how did cheif josphs leadership affect nez perce

The mandate system was created after World War I as a way for the victorious Allied powers to administer and oversee former Ottoman territories in the Middle East and Africa.

The mandate system was established by the League of Nations, which granted certain countries the authority to govern and develop these territories with the ultimate goal of preparing them for eventual independence. The countries that became mandates included Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, and Transjordan. These mandates were governed by various European powers, with France controlling Syria and Lebanon, and Britain controlling Iraq, Palestine, and Transjordan. This system allowed certain countries to govern the mandates. Some countries that became mandates include Iraq, Palestine, and Transjordan (controlled by Britain), as well as Syria and Lebanon (controlled by France).

To know more about Independence refer :

brainly.com/question/13286249

#SPJ11

Answer:

The lyrics you're referring to are from the song "Little Boxes" by Malvina Reynolds. The song is a social commentary on the conformity and homogeneity of suburban life in America during the mid-20th century.

In the verse you mentioned, Reynolds is describing how everyone in the suburban houses has been educated in the same way and has come out the same. By saying that they "went to the university," Reynolds is referring to the idea that people in suburban America were expected to pursue higher education and conform to a certain set of societal norms and expectations.

The line "Where they were put in boxes" is a metaphor for the rigid and uniform education system that Reynolds believed was prevalent at the time. She is suggesting that people are being "boxed in" and limited in their ability to think and act independently.

The line "And they came out all the same" suggests that despite the emphasis on education and individual achievement, people in suburban America were still conforming to a narrow set of societal expectations and were not expressing their individuality or creativity.

Overall, Reynolds is critiquing the homogeneity and lack of diversity in suburban life and the education system that contributed to it. She is suggesting that people should be encouraged to think and act independently and to express their unique perspectives and ideas.

The song is a social critique of the homogeneity and conformity of American suburban life in the middle of the 20th century.

Reynolds is describing how everyone in the suburban homes received the same education and turned out the same in the verse you cited. Reynolds refers to the idea that people in suburban America were expected to pursue higher education and conform to a particular set of societal norms and expectations when she says that they "went to the university." When Reynolds wrote the line "Where they were put in boxes," he was alluding to the rigid, uniform educational system that he thought was in place at the time.

To know about Reynolds visit:

https://brainly.com/question/30225865

#SPJ1

Answer:

here is the answer

Explanation:

Capitalism gives more importance to individual aspirations and appeals to the inherent selfish nature, which is inherent in all human beings. This inherent selfishness is a result of the instinct of self preservation. Communism appeals to our more saintly side, wherein we think about others before ourselves.

Answer:

Explanation: The benefits of both capitalism and communism and that capitalism is it offers social and financial freedom while communism is that every citizen has a job and there is efficient distribution of resources.

Favorite Son" in a political context means that a candidate enjoys the support of their home state or region. It means he is the choice of the people.

John Quincy Adams was one of the people who had the full backing of the area he was from in the United States.

Particularly in Massachusetts and Northeastern United States, the people believed in him. Many of the Northeastern merchants saw him as the right candidate to represent their interests.

Hence the use of favorite son simply tells us that he was wanted and loved by the people. It tells us he was favored for the position out of all other person's.

Read more on Quincy Adams here:https://brainly.com/question/27915015

#SPJ1

The European Renaissance had a more overtly religious cast to it than the Italian Renaissance due to several reasons. Firstly, Europe was more deeply rooted in Christianity than Italy, where the Renaissance began.

The religious influence in Europe was reflected in the art and architecture of the time, which often featured religious themes and motifs. Additionally, the European Renaissance was a response to the Protestant Reformation, which sought to reform the Catholic Church. This religious conflict gave rise to a renewed interest in theology and religious themes, which were also reflected in the art and literature of the time. Overall, the European Renaissance was more overtly religious due to the deeply ingrained religious traditions in Europe and the religious conflicts of the time. The European Renaissance had a more overtly religious cast to it than the Italian Renaissance because the European movement was strongly influenced by the Protestant Reformation, which sought to reform the Roman Catholic Church and led to the establishment of various Protestant denominations.

To know more about Reformation refer :
brainly.com/question/30039680

#SPJ11

The correct answer is C. lost-wax. The lost-wax process, also known as investment casting, has been used since the 3rd millennium B.C.E. to create intricate metal objects. It involves creating a wax model, coating it in clay, heating it to melt the wax and harden the clay, and then pouring molten metal into the resulting mold.

The lost-wax process is also known as investment casting or precision casting. The technique involves creating a wax model of the object to be cast, which is then coated with a ceramic shell. This shell is then heated in a furnace, causing the wax to melt and flow out of the shell, leaving behind a void that is the exact shape of the original wax model. Molten metal is then poured into the ceramic shell, filling the void and creating a metal casting that is an exact replica of the wax model. The ceramic shell is then broken away to reveal the finished metal object. Today, the lost-wax  process is still used by artists and craftsmen to create high-quality metal objects with fine details and complex shapes. It is commonly used in the production of jewelry, sculpture, and other decorative objects, as well as in the manufacturing of aerospace and medical components.

Learn more about precision here:

https://brainly.com/question/15926220

#SPJ11

The lost-wax process dates back to the 3rd millennium B.C.E.

To answer your question, we need to identify which of the following terms fits into the blank in the sentence:

A. gilding, B. subtractive,C. lost-wax, D. bas-relief, or E. None of these answers is correct.

The correct answer is C. lost-wax. The lost-wax process, also known as investment casting, is an ancient metalworking technique that dates back to the 3rd millennium B.C.E.

This method involves creating a wax model of the object to be cast, then covering the model in a heat-resistant material, such as clay or plaster.

Once the material hardens, the wax is melted and drained away, leaving behind a mold in the shape of the original model. Molten metal is then poured into the mold to create the final object.

The other terms provided do not fit the context of the sentence:

A. Gilding refers to the process of applying a thin layer of gold or another metal to the surface of an object, typically used for decorative purposes.

B. Subtractive refers to a process where material is removed from a solid block to create a sculpture or other artwork.

D. Bas-relief is a sculptural technique in which the artist carves or molds figures that project slightly from a flat background.

Thus, the correct answer is "The lost-wax process dates back to the 3rd millennium B.C.E."

To know more about lost-wax process  refer here

https://brainly.com/question/30766548#

#SPJ11

Answer: Leonardo da vinci

Explanation:

The gradual improvement in relations between the united states and the soviet union that began in the late 1960s was called the period of Detente.

It led to ease the growing differences and enmity of Cold War tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union during late 1960s to 1970s. The era was marked by a significant increase in trade and cooperation among both the ideological camps.

Major factor which led to detente between the two blocs are -

1. Limited Test Ban Treaty (LTBT) - Ban on test of nuclear weapons in atmosphere, outer space and under water.

2. Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT-I) - first among the series which resulted in limiting the number of ABMs (Anti Ballistic Missiles).

3. Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT-II) - Signed in 1972 focusing new sets of limitation on strategic offensive arms.

WHAT IS COLD WAR?

The end of World War II resulted in emergence of soviet union and united states as only two nations worthy of title 'big powers' which paved path for an growing ideological differences and marked the beginning of cold war.

Learn more about Detente: https://brainly.com/question/27166979

#SPJ4

The gradual improvement in relations between the United States and the Soviet Union that began in the late 1960s was called "détente."

Détente was a period of reduced tensions and increased cooperation between the two superpowers, which lasted from the late 1960s to the mid-1970s. The period was marked by a series of agreements and treaties aimed at easing Cold War tensions and reducing the risk of nuclear war. Some of the key events of détente included the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT), the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, and the Helsinki Accords. Despite the successes of détente, tensions between the two superpowers remained high, and the period was followed by a renewed period of conflict and competition known as the "Second Cold War."

Visit here to learn more about détente brainly.com/question/1227152

#SPJ11

The dimension of the sample area is the complete number of viable outcomes. For example, when you roll 1 die, the pattern area is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. So the dimension of the pattern space is 6.

1. What is the sample space of fifty two cards? The pattern area of 52 playing cards is all fifty two feasible outcomes, which is {Ace of Hearts, two of hearts, three of hearts...etc}.

The pattern area of a random scan is the series of all possible outcomes. An match related with a random test is a subset of the pattern space. The likelihood of any effect is a quantity between zero and 1.

Learn more about sample space of cards here:

Answer:

The policy of containment changed after the collapse of the Soviet Union because it was no longer relevant now that the Soviet Union was gone and was not trying to spread communism. Therefore, the correct answer is "It was no longer relevant now that the Soviet Union was gone and was not trying to spread communism."

Containment was a Cold War policy of the United States to prevent the spread of communism beyond its existing borders. With the collapse of the Soviet Union, the communist threat that had spurred the policy of containment no longer existed. As a result, the policy of containment became obsolete and was no longer a relevant approach to foreign policy. While Britain and France had also adopted policies of containment during the Cold War, their policies also became irrelevant with the collapse of the Soviet Union.

Kentucky was the first state to attract settlers west of the Appalachians and also became known as the seedbed of revivalism due to the significant religious revivals that took place there in the early nineteenth century.

"Significant religious" is a term that refers to a religion or belief system that has a notable impact on society, culture, or history. These religions have millions of followers worldwide and have a significant influence on the way people think, behave, and interact with one another. Examples of significant religions include Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Judaism, among others. These religions often have their own set of beliefs, practices, and rituals that are considered sacred by their followers. They have also played a crucial role in shaping the world's history, art, and architecture, and have contributed to the development of philosophy, science, and literature.

Learn more about Significant religious here:

https://brainly.com/question/14987425

#SPJ11

OF all the newly opened  territories at the west of the Appalachians in the early nineteenth century, the first to attract settlers and also was the seedbed of revivalism was Kentucky.

Kentucky's fertile lands and navigable waterways made it an ideal location for settlers to establish new homes and communities. Additionally, the region was less prone to conflicts with Native Americans compared to other western territories, making it a more appealing destination.

Kentucky also became the seedbed of revivalism during this period. The Second Great Awakening, a religious revival movement, gained significant momentum in Kentucky in the early 1800s. The movement emphasized individualism, religious fervor, and a renewed commitment to personal faith.

The Cane Ridge Revival in 1801, which took place in Bourbon County, Kentucky, is a notable example of this revivalist fervor. Thousands of people gathered to hear fiery sermons, participate in emotional worship, and commit themselves to a more devoted Christian life.

The revivalism in Kentucky played a vital role in shaping the social and cultural landscape of the region. It encouraged the growth of new Protestant denominations, such as the Baptists and Methodists, and led to an increase in church membership. The religious fervor also contributed to various reform movements, including temperance and the abolition of slavery, and helped establish a sense of shared moral values among the settlers.

In summary, Kentucky was the first state to attract settlers west of the Appalachians due to its favorable geographic features and relatively peaceful relations with Native Americans. The state also served as the seedbed of revivalism, as the Second Great Awakening ignited religious passion and social reform throughout the region.

To learn more about Kentucky refer here:

https://brainly.com/question/12781171

#SPJ11

The matching definition for the given context is: political transformation.

During the early nineteenth century, liberals supported nationalism because they associated it with constitutions, the celebration of the achievements and political awakening of the common people, and the political transformation of societies from autocratic monarchies to democratic nation-states. Nationalism was seen as a force that could unite people across class and regional differences, and create a shared sense of identity and purpose. This, in turn, was expected to lead to the establishment of constitutional governments that would reflect the will of the people and protect individual rights and freedoms.

Learn more about nationalism here:

https://brainly.com/question/1018147

#SPJ11

Answer:

human, cat , tiger e.t.c.

Explanation:

all these living thing have certain features in common , that is they breath , move from one place to another,they excrete, and they reproduce.

Physics-wise, People like Copernicus, Galileo, and Newton had significant scientific breakthroughs was significant about the 16th and 17th centuries

The sixteenth and seventeenth centuries saw massive medical breakthroughs in physics, specifically within the fields of astronomy and mechanics. Nicolaus Copernicus posted his heliocentric version of the solar machine, which placed the sun at the center and the planets in orbit round it.

Galileo Galilei used his telescope to examine the moons of Jupiter, the phases of Venus, and different celestial our bodies, confirming the heliocentric model and helping the idea of a universe governed by mathematical laws.

Isaac Newton advanced the laws of motion and prevalent gravitation, which explained the actions of planets, comets, and other objects in area. those breakthroughs laid the muse for modern physics and helped usher in the medical Revolution.

Learn more about  Copernicus, Galileo, and Newton :-

https://brainly.com/question/13102376

#SPJ4

Option C is the correct answer . People like Copernicus, Galileo, and Newton had significant scientific breakthroughs that were significant about the 16th and 17th centuries.

During the 16th and 17th centuries, there were significant advancements in the field of physics, including the development of the heliocentric model of the solar system by Copernicus, Galileo's discoveries about the laws of motion and the behavior of objects in space, and Newton's development of the laws of gravity and the calculus.

These breakthroughs revolutionized our understanding of the universe and paved the way for further scientific inquiry and discoveries in the centuries that followed.

The field of Thermodynamics was not invented during this time period.

Visit here to learn more about Thermodynamics:

brainly.com/question/13059309

#SPJ11

The most likely purpose for the increase in boycotts, work slowdowns, and corporate campaigns since the Nineteen Eighties is option B - strikers are no longer a feasible choice for plenty employees because of the organisation's use of everlasting strike replacements.

The use of permanent alternative employees through employers has made it a whole lot more tough for putting workers to have an effect on the agency. This has led to workers exploring other strategies of protest, such as boycotts, work slowdowns, and company campaigns, which may be effective in elevating public attention and placing stress on groups to change their practices.

Additionally, modifications in the political and financial panorama since the 1980s have caused a decline in union membership and bargaining strength, which has also contributed to the upward thrust of these alternative forms of protest.

Learn more about boycotts:-

https://brainly.com/question/28393484

#SPJ4

Boycotts, work slowdowns, and corporate campaigns have increased since the 1980s because employees have become more militant.

This is due to various factors such as the decline of unions, increasing income inequality, and the growing awareness of corporate practices that negatively impact workers, consumers, and the environment.

Additionally, strikes are less common because employers have more inventory and can withstand a work stoppage for a longer period of time. However, strikes are still legal in most situations, but other tactics like boycotts and corporate campaigns have become more popular as a way to put pressure on companies to change their practices.

Boycotts, work slowdowns, and corporate campaigns have increased since the 1980s because employees have become more militant. This means that employees are more assertive and proactive in advocating for their rights and improved working conditions. As a result, they are increasingly using these non-traditional methods to pressure employers for change, rather than relying solely on traditional strikes.

Visit here to learn more about Boycotts brainly.com/question/878223

#SPJ11

In his letter to the Galatians, Paul paradoxically associates freedom with submission to Christ and obedience to God's will. By embracing this spiritual discipline, believers experience true freedom from sin and self-interest.

The Galatians  were a Celtic people dwelling in Galatia, a region of central Anatolia surrounding present-day Ankara, during the Hellenistic period.[1] They spoke the Galatian language, which was closely related to Gaulish, a contemporary Celtic language spoken in Gaul. The Galatians were descended from Celts who had invaded Greece in the 3rd century BC. The original settlers of Galatia came through Thrace under the leadership of Leogarios and Leonnorios c. 278 BC. They consisted mainly of three gaulish tribes, the Tectosages, the Trocmii, and the Tolistobogii, but there were also other minor tribes. In 25 BC, Galatia became a province of the Roman Empire, with Ankara (Ancyra) as its capital.

Learn more about Galatians here:

https://brainly.com/question/31477362

#SPJ11

In 1939, Germany invaded Poland using Blitzkrieg strategy, leading to the establishment of the Warsaw Ghetto, Judenrat, and Jewish Ghetto Police, and the implementation of the Final Solution.

Invasion is the act of entering or taking over a territory, country, or region by force, with the intention of establishing control over it. An invasion can be initiated by a nation, group of individuals, or even an alien race. It often involves the use of military force and may result in violence, destruction, and loss of life. Invasions can have various motives, including economic gain, territorial expansion, ideological or religious reasons, or retaliation for perceived wrongdoing. In history, many invasions have led to significant changes in the political, cultural, and social fabric of the invaded society. The consequences of invasion can be long-lasting and profound, affecting both the invaders and the invaded.

To learn more about invasion, visit:

https://brainly.com/question/12454317

#SPJ1

Questions related to the statement can be answered as follows:

Refers to the collective awareness or sense of identity shared by the people of a nation or a particular group. It is a feeling of belongingness and loyalty to a particular nation or community, shaped by common historical experiences, cultural traditions, language, and values.

Therefore, National consciousness is often expressed through national symbols, shared traditions, and a sense of pride in one's country's achievements, as well as a commitment to its progress and development.

Find out more about national consciousness at:

https://brainly.com/question/28503433

#SPJ1

Answer: D. Congress wanted to limit the president's power

to send U.S. troops into armed conflicts.

Explanation:

Perhaps the most significant turning point of the European war was the Battle of Stalingrad. This decisive battle marked a major shift in favor of the Allies during World War II and played a crucial role in weakening the Axis powers in Europe.

This decisive battle between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union marked the first major defeat of Hitler's army and ultimately led to the Allies' victory in Europe. The outcome of the battle also had significant geopolitical implications, as it shifted the balance of power towards the Soviet Union and set the stage for the Cold War.

Learn more about Allies here:

https://brainly.com/question/28737724

#SPJ11

Answer:

The decline of party machines during the early twentieth century contributed to a drop in voter turnout in several ways.

Party machines were political organizations that exerted significant control over the political process in many cities and states during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. They were known for their ability to mobilize voters and get out the vote, particularly in urban areas where they had a strong presence. The party machines were able to do this through a combination of patronage, which involved offering jobs and services in exchange for political support, and a well-organized system of precinct captains and ward leaders who were responsible for mobilizing voters on election day.

However, in the early twentieth century, a number of factors contributed to the decline of party machines, including progressive reforms that aimed to reduce corruption and increase transparency in the political process, as well as demographic changes such as the growth of suburban areas and the decline of urban political machines. As party machines declined, so too did their ability to mobilize voters and get out the vote.

Without the organizational support provided by party machines, voter turnout began to decline, particularly in urban areas where the machines had previously been most active. In addition, the decline of party machines was accompanied by a rise in negative campaigning and a decrease in voter enthusiasm, which further contributed to the drop in turnout.

Overall, the decline of party machines during the early twentieth century contributed to a drop in voter turnout by reducing the ability of political organizations to mobilize voters and get out the vote, and by creating a more negative and less enthusiastic political climate.

Answer:

Prior to 1914, socialist parties in Europe varied in their specific policies and beliefs, but generally shared a commitment to achieving greater economic and social equality through collective ownership and control of the means of production.

Socialist parties in Europe were influenced by the writings of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, who argued that capitalism was inherently exploitative and that workers should own and control the means of production. Socialists believed that by replacing private ownership with collective ownership, they could create a more just and equal society.

Many socialist parties in Europe also advocated for other reforms, such as universal suffrage, better working conditions, and improved social welfare programs. They often worked closely with labor unions and other social movements to advance their goals.

However, socialist parties in Europe were not a monolithic group, and there were often disagreements and debates over specific policies and strategies. Some socialist parties advocated for more radical and revolutionary approaches, while others favored more gradual and reformist methods. Additionally, socialist parties often had to contend with opposition from conservative and capitalist interests, as well as from other political movements.

Therefore, an accurate characterization of a socialist party in Europe prior to 1914 would be a political party that advocated for greater economic and social equality through collective ownership and control of the means of production, often working in partnership with labor unions and other social movements to advance their goals.

The Great Textile Strike of 1934 that caused the Chiquola Mill incident in Honea Path, S.C. was caused by poor working conditions and factory owners not following the National Industrial Recovery Act.


The National Industrial Recovery Act was a law enacted by the U.S. Congress in 1933 that aimed to improve working conditions and raise wages for workers. However, many factory owners in the textile industry, particularly in the South, were resistant to these changes and refused to follow the guidelines set out in the Act. This led to widespread labor unrest and strikes across the industry, including the Great Textile Strike of 1934.
During this strike, workers in many Southern textile mills, including the Chiquola Mill in Honea Path, South Carolina, walked off the job in protest of poor working conditions, low wages, and the refusal of factory owners to comply with the National Industrial Recovery Act. This strike was met with violent opposition from local law enforcement and hired thugs, which culminated in the Chiquola Mill incident, in which seven workers were killed and dozens more were injured.Overall, the Great Textile Strike of 1934 was a pivotal moment in the labor movement in the United States, highlighting the need for better working conditions and the right of workers to organize and strike in pursuit of these rights.

Learn more about textile here:

https://brainly.com/question/1412896

#SPJ11

Spread of Christianity and the expansion of European powers into the Baltic region. The Northern Crusades were a series of military campaigns that took place during the High Middle Ages (12th-13th centuries).

Directed by Catholic powers, primarily the Kingdom of Denmark, the Kingdom of Sweden, and the Teutonic Order, against the pagan tribes of the Baltic region, including the Prussians, Livonians, and Estonians. Here are some ways in which the Northern Crusades produced long-lasting results:

Christianization of the Baltic Region: One of the main goals of the Northern Crusades was to spread Christianity in the Baltic region, which was largely inhabited by pagan tribes. The Teutonic Order, in particular, played a significant role in converting the native Baltic peoples to Christianity, as they established Christian states, known as the Teutonic State or the State of the Teutonic Order, in Prussia and Livonia. The conversion to Christianity had long-lasting effects on the culture, religion, and social structure of the Baltic peoples, as it brought them into the fold of Western Christianity and integrated them into the broader European Christian community.

To learn more about Northern Crusades, visit here

https://brainly.com/question/13524866

#SPJ4

The Northern Crusades, although less well known than the Crusades to the Holy Land, produced longer-lasting results, such as the Christianization and integration of previously pagan Baltic territories into European political and cultural systems, as well as the expansion of trade and influence of Western European powers in the region.

The Crusades to the Holy Land are often more well-known and discussed, but the Northern Crusades also had significant and long-lasting results. These Crusades, also known as the Baltic Crusades, were a series of military campaigns launched by Western European Christians against pagan tribes in the Baltic region. The goal was to convert the pagan tribes to Christianity and to establish Christian states in the region.  The results of the Northern Crusades included the establishment of several Christian states in the Baltic region, including the Teutonic Order in Prussia and Livonia. These states lasted for centuries and had a significant impact on the culture and politics of the region. Additionally, the Crusades led to increased trade and cultural exchange between Western Europe and the Baltic region. Overall, while the Northern Crusades may not be as well-known as the Crusades to the Holy Land, they had significant and lasting results that shaped the history and culture of the Baltic region for centuries to come.

Learn more about Teutonic here: brainly.com/question/31098383

#SPJ11

Answer:It was a border state.

Explanation: Lincoln called for the act to protect a certain part of land with soldiers which was called, martial law. If Maryland would've succeeded and joined the Confederates, then the Union would've been surrounded by Confederate states.

After the Second World War, 51 nations came together to form the United Nations, an international body whose mission is to uphold peace and security on a global scale.

The goal was to uphold human rights, protect world peace and security, establish a framework for international law, advance social and economic development, raise living standards, and combat disease.

People all over the world are impacted by the United Nations' work on issues pertaining to peace and security, development, and human rights; from efforts to combat terrorism and extremism to efforts to disarm, from conflict prevention to peacekeeping and peacebuilding, and from the prevention of disease to the promotion of gender equality.

To know more about  United Nations visit :-

https://brainly.com/question/9763405

#SPJ1

Answer:

Mikhail Gorbachev

Explanation:

After 10 months in office, Mikhail Gorbachev declared the goal of a nuclear-free world by the year

Supporters of nuclear energy hailed it as a cleaner and less expensive alternative to traditional fossil fuels such as coal and oil.

Proponents of nuclear energy argue that it is a much cleaner and more efficient energy source than traditional energy sources, as it does not produce emissions that contribute to air pollution, acid rain, and global warming.

Additionally, nuclear energy is thought to be much less expensive than traditional energy sources over the long term, due to its higher efficiency, lower maintenance costs, and lower fuel costs. Nuclear energy is also believed to be much safer than traditional energy sources, due to extensive safety measures and the fact that it does not produce the same amount of hazardous waste as traditional energy sources.

With advances in technology and increasing global concerns over climate change, nuclear energy continues to be a viable option for many countries, as it is a much cleaner and more efficient alternative to traditional energy sources.

To know more about nuclear energy, click here:

https://brainly.com/question/2240073

#SPJ4

Answer:

he cut taxes and increased the minimum wage which resulted in less Americans being unemployed

Explanation: