How does CRISPR work?

Answers

Answer 1
1. DNA from the invading bacteriophage is incorporated into a region of the bacterial genome, called the CRISPR locus.
2. During the next bacteriophage invasion, DNA (A, T, G, C) in the CRISPR locus corresponding to the bacteriophage invader is transcribed into a short piece of RNA (A, U, G, C) called a CRISPR RNA (or crRNA).
3. crRNAs bind to a large protein (called an effector complex) and guides it to the bacteriophage DNA, the sequence of which complements the crRNA sequence. The effector complex and its crRNA bind to the invading bacteriophage DNA via Watson-Crick base pairing.
Note: Some CRISPR systems require a second RNA, called a tracrRNA, which helps process the crRNA. The tracrRNA is complementary to the pre-processed crRNAs. After cleavage by RNAse III, a ribonuclease, a crRNA/tracrRNA hybrid forms and guides the effector complex to degrade the invading bacteriophage DNA.
4. The invading bacteriophage DNA is cut and can be stored in the CRISPR locus for future invasions.

Related Questions

What is a quantity that describes only the magnitude

Answers

Answer:

Scalar quantities are quantities that are described only by a magnitude.

Please help I’ll mark you as brainliest if correct! #2

Answers

the answer would be g: Tt !

Answer:

Tt

Explanation:

Explanation is in the image

Rinderpest (a virus) has high mortality in wildebeest (a kind of herbivore), especially in young animals. From the early 1960s, after the elimination of a virus called rinderpest, the wildebeest population has increased dramatically from 1958 to 1978. The elimination of rinderpest impacted the wildebeest population. What type of factor is rinderpest

Answers

Answer:

density-dependent, top-down factor

Explanation:

In biology, limiting factors are resources and other conditions in the environment whose presence/availability limit the population growth rate. Density-dependent factors refer to the conditions whose effects on the size/growth of the population vary depending on the population density. Some examples of density-dependent factors include diseases, competition, and predation, etc. These factors can exhibit a positive or negative correlation with the population size. Moreover, bottom-up population control (species limitation by resources) refers to limitations placed by resources allowing growth (e.g.,  food source or habitat), while top-down population control (limitation by enemies), refers to limitations placed by factors that control the death rate in the population (e.g., predation or diseases).

During mammalian embryogenesis, the first differentiation event that occurs leads to a polarization of the outer cells of the 16-cell morula. This outer layer of cells forms the trophectoderm and the inner, apolar clump of cells become the inner cell mass. The inner cell mass will give rise to:

Answers

Answer:

the entire embryo

Explanation:

The trophectoderm refers to the polarized single cell layer that forms the wall of the blastocyst, thereby forming the first epithelium during embryogenesis. Moreover, the blastocyst is composed of 1-an inner cell mass (ICM) which will form all the tissues of the embryo's body, and 2-an outer layer composed of cells collectively called the trophoblast. The ICM of the blastocyst will form the embryoblast (which subsequently will give rise to the embryo itself) and the fetus, while the trophoblast will form all of the supporting tissues (i.e., amniotic sac, placenta, and umbilical cord). In humans, the blastocyst is the developmental stage of the embryo on day 5 after fertilization.

How did Mendel solve the problem of always observing the same traits in his experiments?

Answers

By doing different things in his experiment

You are a botanist looking at the plant color in a new breed of Snapdragon. The two parent plants are Blue and Green and when you cross them you make F1 plants that are Cyan in color (a light aqua color). The ratio of offspring is as follows: There were 42 plants with Blue flowers (R1), 39 plants with Green flowers (R2) and 86 plants with Cyan flowers. Is the number of your progeny consistent with a single-gene incomplete dominance inheritance pattern

Answers

Answer:

Incomplete dominance is the inheritance pattern where the dominant allele did not mask the recessive allele completely and form a mix of both alleles. Here the inheritance is the incomplete inheritance. The ratio of F2 generation is 1:2:1.

Given:

R1R1 = 42

R2R2 = 39

R1R2 = 86

Total R1 alleles = 2*42+86 = 170

Total R2 alleles = 2*39+86 = 164

Total alleles = 334

Frequency of allele R1 = 170/334 = 0.51

Frequency of allele R2 = 164 / 334 = 0.49

Expected number of each phenotype:

Total population = 167

Blue = R1R1 = 0.51 * 0.51 * 167 = 43.44

Green = R2R2 = 0.49 * 0.49 * 167 = 40.10

Cyan = 2*R1*R2 = 2*0.51*0.49*167 = 83.46

Phenotype     Observed(O)    Expected (E)    O-E      (O-E)2     (O-E)2/E

Blue                 42                   43.44               -1.44       2.0736     0.0477

cyan                86                   83.46                 2.54     6.4516     0.0773

green              39                    40.1                    -1.1       1.2100      0.0302

Total              167                     167                                               0.1552

Chi-square value = 0.155

Degrees of freedom = no. of phenotypes – 1

Df = 3-1 = 2

Critical value = 5.99

Chi-square value of 0.155 is less than the critical value of 5.99. So we accept the null hypothesis.

A diet that is mainly based on unrefined whole grain, fruits, vegetables, other plant products, though may contain small amounts of animal-derived foods,
can be called all of these except for which?
Select one:
a. Prudent diet

b. Healthy diet
C. Plant-based diet
D.Western diet

Answers

Answer:

Healthy diet

Explanation:

all of those have vitamins and they provide us energy

Answer:

b. healthy diet

Explanation:

Because vegetables , fruits and other plant products are vitamins.

what determines the physical change form of a substance​

Answers

Answer:

color, shape size  etc

Explanation:

What is the term for the absolute worst type of inflation, where prices skyrocket out of control and a nation's economy becomes at risk of collapse?

Answers

Answer:

Hyperinflation is a term to describe rapid, excessive, and out-of-control general price increases in an economy.

Explanation:

Plz help me well mark brainliest if correct!!

Answers

Answer:

A

Explanation:

it causes temperatures to rise

Answer:

the answer is all of the above

Explanation:

these are all consequences of climate change

Changes in the plant species in an area cause changes to populations of animal species in the area too. Propose a reason why this occurs.



Give a simple answer please ​

Answers

Because animals need food dumas

How did the development of sexual reproduction affect evolutionary change?

Answers

500 million for the first picture and for the text i guess it evolved physical reproductive body cells and parts that makes sexual reproduction change as itself as well as birth due to not only human nature but man made things as well, example: hospitals, medicine, chemicals, etc.

TUU-PQVH-MFG LINK for them who truely interested in Paranormal and have any doubt on Paranormal​

Answers

Thanks
For the link

What would make oppositely charged objects attract each other more?
increasing the positive charge of the positively charged object and increasing the negative charge of the
negatively charged object
decreasing the positive charge of the positively charged object and decreasing the negative charge of the
negatively charged object
increasing the distance between the positively charged object and the negatively charged object
maintaining the distance between the positively charged object and the negatively charged object

Answers

Answer:

A

Explanation:

Answer:

A, increasing the positive charge of the positively charged object and increasing the negative charge of the negatively charged object

Explanation:

EDGE 2021

According to the diagram how are the three components
of a nucleotide important to the structure of DNA?

Answers

Answer:

A nucleotide of DNA is made up of three parts: a nitrogenous base, a 5-carbon sugar, and a phosphate group. The four nitrogenous bases in DNA are adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine.

The phosphate group linked with deoxyribose sugar to make the framework for the nitrogenous bases. The phosphate group and sugar molecule make the DNA backbone and support it. These backbones hold nitrogenous bases and make a monomer of DNA. Nitrogenous bases make DNA stable and hold both backbones together. These bases also make DNA functional.

1) Define biodiversity in your own words:

2) Why is biodiversity important?

Answers

Answer:

Explanation:

1.) Biodiversity is variety in an ecosystem and the living things inside of it. It means all the different species and creatures that live on the planet.

2.) Biodiversity is important because it provides vital ecosystem functions such as soil fertilization, nutrient recycling, pest and disease regulation, erosion control, and crop and tree pollination. Each species ina n ecosystem has a role to play.

Which of the following is true about the coasts of North and South America? O A. Little industry is located along the coasts, B. There are few cities and the population is sparse. O c. A majority of the population is located there. D. People go to the coasts only when on vacation,​

Answers

Answer:

The correct answer is C. In North and South America, a majority of the population is located on the coasts.

Explanation:

Historically, the vast majority of civilizations have sought to establish their urban centers around bodies of water, be they rivers or seas, that allow them a rapid expansion outward as well as channels through which to channel trade. Thus, it can be seen how throughout the world and especially the American continent, large cities and population centers are located primarily on the coasts. Examples of this situation are Vancouver in Canada, New York and Los Angeles in the United States, Rio de Janeiro in Brazil or Buenos Aires in Argentina.

There is great diversity in the ways different species of microbes
obtain energy for metabolic functions, and
obtain carbon for building the macromolecules of life.
Fill in the chart to indicate how these characteristics are used to describe the nutritional
type or nutritional classification of organisms. (Refer also to Table 27.1 in Biology, 7th
edition.)

Answers

Answer:

please insert the chart or table 27.1

01:46:45
Which statement correctly describes a feature of the rock cycle?
O Rocks are preserved through the process.
O Rocks change from one type to another.
O Different rock groups are not related to one another.
O Rocks change from one type to another in a specific order.

Answers

Answer:

The correct description of a feature of the rock cycle is:

O Rocks change from one type to another.

Explanation:

Sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous rocks are the three main rock types.  Together, they form the universal rock cycle.  A sedimentary rock, for example, can change from its known state to another state by passing through crystallization, metamorphism, erosion, and sedimentation.  There are no specific orders for the change.  The processes that they pass through determine the resulting type.

Answer:

Rocks change from one type to another.

Explanation:

the fertilization of ovules from plant Q by pollen from plant R results in the productions of seeds. What percent of the genes in each offspring's chloroplasts wioll have been inherited from plant R

Answers

Answer:

The correct answer is - zero or 0%.

Explanation:

The fertilization in flowering plants takes place by fusing the pollen of one plant or flower with the ovum of another plant or flower of the same species normally and form a zygote. The zygote gets an equal amount of genetic material from both parent plants by the process f exchange of the genetic material.

The ovum or the egg cell of the plant is considered as the mother and the mother is responsible for the chloroplast And mitochondria of the progeny so in this case, the ovum and egg cell comes from the only plant Q thus, the percentage of chloroplast genes provided via Plant R is 0%.

disturbance destroying an area through the climax of ecological succession

Answers

Answer:

hope this helps

secondary succession

Explanation:

Large, low intensity disturbances, such as plowing in conventional agriculture, result in moderate amounts of succession, where species can survive in the soil and quickly recolonize areas after a disturbance. This type of succession is often called secondary succession

You are a researcher interested in a rare, highly endangered bird species that lives in a very remote area of the Amazonian rainforest. Almost nothing is currently known about this species’ diet, behavior, life-span, breeding system, or its interactions with other species. Use your knowledge of the definition of ecology, the scales at which ecological research is conducted, and experimental design.
1. Which ecological level (or levels) would you focus on in your research? Justify why you would choose this level (or levels), and explain why you would not choose the others.
2. Would you use an observational, experimental, or modeling approach to study this rare bird species? Why would the approach you chose be a better choice than the others for your study?

Answers

Answer:

- Ecological levels to consider in this study: organism, population and community

- Approach: I would use an observational approach to study this bird species

Explanation:

The levels of the ecological organization include the organism, population, community, ecosystem, and biosphere (from simplest to most complex). In this exploratory study, it is imperative to consider: 1-morphological, physiological and behavioral adaptations of the bird species (i.e., organismal-level), 2- size/density/structure of the bird population (i.e., population-level), and 3-interactions between bird population and other populations (i.e., community-level). The higher ecological levels, i.e., ecosystem-level (relationships between the community and abiotic factors ) and biosphere-level (biosphere =  planet Earth), can be in this case disregarded because this study is centered on a focus bird species. Moreover, it is expected to apply an observational strategy because nothing is currently known about the focus bird species. The experimental and modeling approaches seem more suitable to test a particular hypothesis being discussed (it is not the case for this study).

What advantage does a reliable web page have over published textbooks and
encyclopedias?
A) It is easily updated with the most recent information.

B) All web pages are peer reviewed.

C)Anyone can publish information on a web page.

D) Textbooks and encyclopedias are always more accurate than web pages.

Answers

A


Bkwcbkwfbicefebdwbdhdhd

Answer:

A

Explanation:

because it is easily updated with recent information

Can someone tell me if this is correct I need help with the percentage

Answers

Answer:

Hand = 75%

No hand = 25%

Explanation:

It's the same thing as last time. Since 3 of them are heterozygous and have 1 dominant allele, they have the dominant trait. And since one of them only has recessive alleles then it should have the recessive traits.

So the hand should have 75% and no hand has 25%.

( I saw someone else just post a link so I answered it in that question box, but it got deleted so i'm just writing it out here ig)

Which statment describes the relationship
between the reactants of photosynthesis
and the products of cellular respiration?
A:Cellular respiration and photosynthesis are
unrelated
B:The reactants of cellular respiration are the
reactants of photosynthesis
C:The products of cellular respiration serve as
the reactants of photosynthesis
D:The products of cellular respiration are the
products of photosynthesis

Answers

Answer:

the answer is c. the product of cellular respiration serve as the reactants of photosynthesis

What did fungi diverge from?

Answers

Hopes this helps:

Answer: In 1998 scientists discovered that fungi split from animals about 1.538 billion years ago, whereas plants split from animals about 1.547 billion years ago. This means fungi split from animals 9 million years after plants did, in which case fungi are actually more closely related to animals than to plants.

Have a great day.

In the world of purple people eaters, one eye (E) and one horn (H) are dominant traits. Purple people eaters
can also have two eyes (e) and two horns (h), which are recessive traits.
Perform a dihybrid cross among a male who is heterozygous for both traits and a female
who is heterozygous for both traits. Use the results for your prediction below.
HOW MANY ONE-EYED TWO-HORNED PURPLE PEOPLE EATERS ARE THERE?
O 3
1
0
Ο Ο Ο
16
9
O4
12

Answers

the answer is 16 because its like greater then you now what am saying its the correct answer

g Neuron A and neuron B interact with neuron C. Neuron A will produce an IPSP of -2mV in neuron C; neuron B produce an EPSP of 3mV in neuron C. The resting membrane potential is -70mV and the threshold is -50mV. Neuron A fires 6 times rapidly at the same time that neuron B fires 4 times rapidly. What is the resulting membrane potential in neuron C

Answers

Answer:

-70 mV

Explanation:

Given that Neuron A and Neuron B interact with Neuron C

Neuron A produces ; - 2mV of IPSP  and fires 6 times

Neuron B produces ; 3mV of EPSP and fires 4 times

Resting potential = - 70mV

threshold = - 50mV

The resulting membrane potential in neuron C

= -70 + 6(-2) + 4(3)

= -70 - 12 + 12  = -70 mV

What is Climate Change?


Explain your answer.

Answers

What is Climate Change?

Climate change is a change in the usual weather found in a place.

How it helps us:

Studying the climate helps us predict how much rain the next winter might bring, or how far sea levels will rise due to warmer sea temperatures. ... We can also see which regions are most likely to be affected by extreme weather, or which wildlife species are threatened by climate change.

How it works:

As the earth's atmosphere heats up, it collects, retains, and drops more water, changing weather patterns and making wet areas wetter and dry areas drier. Higher temperatures worsen and increase the frequency of many types of disasters, including storms, floods, heat waves, and droughts.

How it affects us:

Human health is vulnerable to climate change. The changing environment is expected to cause more heat stress, an increase in waterborne diseases, poor air quality, and diseases transmitted by insects and rodents. Extreme weather events can compound many of these health threats.

birth defects due to radiation are a concern also. why is a fetus especially at risk?​

Answers

a fetus is especially at risk because they are under developed and easily susceptible to sicknesses or radiation

Of the babies that survive, however, few will have birth defects related to the exposure, regardless of how much radiation they were exposed to. Large radiation doses to the fetus during the more sensitive stages of development (between weeks 2 and 18 of pregnancy) can cause birth defects, especially to the brain.

HOPE THAT HELPED :)

MARK ME BRAINLIEST PLEASE

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