Based on the given information, Yasmin has $102,997.19 in her account today.
Here is the formula for compound interest:
A = P(1 + r/n)^(nt)
Where:
A = the final amount
P = the principal amount
r = the annual interest rate (as a decimal)
n = the number of times the interest is compounded per year
t = the time (in years) the money is invested
For the first 5 years, Yasmin earned 3.45% compounded quarterly, which means:
r = 0.0345 / 4 = 0.008625 (quarterly rate)
n = 4 (quarterly compounding)
t = 5
So, the amount she had after the first 5 years is:
A1 = 600(1 + 0.008625/4)^(4*5) = 42,529.44
For the last 7 years, Yasmin earned 3.92% compounded monthly, which means:
r = 0.0392 / 12 = 0.0032667 (monthly rate)
n = 12 (monthly compounding)
t = 7
So, the amount she had after the last 7 years is:
A2 = 600(1 + 0.0032667/12)^(12*7) = 59,467.75
Therefore, the total amount Yasmin has in her account today is:
A = A1 + A2 = 42,529.44 + 59,467.75 = 102,997.19
Rounding to 2 decimal places, Yasmin has $102,997.19 in her account today.
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Melissa Inc. has an outstanding issue of perpetual preferred stock with an annual dividend of $1.00 per share. If the required return on this preferred stock is 5.24%, at what price should the stock sell? (Multiple Choice) a. $16.46 b. $11.69 c. $19.08 d. $13.69 e. $15.38
A higher yield (return) is expected from investing in an AA-rated corporate bond than investing in a BBB-rated corporate bond if both bonds have the same maturity. True/False) a
The price at which Melissa Inc.'s perpetual preferred stock should sell is $19.08.(C)
To calculate the price of the perpetual preferred stock, use the formula:
Price = Annual Dividend / Required Return
Step 1: Identify the annual dividend and required return.
Annual Dividend = $1.00
Required Return = 5.24% (0.0524 as a decimal)
Step 2: Use the formula to calculate the price.
Price = $1.00 / 0.0524 = $19.08
Thus, the stock should sell at $19.08, which corresponds to option (C).
Regarding the statement about bond yields, it is True. A higher yield is expected from investing in an AA-rated corporate bond than in a BBB-rated corporate bond if both bonds have the same maturity.
This is because the AA-rated bond has a lower credit risk, and investors require a higher yield for taking on the additional risk associated with the BBB-rated bond.
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The concept of adverse selection helps to explain all of the following except:
A) why firms are more likely to obtain funds from banks and other financial intermediaries, rather than from the securities markets
B) why indirect finance is more important than direct finance as a source of business finance
C) why direct finance is more important than indirect finance as a source of business finance
D) why the financial system is so heavily regulated
The concept of adverse selection can explain options A, B, and D, but not option C. It does not support the idea that direct finance is more important than indirect finance.
According to the theory of adverse selection, those who are more likely to have negative information are more willing to participate in markets with asymmetric information, such as the financial market. As a result, lenders run the danger of making a bad choice and are limited to working with low-risk clients.
This explains why financial intermediaries are more frequently used by businesses to raise capital than securities markets, and why the financial system is highly regulated. It does not, however, prove that direct financing is a more significant source of corporate funding than indirect financing.
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The concept of adverse selection can explain options A, B, and D, but not option C. It does not support the idea that direct finance is more important than indirect finance.
According to the theory of adverse selection, those who are more likely to have negative information are more willing to participate in markets with asymmetric information, such as the finance market. As a result, lenders run the danger of making a bad choice and are limited to working with low-risk clients. This explains why financial intermediaries are more frequently used by businesses to raise capital than securities markets, and why the financial system is highly regulated. It does not, however, prove that direct financing is a more significant source of corporate funding than indirect financing.
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which statement about incentive compensation plans is true? multiple choice question. they are easier to administer than monthly salaries. they ultimately give employees little motivation to work hard. no one plan will boost the performance of all employees. a commission-based plan is most effective in almost all cases.
The statement that is true about incentive compensation plans is:
(c) No one plan will boost the performance of all employees.
Incentive compensation plans are designed to motivate employees to perform better by offering rewards for achieving certain goals or targets. However, different employees have different motivations and preferences, so no single plan can be effective for all employees. The right incentive compensation plan will depend on factors such as the company culture, employee demographics, and job roles.
It is not true that incentive compensation plans are easier to administer than monthly salaries, as they often require more complex calculations and tracking. And it is not true that incentive compensation plans give employees little motivation to work hard - on the contrary, they can be very effective in driving performance.
Finally, while a commission-based plan may be effective for some sales roles, it is not necessarily the most effective plan in all cases. Other types of plans, such as bonuses, profit-sharing, or stock options, may be more appropriate for different types of employees and industries.
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Your storage firm has been offered 99,400 in one year to store some goods for one year. Assume your costs are $96,500, payable immediately, are the cost of capital is 8.1%. Should you take the contract?
The NPV is negative, which means that the cost of the contract exceeds the present value of the expected cash inflow. Therefore, the contract should not be taken.
To determine whether you should take the contract, we need to calculate the net present value (NPV) of the cash flows associated with it.
The cash inflow is $99,400 in one year. We need to discount it back to the present using the cost of capital, which is 8.1%. Using the formula for calculating the present value of a single cash flow:
PV = FV / (1 + r)ⁿ
where PV is the present value, FV is the future value, r is the discount rate, and n is the number of years.
So the present value of the cash inflow is:
PV = 99,400 / (1 + 0.081)¹
PV = 91,962.40
The cost of the contract is $96,500, payable immediately. So the net cash flow is:
Net cash flow = $99,400 - $96,500
Net cash flow = $2,900
To determine the net present value, we need to discount the net cash flow back to the present:
NPV = -96,500 + (2,900 / (1 + 0.081)¹)
NPV = -96,500 + 2,677.38
NPV = -93,822.62.The NPV is negative, Therefore, you should not take the contract.
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Assume yourself as a senior manager of a healthcare organization and you have given the responsibility to take Capital Investment Decision.
Explain what are the available options you have and which one will you choose and why.
As a senior manager of a healthcare organization, when faced with the responsibility of making a capital investment decision, there are several available options to consider.
These options include investing in new medical equipment, expanding the facility, implementing new technology or software, or hiring additional staff members.
Some of the available options are:
Given the nature of the healthcare industry, I would choose the option to invest in research and development. Healthcare is a rapidly evolving field, and new products, services, and technologies are constantly emerging. Investing in research and development would enable the organization to stay ahead of the curve and remain competitive. This would involve hiring new talent, forming partnerships with other organizations, and conducting research in-house. The benefits of investing in research and development would be long-lasting, as it would enable the organization to provide better care to patients, increase revenue, and improve its reputation.
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Background
Your company wants to expand their business to two new continents i.e. Europe and Asia.
Assume 50/50 capital allocation to Europe/Asia
Total Capital amount of $5m is required.
Company Info
Share value is $10/share
Yearly Dividend payout $0.30/share
Minimum Debt/Equity Ratio =30%
Maximum Debt/Equity Ratio = 45%
Company capitalization is $15m
1m shares were issued
Corporate tax rate is 30%
Existing Debt/Equity ratio is 32%
Approved stock split is
To expand your business to two new continents, Europe and Asia, your company will need a total capital amount of $5m.
Assuming a 50/50 capital allocation to both continents, your company will need to allocate $2.5m to each continent.
To fund this expansion, your company could consider issuing new shares or taking on debt. However, it is important to ensure that the company's debt/equity ratio stays within the minimum and maximum limits of 30% and 45%, respectively. With a current debt/equity ratio of 32%, your company is within the acceptable range.
Given the current share value of $10/share and a capitalization of $15m, it means that there are currently 1.5m shares outstanding. To raise the $5m needed for expansion, your company could issue an additional 500,000 shares at a price of $10/share. This would bring the total number of outstanding shares to 2m.
Another option to consider is a stock split. The approved stock split could be in the ratio of 2-for-1, which means that each shareholder would receive an additional share for every share they currently own. This would effectively double the number of outstanding shares to 3m, and the share value would be adjusted to $5/share.
This would make it easier for investors to buy in at a lower price point, and it would also make the stock more liquid.
In either case, it is important to consider the impact of the expansion on the company's financials. With a corporate tax rate of 30%, the company will need to factor in the tax implications of the expansion. It is also important to ensure that the expansion is profitable and will generate enough revenue to cover the increased costs.
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in the u.s. money is primarily created by . group of answer choices the federal reserve bank printing new currency. the money multiplier effect created by the mpc the federal government selling new bonds. commercial banks lending out customer deposits
In the U.S., money is primarily created by commercial banks lending out customer deposits. The correct answer is commercial banks lending out customer deposits.
The Federal Reserve Bank also plays a role in the creation of money by setting the reserve requirements that commercial banks must meet. If the reserve requirement is lowered, banks can lend out more money, which increases the money supply. Conversely, if the reserve requirement is raised, banks have to keep more money on reserve, which decreases the money supply.The Federal Reserve Bank also has the ability to print new currency, but this is a relatively small portion of the overall money supply.
The federal government selling new bonds can also contribute to the money supply, but this is done through the process of borrowing rather than the direct creation of new money.Overall, while the Federal Reserve Bank and the federal government can play a role in the creation of money, it is primarily done through the money multiplier effect created by commercial banks lending out customer deposits. The correct answer is commercial banks lending out customer deposits.
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which one of the following statements is correct? multiple choice at the accounting break-even level, the pretax profit is equal to the aftertax profit. the contribution margin is equal to sales minus fixed costs. the larger the contribution margin, the higher the financial break-even point. the accounting break-even point is higher than the financial break-even point for the same project. taxes are considered when computing the accounting break-even point but not the financial break-even point.
The statement that is correct is: at the accounting break-even level, the pretax profit is equal to the aftertax profit.
Accounting Break- even level:
The correct statement is: at the accounting break-even level, the pretax profit is equal to the aftertax profit. This is because at the accounting break-even point, the company is earning just enough revenue to cover all its expenses, including taxes, so there is no net profit or loss. The other statements are not necessarily true.
The contribution margin is sales minus variable costs, not fixed costs. The larger the contribution margin, the lower the financial break-even point, not higher. The accounting break-even point and the financial break-even point may be the same or different depending on the level of fixed costs and financing costs. Taxes are considered in both the accounting and financial break-even analysis.
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bookmark question for later clearwater electronics is revising its strategic hr plan and comparing employment needs to the level of sales. the company has recently seen a 30 percent increase in sales, and the salespeople say that they anticipate an increase soon of 70 percent. however, the hr director, who oversees the hr planning process, does not believe the company will need to hire 70 percent more employees to meet the projected sales numbers. how can a simple linear regression, as part of the hr planning process, help the hr director make a more accurate determination of projected staffing needs?
The HR director can use a simple linear regression analysis to predict the future employment needs of Clearwater Electronics based on the level of sales. This statistical tool will enable the HR director to identify any correlations between sales and staffing needs by analyzing historical data on sales and employment levels. By examining this data, the HR director can identify trends and patterns in staffing needs that correspond with different levels of sales.
Using the results of the regression analysis, the HR director can create a more accurate projection of future staffing needs. By incorporating this information into the HR planning process, the company can better allocate resources and ensure that they have the necessary staff to meet the anticipated demand.
In summary, a simple linear regression analysis can help the HR director at Clearwater Electronics to make more informed decisions regarding staffing needs based on projected sales numbers. By taking a data-driven approach to HR planning, the company can ensure that they are prepared to meet the anticipated demand and achieve their strategic objectives.
Therefore, it is essential to bookmark this question for later and ensure that the HR director uses regression analysis as part of the HR planning process.
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raw materials used in production29,230kilospurchases of raw materials31,800kilosactual direct labor-hours1,180hoursactual cost of raw materials purchases$ 197,920 actual direct labor cost$ 22,936 actual variable overhead cost$ 7,740 the company applies variable overhead on the basis of direct labor-hours. the direct materials purchases variance is computed when the materials are purchased. the variable overhead rate variance for august is:
The variable overhead cost for August was $7,740
How to calculate the variable overhead costBased on the information provided, we know that the company used 29,230 kilos of raw materials in production, but purchased 31,800 kilos.
This means that there is a potential variance in the direct materials purchases, which is computed at the time of purchase.
Additionally, the company used 1,180 actual direct labor-hours and had an actual direct labor cost of $22,936. The variable overhead cost for August was $7,740, and the company applies variable overhead based on direct labor-hours.
This means that the variable overhead rate variance for August can be calculated by comparing the actual direct labor-hours (1,180) with the budgeted direct labor-hours (which we don't have information on).
To summarize, the company used more raw materials than they purchased, and had actual direct labor costs and variable overhead costs.
To determine the variable overhead rate variance for August, we would need to know the budgeted direct labor-hours.
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Make a list of the legal issues that created confusion in the dispute between Katy Perry and the nuns from the Los Angeles convent. Discuss the impact on the various stakeholders of these points of legal confusion.
The legal issues that created confusion in the dispute between Katy Perry and the nuns from the Los Angeles convent include the ownership of the property, the authority of the Archdiocese of Los Angeles, and the validity of the sale.
The nuns argued that they had the right to sell the property to a local restaurateur, while the Archdiocese of Los Angeles claimed ownership of the property and argued that the nuns did not have the authority to sell it. Furthermore, there were questions surrounding the validity of the sale and whether it followed proper procedures.
The impact on the various stakeholders of these points of legal confusion was significant. The nuns faced legal action and potential penalties for the attempted sale, while the Archdiocese of Los Angeles faced negative publicity and potential loss of property ownership.
Katy Perry and the restaurateur faced uncertainty regarding the status of their purchase, as well as the possibility of legal repercussions. Overall, the legal issues created confusion and tension among the stakeholders involved, leading to a prolonged and contentious dispute.
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which of the following are true of strategic long-range plans? multiple select question. they are usually stated in rather broad terms. they are statements detailing steps to take to achieve a company's organizational goals. they usually span one year or less. they are the financial plans of an organization for the coming year or other planning period.
Of the given options, the true statements about long-range strategic plans are that they are usually stated in rather broad terms and they are statements detailing steps to take to achieve a company's organizational goals.
Strategic long-range plans are designed to provide a company with a clear direction for the future. They are typically focused on the long-term success of an organization and are often developed within a timeframe of three to five years or even longer.
These plans take into account the company's vision, mission, and values, and they provide a roadmap for achieving the company's strategic objectives. Strategic long-range plans are critical for organizations because they help leaders to define the company's priorities, allocate resources effectively, and identify opportunities for growth.
These plans are not financial plans for the coming year or other planning periods, as those are typically more short-term in nature. Overall, long-range strategic plans are essential for any organization that wants to be successful in the long run.
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why does a government policy to reduce the supply of illegal drugs greatly increase the price of illegal drugs? how might this policy result in more crime? might a government policy to reduce the demand for drugs have a different effect?
A government policy to reduce the supply of illegal drugs can increase the price of illegal drugs due to the basic principles of supply and demand. A government policy to reduce the demand for drugs can have a different effect.
If the supply of illegal drugs is reduced, while the demand for the drugs remains the same, the price of the drugs will rise. This is because there are fewer drugs available in the market, but the demand for the drugs remains the same, or even increases as some people may be willing to pay higher prices for the drugs.
The increase in the price of illegal drugs may result in more crime as individuals who are addicted to drugs may resort to criminal activities, such as theft or drug-related crimes, to obtain the funds to purchase the drugs at the higher prices. Moreover, drug dealers may also become more violent to protect their supply or increase their profits.
If the demand for drugs is reduced, while the supply remains constant, the price of illegal drugs may decrease. This is because there are fewer buyers in the market for the same amount of drugs. However, the effectiveness of such a policy in reducing drug-related crime would depend on the specific measures implemented to reduce demand, as well as the willingness of individuals to seek treatment or reduce their drug use.
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Astro Burger announced today that it will begin paying annual dividends. The first dividend of $0.41 will be paid in one year. The second and third annual dividends will be $0.46 and $0.61, respectively. The forth annual dividend will be $0.91, and subsequent dividends will increase at 3.0 percent per year in perpetuity. If your required return is 11 percent, how much are you willing to pay today to buy this stock?
You would be willing to pay $5.23 today to buy Astro Burger's stock.
To calculate this, first, we need to find the present value of the dividends. We will divide each dividend by (1+required return) raised to the power of the year in which the dividend is paid:
PV1 = $0.41 / (1+0.11)¹ = $0.369
PV2 = $0.46 / (1+0.11)² = $0.373
PV3 = $0.61 / (1+0.11)³ = $0.440
PV4 = $0.91 / (1+0.11)⁴ = $0.564
Next, we need to calculate the present value of the perpetuity (constant growth) part of the dividend stream, which begins with the 4th annual dividend of $0.91 and grows at 3% per year. We'll use the perpetuity formula:
PV Perpetuity = (D4 * (1 + growth rate)) / (required return - growth rate)
PV Perpetuity = ($0.91 * 1.03) / (0.11 - 0.03) = $11.703
Finally, we'll sum the present values to find the total value of the stock:
Stock Value = PV1 + PV2 + PV3 + PV4 + PV Perpetuity = $0.369 + $0.373 + $0.440 + $0.564 + $11.703 = $5.23
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the risks that economic problems or mismanagement in a given country will have a meaningful negative impact upon the conduct of business in that country are called _____ risks.
The risks that economic problems or mismanagement in a given country will have a meaningful negative impact upon the conduct of business in that country are called economic risks.
Economic risks refer to the uncertainties and potential losses that arise from changes in economic conditions, such as inflation, recession, currency fluctuations, and political instability.
These risks can affect businesses in a variety of ways, such as reducing demand for products or services, increasing the cost of inputs, and disrupting supply chains.
Economic risks are a major concern for businesses operating in international markets, as they can be impacted by factors beyond their control, such as changes in government policies or economic conditions in their host countries.
To mitigate these risks, businesses often conduct extensive research on the economic conditions and political climate of the countries in which they operate, and implement strategies to hedge against potential losses, such as diversifying their product lines or investing in multiple markets.
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If the demand for real money balances does not depend on the interest rate, then the LM curve: is a. vertical. b. slopes up to the right c. slopes down to the right d. is horizontal
If the demand for real money balances does not depend on the interest rate, then the LM curve: is a. vertical.
The LM curve is an economic graph that represents the relationship between the interest rate and the level of national income.
The LM curve is a downward-sloping curve and is based on the demand for real money balances, which is inversely related to the interest rate. This would indicate that changes in the interest rate have no effect on the demand for real money balances. In other words, the quantity of real money balances demanded is independent of the interest rate. This situation is often referred to as a "vertical LM curve" and is indicative of a liquidity trap, in which the nominal interest rate is unable to stimulate investment, consumption, or other forms of economic activity.
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The demand for real money balances does not depend on the interest rate, then the LM curve is d. is horizontal.
If the demand for real money balances does not depend on the interest rate, then the LM curve would be horizontal, which means that the interest rate would have no effect on the equilibrium level of income.
The LM (Liquidity-Money) curve shows the combinations of interest rates and levels of income at which the money market is in equilibrium. It represents the relationship between the interest rate and the level of income that equates the demand for money and the supply of money.
When the demand for real money balances does not depend on the interest rate, the LM curve becomes horizontal because the interest rate has no effect on the demand for money. In this case, the equilibrium interest rate is determined by the supply of money alone, and any increase in income will not affect the equilibrium interest rate.
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Assume you wish to evaluate the risk and return behaviors associated with various combinations of two stocks, Alpha Software and Beta Electronics, under three possible degrees of correlation: perfect positive, uncorrelated, and perfect negative. The average return and standard deviation for each stock appears here: a. If the returns of assets Alpha and Beta are perfectly positively correlated (correlation coefficient = + 1), over what range would the average return on portfolios of these stocks vary? In other words, what is the highest and lowest average retum that different combinations of these stocks could achieve? What is the minimum and maximum standard deviation that portfolios Alpha and Beta could achieve? b. If the returns of assets Alpha and Beta are uncorrelated (correlation coefficient = 0), over what range would the average return on portfolios of these stocks vary? What is the standard deviation of a portfolio that invests 75% in Alpha and 25% in Beta? How does this compare to the standard deviations of Alpha and Beta alone? c. If the returns of assets Alpha and Beta are perfectly negatively correlated (correlation coefficient = -1), over what range would the average retum on portfolios of these stocks vary? Calculate the standard deviation of a portfolio that invests 62.5% in Alpha and 37.5% in Beta.
a. The average return on portfolios of perfectly positively correlated Alpha and Beta stocks would vary between the sum of their individual average returns and the highest average return achieved by a portfolio consisting of only one of the stocks.
The minimum and maximum standard deviation would depend on the combination of weights of each stock in the portfolio.
b. The average return on portfolios of uncorrelated Alpha and Beta stocks would vary between the sum of their individual average returns and the highest average return achieved by a portfolio consisting of only one of the stocks.
The standard deviation of a portfolio that invests 75% in Alpha and 25% in Beta would be less than the standard deviation of Alpha and Beta alone due to the diversification effect.
c. The average return on portfolios of perfectly negatively correlated Alpha and Beta stocks would vary between the sum of their individual average returns and the highest average return achieved by a portfolio consisting of only one of the stocks.
The standard deviation of a portfolio that invests 62.5% in Alpha and 37.5% in Beta can be calculated using the formula for portfolio standard deviation.
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kam Il Practice Problems List and explain the two characteristics of a public good. Give two examples where the concept of public goods applies to environmental issues.
Public goods are goods or services that are non-excludable and non-rivalrous in nature.
These two characteristics are fundamental to understanding the unique nature of public goods:
Non-excludability: Public goods are non-excludable, which means that once provided, it is difficult or impossible to exclude anyone from using or benefiting from the good. Once a public good is available, it is generally available to all members of society, regardless of whether they have contributed to its provision or not. It is not feasible to charge a price or prevent access to those who do not pay for it.
Non-rivalry: Public goods are non-rivalrous, which means that one person's consumption or use of the good does not diminish or reduce the amount available for others to use. The consumption of a public good by one person does not reduce its availability for others, and multiple individuals can benefit from the same unit of the public good simultaneously without conflict.
Examples of public goods in environmental issues:
Clean air: Air quality can be considered a public good as it is difficult to exclude anyone from breathing clean air once it is available. Efforts to reduce air pollution or maintain clean air benefit the entire society, regardless of whether individuals contribute financially towards those efforts or not. For example, regulations on emissions from factories or vehicles, and public investments in air quality monitoring and control measures are aimed at providing clean air as a public good.
Biodiversity: Biodiversity, which refers to the variety of plant and animal species and ecosystems on Earth, can also be considered a public good. Conservation efforts to protect biodiversity, such as preserving natural habitats, maintaining ecological balance, and preventing the extinction of endangered species, benefit society as a whole. These efforts often require collective action and cooperation among different stakeholders, as the benefits of biodiversity conservation are diffuse and not limited to specific individuals or groups.
In both of these examples, the characteristics of non-excludability and non-rivalry apply. It is challenging to exclude individuals from enjoying clean air or biodiversity conservation once they are available, and the consumption or use of clean air or biodiversity by one person does not diminish its availability for others. This makes these environmental issues examples of public goods where collective action and public policy play crucial roles in their management and preservation.
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What determines life expectancy?
For this home assignment you will be required to model life expectancy worldwide.
Please use the file: life_expectancy.Rdata (World Bank Database – 2016 values). Please read the description
at the end of this document to understand the variables. In this home assignment we are going to model
life expectancy at birth (dependent variable).
QUESTION 1
Please model the determinants of life expectancy using R:
a) Decide if will use the logarithm or the level of the dependent variable and why? (2 marks)
b) Include a minimum of 5 (five) explanatory variables in the regression equation and provide a scatter
plot of your dependent and independent variables (5 scatter plots worth 0.5 x 5 marks).
When modelling, explain each of your functional form specification choices with respect to:
Economic or common sense behind the model - why do you pick this variable? (0.5 x 5 marks)
Multicollinearity – are the independent variables multicollinear? (0.5 x 5 marks)
Functional form specification- potential nonlinear relationships, eg: log-linear or quadratic
relationships. Explain why you use a linear or logarithmic form of a variable. (0.5 x 5 marks)
in writing. You will be graded on model accuracy in this section.
Use OLS standard errors.
(Subtotal: 10 marks) 1 Table [regression output] & Explanations, 5 scatter plots
c) Interpret the coefficients on the 5 explanatory variables. Describe if the coefficients are elasticities
or semi-elasticities, or simple level variables.
(5 marks)
d) Interpret the statistical significance of these coefficients using the p-values AND calculate the t-
stats.
Hint: The t-stat should be calculated as per the formula we learned, and interpreted accordingly.
Taking a t-value out of the regression is not acceptable.
(5 marks)
RMIT Classification: Trusted
e) Describe each of the five "Gauss Markov" assumptions, (define them) and explain in the context
of the regression output in (b) whether these assumptions are likely to be met in these models.
(5 marks)
f) Test for heteroscedasticity in R using the Breusch-Pagan test and copy below the results. Interpret
the results of the Breusch Pagan test. (2 marks)
g) Present the results from (b) using HAC robust errors! Did any of the standard errors change
significantly? (3 marks) 1 Table & Explanations
h) Define the three major causes of endogeneity and why these arise. (6 marks)
i) What is an instrumental variable estimation and which of the endogeneity biases you described above
is most commonly addressed with it? (2 marks)
Life expectancy is determined by various factors, including healthcare, sanitation, nutrition, education, and economic development. To model life expectancy worldwide, we will use the World Bank Database 2016 values in R.
We will model the determinants of life expectancy at birth using regression analysis. We will use the logarithm of the dependent variable since it is more appropriate for modeling exponential relationships. We will include at least five explanatory variables and provide scatter plots of the dependent and independent variables.
We will also explain our choices of functional form specifications based on economic or common sense reasoning, multicollinearity, and potential nonlinear relationships.
We will interpret the coefficients on the explanatory variables as elasticities or semi-elasticities and determine their statistical significance using p-values and t-stats. We will also test for heteroscedasticity using the Breusch-Pagan test and present the results using HAC robust errors.
Lastly, we will define the three major causes of endogeneity and explain instrumental variable estimation, which is commonly used to address endogeneity biases.
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Gold Alliance Company needs to raise $51 million to start a new project and will raise the money by selling new bonds. The company will generate no internal equity for the foreseeable future. The company has a target capital structure of 65% common stock, 5% preferred stock, and 30% debt. Flotation costs for issuing new common stock are 9%, for new preferred stock, 5 %, and for new debt, 2%.
What is the initial cost figure Gold should use when evaluating its project? (Round answer to 2 decimal places. Do not round intermediate calculations).
The initial cost figure that Gold Alliance Company should use when evaluating its project is 9.94%.
To calculate the initial cost figure, we need to calculate the cost of each component of the target capital structure weighted by its percentage, taking into account the flotation costs.
The cost of common stock is calculated as: (1-0.09) x 65% = 59.15%
The cost of preferred stock is calculated as: (1-0.05) x 5% = 4.75%
The cost of debt is calculated as: (1-0.02) x 30% = 29.40%
We then add up the weighted costs:
= 0.5915 x 0.65 + 0.0475 x 0.05 + 0.294 x 0.30
= 0.0994 or 9.94%
Therefore, the initial cost figure that Gold should use when evaluating its project is 9.94%. This means that the project must generate a return of at least 9.94% in order to be financially feasible.
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jordan is 45 and wants to retire in 22 years. his family has a history of living well into their 90s. therefore, he estimates that he will live to age 97. he currently has a salary of $100,000 and expects that he will need about 85% of that amount annually if he were retired. he can earn 9 percent in his portfolio and expects inflation to be 3 percent. jordan currently has $125,000 invested for his retirement. his social security retirement benefit in today's dollars is $30,000 per year at normal age retirement of age 67. how much does he need to save at the end of each year to meet his retirement goals?
Jordan needs to save approximately $4,169,569.76 at the end of each year to meet his retirement goals.
To calculate how much Jordan needs to save at the end of each year to meet his retirement goals, we can follow these steps:
Estimate Jordan's annual retirement expenses
Jordan expects that he will need about 85% of his current salary annually when he is retired. Given that his current salary is $100,000, his estimated annual retirement expenses will be 85% of $100,000, which is $85,000.
Calculate Jordan's retirement period
Jordan wants to retire in 22 years and expects to live until age 97. So, his retirement period will be 97 - 22 = 75 years.
Adjust retirement expenses for inflation
Jordan expects an inflation rate of 3%. To account for inflation, we need to adjust his estimated annual retirement expenses for each year of his retirement period. We can use the formula:
Adjusted Retirement Expenses = Retirement Expenses * (1 + Inflation Rate)^Number of Years
For the first year of his retirement, the adjusted retirement expenses will be $85,000 * (1 + 0.03)^1 = $87,550.
For the second year, it will be $85,000 * (1 + 0.03)^2 = $90,226.5.
We repeat this calculation for each year of Jordan's retirement period.
Calculate Jordan's total retirement savings needed
Next, we need to calculate the total retirement savings Jordan will need at the end of his retirement period. We can use the formula:
Total Retirement Savings = Adjusted Retirement Expenses * ((1 - (1 + Annual Rate of Return)^-Number of Years) / Annual Rate of Return)
Given that Jordan can earn 9% in his portfolio, his annual rate of return will be 0.09.
Using this formula, we can calculate Jordan's total retirement savings needed:
Total Retirement Savings = $87,550 * ((1 - (1 + 0.09)^-75) / 0.09) = $4,324,569.76 (rounded to the nearest cent).
Deduct Jordan's current retirement savings and social security benefit
Finally, we need to deduct Jordan's current retirement savings and social security retirement benefit from the total retirement savings needed to determine how much he needs to save at the end of each year.
Total Retirement Savings Needed - Current Retirement Savings - Social Security Benefit = Annual Savings Needed
Given that Jordan currently has $125,000 invested for his retirement and his social security retirement benefit is $30,000 per year, we can calculate his annual savings needed:
$4,324,569.76 - $125,000 - $30,000 = $4,169,569.76 (rounded to the nearest cent).
So, Jordan needs to save approximately $4,169,569.76 at the end of each year to meet his retirement goals.
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10. industrious young lawyer, imgetting minez, purchased some residential rental property three years ago for $275,000, and he now plans on selling it in august of this year. if the sale goes through as scheduled, how much can imgetting allow for depreciation during his last year of ownership? a. $3,825.25 b. $3,236.75 c. $2,648.25 d. $4,413.75
To determine how much Imgetting Minez can allow for depreciation during his last year of ownership, we need to follow these steps:
1. Determine the depreciation rate for residential rental property, which is 27.5 years for straight-line depreciation.
2. Calculate the annual depreciation amount by dividing the property's value ($275,000) by the depreciation rate (27.5 years).
3. Determine the monthly depreciation amount by dividing the annual depreciation amount by 12 months.
4. Calculate the depreciation for the last year of ownership based on the number of months until the property is sold in August.
Now, let's do the calculations:
1. Depreciation rate for residential rental property = 27.5 years
2. Annual depreciation amount = $275,000 / 27.5 years = $10,000
3. Monthly depreciation amount = $10,000 / 12 months = $833.33
4. Depreciation for the last year of ownership (August) = $833.33 * 8 months = $6,666.64
Therefore, Imgetting Minez can allow for $6,666.64 in depreciation during his last year of ownership. None of the given options (a. $3,825.25 b. $3,236.75 c. $2,648.25 d. $4,413.75) match the calculated amount.
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In a business process, resources are ________.
A) people or computer applications that are assigned to roles
B) collections of procedures and activities
C) the total number of points of work that can be accomplished in each scrum period
D) collections of related tasks that receive inputs and produce outputs
A) people or computer applications that are assigned to roles. In a business process, resources refer to the individuals or computer applications that are assigned to specific roles to carry out the activities and procedures involved in the process.
These resources can be both human and technological, and they work together to ensure the successful execution of the business process. Computer applications can play a significant role in optimizing business processes, streamlining workflows, and improving efficiency.
Resources in a business process can include both human resources (people) and technological resources (computer applications). These resources are assigned to specific roles to help facilitate and complete tasks within the process.
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Consider a firm whose only asset is a plot of vacant land, and whose only liability is debt of $14.9 million due in one year. If left vacant, the land will be worth $10.4 million in one year. Alternatively, the firm can develop the land at an upfront cost of $19.8 million. The developed land will be worth $35.8 million in one year. Suppose the risk-free interest rate is 10.5%, assume all cash flows are risk-free, and assume there are no taxes.
a. If the firm chooses not to develop the land, what is the value of the firm's equity today? What is the value of the debt today?
b. What is the NPV of developing the land?
c. Suppose the firm raises $19.8 million from the equity holders to develop the land. If the firm develops the land, what is the value of the firm's equity today? What is the value of the firm's debt today?
d. Given your answer to part (c), would equity holders be willing to provide the $19.8 million needed to develop the land?
The equity holders would face a high risk of losing their investment, and the NPV of the project may not be high enough to compensate for the risk.
A). The value of the firm's equity today is:
Equity = Land value - Debt / (1 + r)
Equity = $10.4 million - $14.9 million / (1 + 0.105)
Equity = -$4.2 million
B). The NPV of developing the land is:
NPV = Land value - Development cost / (1 + r)
NPV = $35.8 million - $19.8 million / (1 + 0.105)
NPV = $13.1 million
C). The value of the firm's equity today is:
Equity = Land value - Debt - Development cost / (1 + r)
Equity = $35.8 million - $14.9 million - $19.8 million / (1 + 0.105)
Equity = $1.1 million
D). The equity holders would face a high risk of losing their investment, and the NPV of the project may not be high enough to compensate for the risk.
NPV stands for Net Present Value, which is a financial metric used to measure the profitability of business investment. It helps businesses determine the value of future cash flows in today's dollars. In simple terms, NPV calculates the present value of cash inflows minus the present value of cash outflows. The result is the net present value of an investment, which can be positive or negative.
If the NPV is positive, it means the investment is profitable and should be considered. If the NPV is negative, it means the investment is not profitable and should be rejected. Businesses use NPV to evaluate potential investments and make informed decisions about whether to pursue a particular project or not.
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nittany garments buys fleece jackets from big ten sports apparel, inc., embroiders them with penn state organizational logos, and sells them to the student population. the annual demand for these embroidered jackets is 1,000; the annual holding cost is $1.00 per unit, and the ordering cost is $15 per order. when placing a restocking order, what (approximate) quantity should nittany garments order so as to minimize their holding and ordering costs?
The expenses incurred by holding inventory that has not yet sold are known as holding costs. Along with ordering and shortage fees, these expenses make up ordering costs.
How much does ordering cost?Ordering costs are the costs your business pays to order and receive the goods it keeps on hand. These ordering costs may consist of shipping charges, unforeseen transportation costs, inspection fees, and other costs required to purchase inventory goods.
Are ordering costs and holding costs equivalent?Ordering costs are inversely related to holding costs. Thus, if one of the two costs increases, the other cost will decrease. If the cost of ordering is lower, the corporation may place fewer orders during a given period of time.
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A company has an investment project that would cost $10 million today and yield a payoff of $15 million in 4 years.
1. Should the company undertake the project at each of the interest rates listed?
A. 11%
B. 10%
C. 9%
D. 8%
Correct answer is B, 10%. The amount of interest payable each period expressed as a percentage of the amount lent, deposited, or borrowed is known as an interest rate. The total interest on a loaned or borrowed sum is determined by the principle amount, the interest rate.
What is the solution of this question?
The equation shown below can be used to decide if the company ought to take on the project at a specific interest rate level. The company should proceed with the project if the current value our calculations show is greater than the $10 million cost.
When interest rates are 9% and 8%, projects should be conducted because the present value of the payback is larger than the cost, but projects with interest rates of 11% and 10% should not be performed since the present value is less than the cost.
The same method will be used, but the present value will be $10 million, X $15 million, and N will remain 4 to determine the precise cutoff of the interest rate between profitability and nonprofitable.
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with a simple delivery contract in which the seller is a merchant, which party sustains the loss if, through no fault of either party, the goods are destroyed through fire prior to delivery to the buyer?
In a simple delivery contract where the seller is a merchant, the risk of loss for the goods typically passes from the seller to the buyer upon delivery. However, if the goods are destroyed through fire prior to delivery to the buyer, the allocation of risk and responsibility for the loss will depend on the terms of the contract and the applicable laws.
If the contract contains a specific provision allocating the risk of loss in the event of unforeseen circumstances, such as fire or other events beyond the control of either party, the terms of the contract will govern the allocation of the loss. For example, if the contract provides that the risk of loss remains with the seller until delivery to the buyer, and the goods are destroyed by fire before delivery, then the seller would bear the loss.
However, in the absence of any specific provision in the contract, the general rule under the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) is that the risk of loss passes to the buyer once the goods are delivered to the carrier. In this case, if the goods were destroyed by fire while in transit, the loss would typically be borne by the buyer.
It is important to note that the UCC allows parties to modify the default allocation of risk through their contract. Therefore, it is always advisable to carefully review the terms of the contract and consult with legal counsel if necessary to understand the parties' respective obligations and liabilities in the event of loss or damage to the goods.
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what is the beta of a portfolio that consists of the following? security $ invested beta a $ 2,000 1.38 b 5,000 .47 c 9,000 1.70 d 4,000 1.08 multiple choice 1.18 1.22 1.24 1.32 1.37
The beta of the portfolio is approximately 1.24, which corresponds to the third option in the multiple-choice list (1.24). The Portfolio beta is 1.2365.
To calculate the beta of a portfolio, we need to first calculate the weighted average beta of each security in the portfolio.
We can do this by multiplying each security's beta by its proportion of the total portfolio value:
Security A: $2,000/$20,000 = 0.10 or 10% of portfolio value; 1.38 x 0.10 = 0.138
Security B: $5,000/$20,000 = 0.25 or 25% of portfolio value; 0.47 x 0.25 = 0.118
Security C: $9,000/$20,000 = 0.45 or 45% of portfolio value; 1.70 x 0.45 = 0.765
Security D: $4,000/$20,000 = 0.20 or 20% of portfolio value; 1.08 x 0.20 = 0.216
Next, we add up the weighted beta values to get the beta of the overall portfolio:
0.138 + 0.118 + 0.765 + 0.216 = 1.237
Therefore, the beta of the portfolio is 1.24 (rounded to the nearest hundredth).
The answer to the multiple-choice question is C) 1.24.
To calculate the beta of a portfolio, we need to find the weighted average of the individual security betas based on their proportion of the total investment.
2. Calculate the proportion of each security in the portfolio:
Proportion A = $2,000 / $20,000 = 0.1
Proportion B = $5,000 / $20,000 = 0.25
Proportion C = $9,000 / $20,000 = 0.45
Proportion D = $4,000 / $20,000 = 0.2
3. Calculate the weighted average beta:
Portfolio beta = (Proportion A * Beta A) + (Proportion B * Beta B) + (Proportion C * Beta C) + (Proportion D * Beta D)
Portfolio beta = (0.1 * 1.38) + (0.25 * 0.47) + (0.45 * 1.70) + (0.2 * 1.08)
Portfolio beta = 0.138 + 0.1175 + 0.765 + 0.216
Portfolio beta = 1.2365
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more and more companies are discarding the traditional superior-subordinate performance feedback process and replacing it with a multi-rater appraisal called question 51 options: critical incidences review. management by objectives. the 360-degree feedback. team evaluation survey. retrospectives.
More companies are replacing traditional performance feedback with 360-degree feedback, a multi-rater appraisal process that includes input from coworkers, subordinates, and supervisors.
Companies are increasingly using 360-degree feedback, a multi-rater evaluation procedure that incorporates input from coworkers, subordinates, and supervisors, as opposed to the conventional superior-subordinate performance feedback process. This method, which takes into account many viewpoints and offers a more balanced review, offers a more thorough appraisal of an employee's performance.
The 360-degree feedback also promotes open communication and teamwork, which results in more helpful criticism and better performance. This strategy also fits with a more contemporary, collaborative work environment where workers are recognised for their variety of talents and contributions.
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what is the name of a newer conflict-handling mode where decision making incorporate different viewpoints and insights to develop consensus and commitment?
The conflict-handling mode that you are referring to is called the collaborative mode. This mode is characterized by the willingness of all parties involved to work together to reach a mutually beneficial solution. The focus is on finding common ground and incorporating different viewpoints and insights to develop consensus and commitment.
In collaborative mode, parties engage in active listening and constructive communication to ensure that everyone's concerns are heard and understood. The goal is not just to resolve the conflict, but to create a lasting agreement that everyone is committed to.
Collaborative mode is a newer approach to conflict resolution that is gaining popularity in many organizations. It recognizes that conflicts can be opportunities for growth and change, and that by working together, parties can create solutions that are more creative and sustainable.
Overall, collaborative mode is a powerful tool for managing conflicts and creating positive outcomes. By fostering open communication and a willingness to work together, parties can overcome even the most difficult challenges and build strong, lasting relationships based on trust and respect.
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