrons.

Because their ions were free to move around, ionic substances conduct electricity if they are molten (liquid) or even in aqueous (dissolved in water). Ions in ionic compounds are maintained in fixed locations and are unable to move, therefore they cannot conduct electricity while solid.

Ions are all charged. As a result, anions travel in the direction of positively charged electrode whereas ions with positive charges move in the opposite direction. The charge moves together with the motion of the ions. Current is created by this charge movement

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Despite the fact that it was first challenging for me to determine whether a change was physical or chemical, this lesson provided me with the knowledge I needed.

This course has promoted a deeper comprehension of the universe and its guiding principles. Although it was originally difficult for me to tell whether a change was physical or chemical, this lesson gave me the knowledge I needed to know. Now that I know this, I can relate to other attributes, and I think my improved skill will be useful in future units as well.

The CPI, which measures inflation, ensures a healthy economy by keeping inflation rates low. But when the rate of inflation increases quickly, it may have adverse economic repercussions such as diminished purchasing power, higher interest rates, slower economic growth, and others.

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These are the appropriate combinations: a. A=82, n=46 b. A=84, n=48 e. A=83, n=47

The number of protons in the aforementioned options equals 36 when the number of neutrons is subtracted from the mass number. Kr has an atomic number of 36. The isotopes mentioned above are accurate because of this. These are Kr-82, Kr-83, and Kr-84 isotopes.

One of the noble gases, Krypton (Kr, atomic number 36), has a low propensity for chemical reactions with other elements. Krypton has been divided into a total of 32 isotopes, with atomic masses ranging from 69 to 100. These six are all stable.Krypton-85, a fission byproduct, is a beta emitter with a half-life of 10.72 years. Krypton is difficult to remove from process streams because it is chemically inert. Although krypton does not penetrate bodily tissues very much, it can be breathed and have an impact on the lungs. It has a modest radiotoxicity.

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Starting with cyclohexene, a reasonable synthesis of the cyclohexene derivative would include the following four steps:

Step 1: Oxymercuration-demercuration

When cyclohexene is treated with mercury(II) acetate (Me2Cu) in the presence of an alcohol (such as methanol) in a polar aprotic solvent such as acetone, a cyclohexene derivative with a hydroxyl group on carbon 3 is formed.

Because this is a reversible reaction, the product can be isolated in large quantities by removing the mercury ion.

Step 2: Alkylation

Step 1 alcohol is then alkylated with methyl iodide (CH3I) in the presence of a base (such as sodium hydroxide) to yield a cyclohexene derivative with a methyl group on carbon 3.

Step 3: Alkylation

Step 2 results in a cyclohexene derivative with two methyl groups on carbon 3 that is alkylated again with methyl iodide (CH3I) in the presence of a base (such as sodium hydroxide).

Step 4: oxidation

To convert the alcohol on carbon 3 to a carboxylic acid, the product from step 3 is oxidized with an oxidizing agent such as pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC) or Jones reagent.

The end result is a 6-carbon ring with a double bond between carbons 1 and 2 and a substituent on carbon 3, which is a carbon bonded to two methyl groups and a hydroxy group.

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Botswana is a multiparty, republican democracy with a constitution. Its constitution provides for indirect presidential election and popular election of a National Assembly.

The solubility of gas decreases at higher temperatures, gas molecules have higher kinetic energy and can escape solution phase more easily.

The solubility of a gas decreases as temperature rises. Henry's law describes the relationship between a gas's pressure and solubility.

The solubility of gases in liquids decreases as temperature rises. Adding heat to the solution, on the other hand, provides thermal energy that overcomes the attractive forces between the gas and the solvent molecules, lowering the gas's solubility.

Thus, Botswana is a multiparty, republican democracy with a constitution.

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The equation defining the root-mean-square speed of a gas particle shows that URMS increases as temperature increases. It also indicates that the urms of a heavier gas particle is less than that of a lighter gas particle at the same temperature.

In a rectilinear motion, the trajectory is a straight line. (such as the free fall of an apple from a tree).

For a uniform rectilinear motion, the trajectory is a straight line and the velocity is constant.

So, the speed or velocity equation for URM is:

S=d/t

Where:

s = speed or velocity

so, s and v would both represent the same thing

d = distance

t = time

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The volume of a substance is its mass divided by density. The volume of acetone with a mass of 41.3 g and density of 0.7899 g/ml is 52.2 ml.

Density of a substance is the measure of its mass per unit volume. It describes how closely its particles are packed.  Density of a substances depends on the bond type, temperature and pressure.

Density is an intensive thus does not change with the change in amount of the substance and remains constant. The units of density are g/ml, g/cm³ etc.

Given the mass of the solvent = 41.3 g

density = 0.7899 g/ml

then volume  = mass/density

v = 41.3 g/0.78899 g/ml  = 52.2 ml.

Therefore, the volume of the solvent is 52.2 ml.

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Answer:

Carbon dioxide molecules are heavier than air. Because of this, they push the oxygen and other molecules in the air out of the way as they sink down over the flame. Fire needs oxygen to burn so the fire is put out.

Explanation:

The freezing point constant for the unknown solvent is  1.19°C.

The term freezing point is defined as  the temperature at which a liquid becomes a solid.

Given,

Mass of urea = 2.02g

Molar Mass of urea = Mass of urea ÷ Molar mass of urea

 = 2.02 ÷ 60.06 g/mole                      

Mass of solvent = 25.0 g.    

25.0 g = 2.5 × 10-3 kg

Molality is the ratio of number of Moles of solute divided by mass of solvent in kg -

Molality of urea = moles of urea ÷ Mass of solvent in Kg

= 2.02 g ÷ 60.06 g/mole × 25.0 × 10-3 kg                  

= 1.3453213453 mole/Kg                

In step 1

Freezing point of solvent = 36.3°C

Freezing point of solution = 34.7°C

∆ T = T

= 36.3°C - 34.7°C

∆T =   1.6°C

Therefore,

T= Freezing point of solution

T0 = pure freezing point of solvent

∆T = Depression in freezing point

According to colligative property

∆T = K × M

So,

∆T = depression on freezing point

K = Molal depression constant

M = Molality of urea

K = ∆T ÷ M

1.6°C ÷ 1.3453213453 mol/Kg

K = 1.19°C

Thus, The freezing point constant for the unknown solvent is 1.19°C.

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the expression can be used to calculate the value of K3 for reaction 3 at the same temperature is K3 = 1/K1 x 1/K2

Thus, the correct answer is D.

Equilibrium is а condition thаt occurs when а chemicаl reаction is reversible, аnd the forwаrd аnd reverse reаctions occur simultаneously, аt the sаme rаte. Chemicаl reаctions cаn be clаssified into one of two broаd cаtegories: those reаctions thаt “go to completion” аnd those reаctions thаt estаblish ”equilibrium”.

We are given:

CO (g) + 3 [tex]H_{2}[/tex] (g) ⇔ [tex]CH_{4}[/tex] (g) + [tex]H_{2}O[/tex] as term of K1

[tex]CO_{2}[/tex] (g) + [tex]H_{2}[/tex] (g) ⇔  CO (g) + [tex]H_{2}O[/tex] as term of K2

The equilibrium expression written for а reаction written in the reverse direction is the reciprocаl of the one for the forwаrd reаction.

K' = 1/K

K' is the constаnt for the reverse reаction аnd K is thаt of the forwаrd reаction.

[tex]CH_{4}[/tex] (g) + [tex]H_{2}O[/tex] ⇔ CO (g) + 3 [tex]H_{2}[/tex] (g) ⇒ 1/K1

CO (g) + [tex]H_{2}O[/tex]   ⇔ [tex]CO_{2}[/tex] (g) + [tex]H_{2}[/tex] (g)    ⇒ 1/K2

-------------------------------------------------

[tex]CH_{4}[/tex] (g) + 2 [tex]H_{2}O[/tex] ⇔ 4 [tex]H_{2}[/tex] (g) +  [tex]CO_{2}[/tex] (g)

Thus, K3 = 1/K1 + 1/K2

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Answer:

0.938 L.

Explanation:

The ideal gas law states that the product of pressure and volume is equal to the product of moles, the ideal gas constant and the temperature.

Since the pressure and temperature are constant and we know the volume of water vapor is 0.510 L, we can use that information to find the moles of water vapor.

n = PV/RT

The ideal gas constant R = 8.314 Latm/molK

n = 0.510 L * 1.64 atm / (8.314 Latm/molK * 373 K) = 0.001085 mol

Now we know the moles of water vapor at 373 K and 1.64 atm.

The reaction that takes place is:

CH4(g) + 2H2O(l) --> CO2(g) + 4H2(g)

This is a balanced equation, with the number of moles of each substance on both sides of the equation being equal.

So, the number of moles of methane required to convert 0.510 L of water to water vapor is 0.001085 mol/2 = 0.0005425 mol

Now we can use the ideal gas law to find the volume of methane measured at 298 K and 1.64 atm required to convert 0.510 L of water to water vapor at 373 K

V = nRT/P

V = 0.0005425 mol * 8.314 Latm/molK * 298 K / 1.64 atm = 0.938 L

Therefore, the volume of methane measured at 298 K and 1.64 atm required to convert 0.510 L of water to water vapor at 373 K is 0.938 L.

In IR spectroscopy, a sample of a molecule is irradiated with light in the IR portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. The energy of the infrared radiation after it has passed through the sample is then measured.

A decrease in the energy of a particular wavelength indicates that the molecule has absorbed this energy by undergoing some type of vibration. This is because when a chemical bond stretches and contracts, it vibrates at a specific frequency, which corresponds to a specific wavelength in the IR region of the electromagnetic spectrum. When the sample absorbs IR light at a specific frequency, it causes the bond to vibrate, consuming energy. An IR spectrum is a plot of the energy of the transmitted radiation as a function of the frequency of the infrared radiation. The plot appears as a series of peaks, each of which corresponds to a specific bond vibration in the molecule. The position and intensity of these peaks can provide information about the types of bonds and functional groups present in the molecule.

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The given system's response is:

CH3COOH + C2H5OH - H2O + CH3COOCH2CH3

We require the equilibrium concentrations of the reactants and products in order to determine the equilibrium constant. The concentration of each species is determined by the number of mols of that species present divided by the volume of solvent because the reaction takes place in 1 L of solvent.

The reactant concentrations are [C2H5OH] = 1/3 mol/L and [CH3COOH] = 1/3 mol/L when the system is in equilibrium.

[CH3COOCH2CH3] = (1-1/3) mol/L and [H2O] = (1-1/3) mol/L are the product concentrations.

The equilibrium constant (Kc) is therefore:

Kc is equal to ([CH3COOCH2CH3][H2O]) ([C2H5OH][CH3COOH])

Kc = ( (1-1/3)^2 ) / ( (1/3)^2 ) = 4

As a result, the reaction's equilibrium constant is 4.

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If 3.20 litres of ammonia gas are reacted, the number of litres of oxygen gas consumed is 4.00L of O₂ (option A).

Stoichiometry is the study and calculation of quantitative (measurable) relationships of the reactants and products in chemical reactions (chemical equations).

According to this question, ammonia reacts with oxygen gas to produce nitrogen oxide and water as follows:

4NH₃ + 5O₂ → 4NO + 6H₂O

Based on the above equation, 4 moles of ammonia gas reacts with 5 moles of oxygen gas.

3.20 litres of ammonia gas will react with 3.2 × ⁵/4 = 4 litres of oxygen gas.

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To test the claim that Super-Gro "makes plants grow faster than ever," we can design an experiment that compares the growth of plants fertilized with Super-Gro to the growth of plants that are not fertilized.

We need a control setup because it allows us to compare the growth of the plants treated with Super-Gro to the growth of plants that are not treated with any fertilizer, in order to see if there is a significant difference in growth.

We need a large sample size because it increases the statistical power of the experiment and makes the results more reliable. A sample size of at least 30 plants per group is recommended.

We need to keep these factors constant because any variation in factors such as temperature, light, and water can affect plant growth. We need to control these variables in order to ensure that any differences in growth between the control and experimental groups are due to the fertilizer and not other factors.

We need to quantify our data in order to be able to compare the growth of the plants treated with Super-Gro to the growth of the control plants. We can quantify the data by measuring the height and width of the plants at regular intervals, such as every day or every week, and then calculating the average growth rate for each group.

The limitations of the experiment are that it may not take into account the different growing conditions of different types of plants, and it may not take into account any long-term effects of the fertilizer on plant growth.

A fertilizer is a substance that is added to soil or plants to provide essential nutrients for growth. Fertilizers can be organic or inorganic, and they can contain a variety of different nutrients, including nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.

These three elements are known as macronutrients and are required in large amounts by plants. Some fertilizers also contain micronutrients, such as iron, zinc, and copper, which are needed in smaller amounts.

Therefore, Super-Gro is a brand of fertilizer that claims to make plants grow faster than ever. It is likely that the fertilizer contains a combination of macronutrients and possibly micronutrients to aid in plant growth.

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The given statement that, " If the amount of reactant increases, the rate of the forward/reverse reaction will increase to reach a new equilibrium " is false.

If the amount of reactant increases in a chemical reaction, the rate of the forward reaction will increase, which will cause the concentration of the reactants to decrease and the concentration of the products to increase. This will shift the equilibrium towards the products side.

In a closed system, an increase in the amount of reactant will also cause an increase in the rate of the reverse reaction, as the product's concentration will be increased as well.

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Options for this question are:

Option E  I>III>II>IV>V is the correct decreasing order of the reactivity towards a nucleophilic addition reaction

In a nucleophilic addition reaction, a nucleophile with a lone pair of electrons reacts with an electrophile, leading to the formation of a new bond and a compound with an increased number of atoms.

The reaction commonly involves the nucleophile attacking a carbonyl group (C=O) in organic compounds. When it comes to aldehydes and ketones, aldehydes tend to be more reactive than ketones. Among aldehydes, the one with fewer carbon atoms is more reactive, so 'I' is more reactive than 'III'.

For ketones, the ones with less carbon or less steric crowding are more reactive, with the order being 'II>IV>V'. So the overall order of reactivity is 'I>III>II>IV>V'.

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the complete question is :

Sort the following compounds in decreasing order of their reactivity to a nucleophilic addition reaction.

A. I>II > III > IV>V

B. II>IV>V > III>I

C. I>IIIII>IV>V

D. III>I>V> IV > II

E. I>III>II>IV>V

The phrase describes the macronutrient:

1. Also called fats or oils: lipid

2. Produce new tissue as the body grows: carbohydrates

3. Are mostly triglycerides: lipid

4. high dietary intake linked to obesity and cardiovascular disease: carbohydrates

5. Our main dietary energy source: protein

6. Produce enzymes and hormones: protein

7. Classified as simple or complex: lipid

8. The most concentrated energy source: lipid

9. Comprised of amino acids joined in peptide linkages: protein

Cаrbohydrаtes, fаt аnd protein аre cаlled mаcronutrients. They аre the nutrients you use in the lаrgest аmounts.

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When you add 9.6 g of iron to 23.60 mL of water and observe that the volume of iron and water together is 24.82 mL, the density of iron is 7.87 g/mL.

Density is the mass of a material substance per unit volume. Density is defined as d = M/V, where d is density, M is mass, and V is volume. Density is commonly measured in grams per cubic centimetre. The density of something describes how compact or concentrated it is. Let's say you have two boxes, one large and one small. They both, however, weigh the same. That means the small box is denser than the large box. The density of something also indicates how concentrated or crowded it is.

Here,

mass=9.6 g

net volume=24.82-23.60

=1.22 ml

density=mass/volume

=9.6/1.22

=7.87 g/ml

The density of iron is 7.87 g/ml when you add 9.6 g of iron to 23.60 mL of water and observe that the volume of iron and water together is 24.82 mL.

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The given molecule has functional group thiolate.

Alcohols are comparable to thiols, commonly known as mercaptans. Similar to alcohols, they are given names with the suffix -thiol instead of -ol. The -SH group is referred to as a mercapto group on its own.

In an SN2 reaction with alkyl halides, thiols are often produced by employing the hydrosulfide anion (-SH) as a neucleophile.

Sulfides are ether analogues of sulphur. Sulfides behave chemically differently from ethers in a number of significant ways. We expect and discover that thiols are stronger acids than similar amounts of alcohol and phenol because hydrogen sulphide (H2S) is a significantly stronger acid than water (by a factor of more than 10 million). The SN2 reactions of alkyl halides and tosylates have shown that thiolate conjugate bases are excellent nucleophiles and are readily produced.

Any derivative of a thiol in which a metal atom substitutes the hydrogen linked to sulphur is referred to as a thiolate (plural thiolates).

RS-M+ = RSH

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The given molecule has functional group thiolate. Alcohols are comparable to thiols, commonly known as mercaptans. Similar to alcohols, they are given names with the suffix -thiol instead of -ol. The -SH group is referred to as a mercapto group on its own.

In an SN2 reaction with alkyl halides, thiols are often produced by employing the hydrosulfide anion (-SH) as a neucleophile. Sulfides are ether analogues of sulphur. Sulfides behave chemically differently from ethers in a number of significant ways. We expect and discover that thiols are stronger acids than similar amounts of alcohol and phenol because hydrogen sulphide (H2S) is a significantly stronger acid than water (by a factor of more than 10 million). The SN2 reactions of alkyl halides and tosylates have shown that thiolate conjugate bases are excellent nucleophiles and are readily produced. Any derivative of a thiol in which a metal atom substitutes the hydrogen linked to sulphur is referred to as a thiolate (plural thiolates). RS-M+ = RSH

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These organic solvents are used to clean compact discs: 0.785Toluene. so, option (d) is correct.

What is organic solvents?

The ability to dissolve or disperse one or more other compounds makes organic solvents a carbon-based chemical. Organic solvents may be neurotoxic, reproductively unsafe, and carcinogenic. Benzene, carbon tetrachloride, and trichloroethylene are examples of organic solvents that are carcinogenic.

What is ethanol ?

Ethanol (ethyl alcohol, CH3CH2OH) is one of a class of chemical substances (alcohols) whose molecules contain a hydroxyl group (OH) attached to a carbon atom. Fermentation of agricultural crops including sugarcane, corn, and manioc, among others, results in the production of ethanol.

Therefore,  organic solvents are used to clean compact discs: 0.785Toluene. so, option (d) is correct.

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Methane reacts with bromine (Br-Br) and one of the bromines replaces a hydrogen on methane. The other bromine bonds with the leftover hydrogen that came off of methane. The type of this reaction is subtitution reaction. The correct answer is C.

One functional group in a chemical molecule is replaced by another functional group during a substitution reaction, sometimes referred to as a single displacement reaction or single substitution reaction. In organic chemistry, substitution reactions are of utmost significance.

Depending on the reagent, whether a reactive intermediate is a carbocation, a carbanion, or a free radical, and whether the substrate is aliphatic or aromatic, substitution reactions in organic chemistry are categorized as either electrophilic or nucleophilic. Predicting the final product of a reaction requires a thorough grasp of the reaction type. Additionally, it aids in reaction optimization when considering elements like temperature and solvent preference.

As the reaction continues, bromomethane gradually replaces methane as it is used. This implies that the case for what a bromine radical is likely to strike alters as the reaction progresses. The likelihood of it hitting a bromomethane molecule as opposed to a methane molecule rises over time.

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The order of increasing density is 1) Neon at 2 atm and 273 K, 2) Neon at 2 atm and 73 K, 3) Neon at 1 atm and 273 K, 4) Helium at 1 atm and 273 K.

The density of a gas is a measure of how much mass is present in a given volume. It is determined by the pressure, temperature, and molar mass of the gas. The ideal gas law, PV = nRT, relates these variables, where

Under the conditions given, the pressure and temperature of the gases are different. The pressure of a gas is directly proportional to its density, which means that at higher pressure, the density of the gas will be greater. Temperature, on the other hand, is inversely proportional to density, which means that at lower temperatures, the density of gas will be greater. Therefore, when comparing the densities of gases at different pressures and temperatures, we must consider both factors.

In summary, in order to determine the density of a gas, one must consider both the pressure and temperature of the gas and compare them to the pressure and temperature of other gases. The gases with the highest pressure and/or lowest temperature will have the highest densities.

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Keep in mind that any line junction is a C, and that the number of hydrogens attached is required to complete all four bonds.

1) CH3 - CH (OH) - CH (CH3) -CH3

2) CH3 - O - CH(CH3)-CH2 - CH3

I have used the parenthesis to indicate that the radical inside is in other branch, bonded by a single line -

The use of chemical element symbols, numbers, and occasionally other symbols like parentheses, dashes, brackets, commas, and plus and minus signs to represent information about the chemical proportions of atoms that make up a specific chemical compound or molecule is known as a chemical formula.

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Answer:

A physical property of a solid used to describe its surface is surface roughness. Surface roughness refers to small, irregular deviations on the surface of a solid that affect its appearance, performance, and ability to interact with other surfaces or materials. It is typically measured in terms of the average height of the surface deviations, known as the root mean square (RMS) height, or the maximum height of the deviations, known as the peak-to-valley height. Surface roughness can be caused by a variety of factors, such as manufacturing processes, wear and tear, and exposure to the environment. Some common ways to measure surface roughness are profilometry, stylus instrument and optical profiler.