he human growth hormone, produced by the pituitary gland, is secreted during sleep in higher concentrations than when awake. (True or False)

Acetylcholine receptors are primarily located on the motor end plate. The motor end plate is the specialized region of the muscle fiber where the nerve ending and the muscle fiber meet, forming the neuromuscular junction.

Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that is released from the synaptic terminal of the motor neuron into the neuromuscular junction, where it binds to the acetylcholine receptors on the motor end plate. This binding triggers a series of events that ultimately leads to muscle contraction. The acetylcholine receptors on the motor end plate are of the nicotinic type, meaning that they are activated by nicotine. They are ionotropic receptors, which means that they are ligand-gated ion channels that allow the flow of ions across the cell membrane. Specifically, the binding of acetylcholine to these receptors causes the influx of sodium ions into the muscle fiber, which depolarizes the cell membrane and triggers the contraction of the muscle fiber. In summary, acetylcholine receptors are primarily located on the motor end plate, where they play a critical role in the transmission of nerve impulses to muscle fibers and the initiation of muscle contraction.

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Answer:

Flail chest is a traumatic condition of the thorax. It may occur when 3 or more ribs are broken in at least 2 places. It is considered a clinical diagnosis as everybody with this fracture pattern does not develop a flail chest. A flail chest can create a significant disturbance to respiratory physiology.

What is a flail chest characterized by?

A flail chest is a chest in which sections of broken ribs are isolated from, and interfering with, normal chest movements. That means the chest cannot expand properly and cannot properly draw air into the lungs. This is why stabilization after blunt trauma is important.

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A forest underlain by limestone  would most likely neutralize the effect of acid rain on bodies of water based on the composition of soils and bedrock in the region.

A forest underlain by limestone would most likely neutralize the effect of acid rain on bodies of water based on the composition of soils and bedrock in the region. Limestone is a type of rock that contains calcium carbonate, which acts as a natural buffer against acid rain. When acid rain falls on the forest floor, the calcium carbonate in the soil reacts with the acid to neutralize it before it can reach the bodies of water. In contrast, an area downwind of a coal-burning electrical plant and an open plain underlain by granite would not have natural buffers against acid rain, and therefore the effects of acid rain would not be neutralized. The presence of fog in a valley may slightly reduce the impact of acid rain but it would not be as effective as a forest underlain by limestone.

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When standing normally, most of your weight is transmitted to the ground by the talus and calcaneus. These two bones play a crucial role in the distribution of body weight and maintaining balance.

The talus, located at the top of the foot, connects with the tibia and fibula, which are the bones in the lower leg. The calcaneus, or the heel bone, is the largest bone in the foot and lies beneath the talus.

Together, the talus and calcaneus form the subtalar joint, which enables the foot to move in a side-to-side motion, also known as inversion and eversion. This movement is essential for walking on uneven surfaces and adjusting to different terrains. The weight-bearing function of these bones allows the foot to support the body's weight and maintain stability when standing or walking.

In contrast, the cuneiforms, cuboid, and other bones in the foot serve different purposes in terms of support, flexibility, and mobility. The cuneiforms and cuboid, as part of the midfoot, are involved in forming the arch of the foot and providing shock absorption. While these bones contribute to the overall function of the foot, they do not primarily transmit the body's weight to the ground like the talus and calcaneus.

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Answer:

They are responsible for around 45% of global primary production and yet represent only 1% of Earth's photosynthetic biomass [1], due to their rapid proliferation times and because all cells are photosynthetically active, unlike multicellular plants.

What do diatoms produce?

Diatoms remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere through photosynthesis. The carbon dioxide is then converted into oxygen gas, which is released into the atmosphere. Scientists estimate 20 to 50 percent of the oxygen we breathe is produced by diatoms. Diatoms affect climate on a global scale!

What percentage of the world's oxygen comes from diatoms?

Diatoms are considered the largest primary producers of oxygen on our planet. It is estimated that through photosynthesis, diatoms produce between 20% and 40% of the oxygen we breathe. During photosynthesis diatoms use energy from light to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars for food.

What percentage of phytoplankton is diatoms?

Significance. Diatoms, considered one of the most diverse and ecologically important phytoplanktonic groups, contribute around 20% of global primary productivity. They are particularly abundant in nutrient-rich coastal ecosystems and at high latitudes.

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D) flexor. A flexor muscle is responsible for flexing or bending a joint. In this case, the flexor muscle is located in the forearm and is responsible for flexing the wrist.

Flexor muscles of the forearm attach to the wrist bones via tendons, allowing them to contract and bend the wrist.

A flexor muscle is responsible for flexing the wrist.

Flexor muscles contract and bend the wrist, while extensor muscles extend or straighten it.

Bicep is an arm muscle that flexes the elbow, and adductor muscles are responsible for drawing limbs toward the body's midline.

Hence: A flexor muscle (option D) is the muscle that flexes the wrist.

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The broad muscle that covers the top of the head is the epicranius muscle.

The epicranius muscle is a broad, sheet-like muscle that covers the top of the skull and consists of two parts: the occipitalis and frontalis muscles. The occipitalis muscle is located at the back of the head and connects to the epicranial aponeurosis, a tough, fibrous layer of tissue that covers the skull. The frontalis muscle is located at the front of the head and also connects to the epicranial aponeurosis. These two muscles work together to move the scalp and eyebrows, and to wrinkle the forehead.

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Answer: Every gene is a sequence of DNA nucleotides at a specific position along a chromosome called a locus. Diploid cells have two sets of chromosomes, one set inherited from each parent, that form homologous pairs. The homologs of a chromosome pair contain the same genetic loci. Therefore, each genetic locus is represented twice in a diploid cell. Variations in inherited characteristics is due to the presence of alleles, which are alternative versions of genes.

Every gene is a sequence of nucleotide bases at a specific position along a chromosome called a locus. Diploid cells have two sets of chromosomes, one set inherited from each parent, that form homologous pairs. The homologs of a chromosome pair contain the same genetic loci. Therefore, each genetic locus is represented twice in a diploid cell. Variations in inherited characteristics are due to the presence of alleles, which are alternative versions of a gene.

Genes are sections of DNA that contain the blueprints for constructing proteins and other molecules required for the functioning of all living things. Each gene has a defined location along each chromosome, known as a locus. The locus gives the gene a specific address that makes it simple to find and research.

Most creatures, including humans, have two sets of chromosomes, one set inherited from each parent, making them diploid. In a diploid cell, the two sets of chromosomes form homologous pairs, which indicates that they share the same genetic loci. A source of genetic variety, each chromosome in a homologous pair bears a unique allele, or variant, of a gene. One allele, for instance, may be inherited.

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A streak plate is a commonly used microbiological tool that allows for the isolation and purification of bacterial cultures. It is made by drawing a sterile inoculation loop across the surface of an agar plate, which creates isolated colonies of bacteria. However, despite its usefulness in microbiology, a streak plate can easily become contaminated if proper handling procedures are not followed.

One way a streak plate can become contaminated is if the inoculation loop used to streak the plate is not sterilized properly between streaks. This can introduce unwanted bacteria into the plate, leading to contamination. Additionally, touching the agar surface or not allowing the loop to cool before touching the agar can also introduce bacteria.
Another way a streak plate can become contaminated is through exposure to the environment. This can occur when the plate is left open for extended periods, allowing for airborne bacteria to settle on the surface. Improper storage or transportation can also lead to contamination, especially if the plates are exposed to extreme temperatures or humidity.
Finally, contamination can also occur if the bacterial culture used to inoculate the plate is not pure. This can happen if the culture contains more than one type of bacteria, or if it has been contaminated during the handling or storage process.
In conclusion, a streak plate can become contaminated if proper handling and sterilization procedures are not followed, or if it is exposed to the environment or impure bacterial cultures. Careful attention to detail and good laboratory practices are necessary to ensure the accuracy of microbiological experiments.

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Gram staining of bacteria provides some, but not all, the physical characterization necessary to identify bacterial species.

Gram staining is a crucial first step in the identification process as it divides bacteria into two groups based on their cell wall structure: Gram-positive and Gram-negative. This distinction helps guide further testing and treatment options.

However, Gram staining alone is not sufficient to identify bacterial species because:
1. Some bacteria cannot be stained with the Gram staining method (e.g., Mycobacterium and Mycoplasma).
2. Bacteria within the same Gram group may have different morphologies, metabolic capabilities, and antigenic properties.

To fully identify a bacterial species, additional tests are needed, such as culture methods, biochemical tests, molecular methods (e.g., PCR, sequencing), and serological tests. These complementary techniques provide a more comprehensive understanding of the bacteria, leading to accurate identification and appropriate treatment options.

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During long exercise, the body primarily produces ATP through aerobic metabolism, which involves the breakdown of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins in the presence of oxygen.

This process occurs in the mitochondria of cells and generates a higher amount of ATP compared to anaerobic processes, allowing the body to sustain exercise for a longer period. During long exercise, the body produces ATP through various processes. The primary method of ATP production is through the breakdown of glucose, which is stored in the muscles as glycogen. As glycogen stores are depleted, the body turns to other sources of energy, such as fat, to produce ATP. This process, known as aerobic respiration, requires oxygen and produces a larger amount of ATP compared to anaerobic respiration.

Additionally, the body may also use anaerobic respiration to produce ATP, which does not require oxygen but produces a smaller amount of ATP. Overall, the body utilizes a combination of aerobic and anaerobic respiration to continuously produce ATP during long exercise.

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The correct answer is b. unsaturated. Psychrophilic bacteria have adapted to the cold by incorporating more unsaturated fatty acids into their membranes, which allows them to remain semi-fluid and functional in their chilly environments.

Psychrophilic bacteria are organisms that are adapted to thrive in cold environments, such as the Arctic and Antarctic regions. These bacteria have evolved various strategies to maintain their cellular functions at low temperatures, including modifications to their membrane composition. One such modification is an increase in the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in their membranes.

Unsaturated fatty acids have double bonds in their carbon chains, which create kinks in the molecule and prevent it from packing tightly together. This, in turn, increases the fluidity of the membrane and allows it to remain flexible and functional at cold temperatures. In contrast, saturated fatty acids lack double bonds and are more rigid, making them less adaptable to low temperatures.

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During glycolysis, the electron carrier NAD+ accepts a pair of high-energy electrons and becomes NADH.

Glycolysis is the first stage of cellular respiration, during which glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate. In this process, the electron carrier NAD+ plays a crucial role by accepting a pair of high-energy electrons, which are released when glucose is broken down.

When NAD+ gains these electrons, it is reduced to form NADH. This conversion allows the cell to store energy from glucose in the form of NADH, which can then be used to produce ATP in later stages of cellular respiration. The production of NADH is an essential step for cells to harness the energy stored in glucose efficiently.

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A) ecological community.

Community ecology is the study of interactions and competition among various species within a specific habitat or ecosystem. One may learn more about the relationship between the two species of finches and how it impacts the community as a whole by looking at how they compete for food. Ecosystem ecology investigates the interactions between living creatures and their physical environment, whereas population ecology focuses on the study of the population dynamics of a single species. Organismal ecology analyses the physiological and behavioural adaptations of individual organisms.

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When vibrations are conducted normally but the Organ of Corti is unable to detect them, or the neurons cannot transmit the associated signals to the brain, it indicates a potential issue with the auditory system. In this case, the process of sound perception might be disrupted, leading to hearing difficulties or impairments.

If vibrations are conducted normally, but the Organ of Corti cannot detect the vibrations or the neurons cannot carry the associated signals into the brain, it may result in hearing impairment or deafness. The Organ of Corti is a vital part of the inner ear that is responsible for detecting and transmitting sound vibrations to the auditory nerve, which then carries the signals to the brain. If the Organ of Corti is damaged or fails to function properly, it can result in hearing loss. Similarly, if the neurons that carry the signals to the brain are damaged or fail to function properly, it can also result in hearing impairment. Therefore, it is essential to protect your hearing and seek medical attention if you experience any hearing difficulties.

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The given statement, "Proof by exhaustion can be used to prove a universally quantified statement with a finite domain," is a. True.

Proof by exhaustion, also known as brute force or the method of exhaustion, is a mathematical proof technique in which you test all possible cases within a finite domain. By demonstrating that the statement holds true for each case within the domain, you prove the universally quantified statement.Proof by exhaustion is a valid method to prove a universally quantified statement with a finite domain. In this method, one shows that a statement holds for each individual element of the finite domain, exhausting all possible cases. Since the domain is finite, it is possible to examine each element and establish the truth of the statement for each. Therefore, the statement can be proven true using proof by exhaustion.

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Isomerases are enzymes that catalyze the conversion of one isomer to another. Isomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements. Therefore, isomerases play a vital role in various biochemical pathways.

Now, coming to the question, whether reactions involving isomerases are anabolic, catabolic, or both, it depends on the specific pathway and the substrate involved. Anabolic reactions involve the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones, while catabolic reactions involve the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones. Isomerases can participate in both anabolic and catabolic pathways. For instance, isomerases play a crucial role in glycolysis, a catabolic pathway, where they catalyze the conversion of glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate. Similarly, isomerases are involved in the anabolic pathway of nucleotide synthesis, where they convert ribose-5-phosphate to ribulose-5-phosphate. Therefore, the correct answer to the question is option C, "both anabolic and catabolic." Isomerases can participate in both types of reactions depending on the pathway and substrate. In summary, isomerases are essential enzymes that catalyze the conversion of one isomer to another, and they can participate in both anabolic and catabolic pathways, depending on the specific pathway and substrate involved.

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Based on your question, I will hypothesize that the least sensitive part of the body to touch is the heel of the foot. This area may be insensitive due to the presence of thick skin and the need to support our body weight while standing and walking, which requires more resistance and protection than sensitivity.

The least sensitive part of the body to touch is the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. One possible explanation for this insensitivity is that these areas are constantly in contact with surfaces and therefore need to be less sensitive to prevent overstimulation and pain. Additionally, these areas have a thicker layer of skin and fewer nerve endings, further contributing to their insensitivity.
Based on your question, I will hypothesize that the least sensitive part of the body to touch is the heel of the foot. This area may be insensitive due to the presence of thick skin and the need to support our body weight while standing and walking, which requires more resistance and protection than sensitivity.

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Before bacteria from a solid culture are applied to a slide, a drop of sterile water is typically added to the slide in order to create a more even and spread out sample. When bacteria grow on a solid culture, they can form clumps or colonies that are difficult to see individual cells or structures within.

Adding a drop of sterile water to the culture helps to disperse the bacteria and separate them from each other, making it easier to observe individual cells and structures under a microscope. In addition, adding a drop of sterile water can also help to prevent the bacteria from drying out or becoming damaged during the process of preparing the slide. Bacteria need a certain level of moisture in order to remain viable, and adding a drop of sterile water to the slide helps to maintain the appropriate level of moisture. It is important to note that the water used to prepare the slide must be sterile in order to avoid introducing any contaminants that could interfere with the observation of the bacteria. Overall, the addition of sterile water to a slide is an important step in preparing a sample for observation under a microscope.

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If Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is present after generation 1, then the frequencies of the a and A alleles will remain the same from generation 1 to generation 2 and in all future generations. This is because in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a population remain constant over time if certain conditions are met. These conditions include no mutation, no migration, no selection, random mating, and a large population size.

So, the best response that illustrates the change in the frequencies of the a and A alleles from generation 1 to generation 2 and to future generations, assuming Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is present after generation 1, is:

"Future generations will have the same frequencies of the a and A alleles as generation 2. Individuals with the aa genotype could be produced."

This means that the frequency of the a allele will remain the same (p = 0.6) and the frequency of the A allele will also remain the same (q = 0.4) in all future generations, and there will be a possibility for individuals with the aa genotype to be produced.

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The nares, also known as nostrils, are guarded by a few structures that prevent large particles from entering the body. Nasal hairs are grown inside the nostrils, there are tiny hairs called cilia that act as filters to trap large particles such as dust, pollen, and other debris.

Mucus is the nasal cavity lined with a layer of sticky mucus that also helps trap particles and prevent them from entering the body. Turbinates in the nasal cavity also contain structures called turbinates, which are bony structures covered in mucous membranes. They help to slow down and direct airflow, allowing more time for particles to be trapped by the nasal hairs and mucus.

Sneezing and coughing reflexes if large particles do manage to make their way past the nasal defences, the body has reflexes such as sneezing and coughing that can expel them from the body before they can cause harm.

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The potential future effects of global climate change include more frequent wildfires, longer periods of drought in some regions, and an increase in the duration and intensity of tropical storms.

Climate change refers to long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns. These shifts may be natural, but since the 1800s, human activities have been the main driver of climate change, primarily due to the burning of fossil fuels.

Symptoms of climate change are all around us: extreme weather, diminishing sea ice, year after year of record-breaking warmth, drought, fires, and stress to ecosystems.

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The statement is true that Membranes of some thermophilic Archaea are stabilized by ether linked phospholipids.

The explanation is that some thermophilic Archaea have evolved to survive in extreme environments with high temperatures, which requires the use of specialized lipids to stabilize their cell membranes. One of these specialized lipids is an ether-linked phospholipid, which is more stable than the typical ester-linked phospholipids found in most organisms.

The membranes of some thermophilic Archaea are stabilized by ether-linked phospholipids. This unique feature allows these organisms to withstand high temperatures, as the ether linkages are more stable and resistant to hydrolysis compared to the ester linkages found in the membranes of other organisms.

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A lasting physical change in the brain as a memory forms is called a memory trace or an engram. Memory traces are created through a process called synaptic plasticity.

When we experience something new, information flows through our sensory pathways and activates specific patterns of neurons in the brain. The more we repeat or rehearse that experience, the stronger the connections between those neurons become. Over time, this creates a stable and long-lasting memory trace that can be retrieved later on when we need to remember that information.

Memory traces are not located in one specific area of the brain, but rather are distributed across various neural networks. For example, memories related to visual information are stored in the visual cortex, while memories related to language are stored in areas of the brain that are involved in language processing.

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The  hormones are bound to transport proteins during their transport to target tissue to :- Thyroxine, because Thyroxine is bound to transport proteins during its transport to target tissues.

The correct option is :- (B)

Thyroxine, also known as T4, is a thyroid hormone that is produced by the thyroid gland and plays a critical role in regulating metabolism and energy production in the body. When released into the bloodstream, thyroxine is primarily bound to transport proteins, such as thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG), transthyretin (TTR), and albumin.

These transport proteins help to protect thyroxine from rapid degradation and facilitate its transport to target tissues, where it can exert its effects.

Cortisol (option A) is a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands in response to stress and is involved in regulating various physiological processes, including metabolism, immune response, and stress response. Cortisol is typically transported in the blood bound to corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) and albumin.

Norepinephrine (option C) is a neurotransmitter and hormone that is involved in the body's stress response and is released from nerve endings and adrenal glands. It does not typically bind to transport proteins during its transport in the bloodstream, as it is mainly released locally at nerve synapses and acts as a neurotransmitter.

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The scientific evidence that best supports the theory that the first living organisms on Earth were single-celled prokaryotic organisms that were heterotrophic anaerobes comes from the study of ancient rocks and fossils.

Geochemical studies of sedimentary rocks from the Archean Eon (3.8 to 2.5 billion years ago) have revealed the presence of certain organic compounds, such as hydrocarbons and lipids, which are produced by living organisms. In addition, fossils of prokaryotic cells have been found in ancient rock formations, such as the stromatolites in Western Australia, which are estimated to be around 3.5 billion years old.

These fossils provide evidence of the early existence of bacterial and archaeal cells that resemble those found today, and suggest that the first living organisms on Earth were likely heterotrophic anaerobes, which obtained their energy by consuming organic compounds and did not require oxygen for survival.

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Osteomyelitis is a bacterial infection of the bone that can occur when bacteria enter the bone through an open wound.

In the case of the patient with the heel ulcer, the ulcer likely allowed bacteria to enter the bone, causing the infection. Bacteria can easily enter through the skin and underlying tissue and travel into the bone marrow, where they can proliferate and cause damage to the bone tissue.

This infection can spread to other tissues, such as muscles and tendons, and can also cause systemic symptoms like fever, chills, and malaise. The infection may require antibiotics, surgery, and other treatments to manage and prevent further complications.

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Answer:

For intense exercise lasting longer than 90 seconds, additional oxygen intake is required to continue the production of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) in the body.

Explanation:

Respiration and fermentation are two different metabolic processes used by living organisms to generate energy.

Respiration involves the use of oxygen and the breakdown of glucose to produce ATP, while fermentation involves the breakdown of glucose without oxygen to produce ATP.

Advantages of respiration over fermentation include: 1. Higher energy yield: Respiration produces a higher amount of ATP compared to fermentation, making it a more efficient process for energy production.

2. Aerobic endurance: Respiration allows for sustained energy production during aerobic endurance activities such as long distance running or cycling.

3. Efficient removal of waste products: Respiration produces carbon dioxide and water, which are easily eliminated by the body as waste products.

Disadvantages of respiration over fermentation include: 1. Dependence on oxygen: Respiration requires the presence of oxygen, and therefore cannot be sustained under anaerobic conditions.

2. Slower process: Respiration is a slower process compared to fermentation, as it involves several enzymatic reactions.

Advantages of fermentation over respiration include: 1. No need for oxygen: Fermentation can occur in the absence of oxygen, making it a useful process for organisms living in anaerobic environments.

2. Faster process: Fermentation is a faster process compared to respiration, as it involves fewer enzymatic reactions.

Disadvantages of fermentation over respiration include: 1. Lower energy yield: Fermentation produces a lower amount of ATP compared to respiration, making it a less efficient process for energy production.

2. Build-up of waste products: Fermentation produces lactic acid and other waste products, which can build up in the body and cause fatigue or muscle soreness.

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