The following changes influence the sensitivity of PCR primers for the target DNA sequence in a PCR reaction Increase.
The most effective way to improve specificity is to design primers that are nucleotides in length with a high annealing temperature of Tm. This is especially important when using genomic DNA or cDNA libraries as PCR templates. A pair of primers hybridizes with the sample DNA and defines the region to be amplified. The result is millions of copies in a very short time.
Primers are also used for DNA sequencing and other experimental procedures. A PCR primer refers to a short piece of single-stranded DNA used in a PCR reaction, and a sequencing primer refers to a short sequence of nucleotides used to initiate DNA synthesis in a sequencing reaction. Use the lowest possible concentration if necessary.
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Paleontologists find a fossil ape with long arms. What type of environment can they infer it inhabited?.
Woodland is the type of environment can they infer it inhabited for the fossil
How can I train to be a paleontologist?
a degree from an accredited university in geology, earth sciences, paleontology, or a similar field. understanding of conducting field surveys in a variety of, occasionally difficult, meteorological and environmental situations. Ability to create and analyze stratified cut samples from the Earth utilizing large machinery.
Paleontologists are scientists who use fossilized organisms to reconstruct the past of life on Earth. Fossils are traces of previous life on Earth and might be casts or remains of animal bodies (body fossils). Another sort of fossil are traces.
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Which of the following is always represented by a chemical formula?
elements ions compounds mixture
how does the structure of the plasma membrane determine the permeability of various types of molecules? give examples of molecules which can and can not freely diffuse through the membrane.
The plasma membrane's capacity to let some chemicals through while preventing others is known as selective permeability.
What causes permeability in cells?A phospholipid is a type of lipid composed of glycerol, two fatty acid chains, and a group that contains phosphate. The hydrophilic (water-loving) head is made up of the phosphate group, and the hydrophobic (water-fearing) tails are made up of the fatty acid chains.
Function of PhospholipidsA stable partition containing phospholipids separates two water-based compartments. The inside of the membrane is formed by the hydrophobic tails attached to it. The hydrophilic heads on the opposite end, which face outward, are exposed to aqueous fluids both within and outside of the cell.
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Many plant seeds are able to survive the fires common to the chaparral biome. please select the best answer from the choices provided t f
Answer:
True
Explanation:
A chunk of the plants that are found in the chaparral biome are resistant to the common flames.
lipids that form membranes have what kind of structure? completely polar, which allows them to dissolve in water. polar heads and polar tails, which allows them to interact with water on both sides of the membrane. polar heads and nonpolar tails; the nonpolar tails interact with water. polar heads and nonpolar tails; the polar heads interact with water.
The lipids that form the membranes have the structure, polar heads and nonpolar tails; polar heads interact with water.
What is the main feature of lipids?The insolubility in water is the main characteristic of lipids. As they are non-polar compounds, water, being polar, has no influence on their structure. On the other hand, they are soluble in organic solvents such as alcohols, ethers and ketones.
What are the simplest units of lipids?Some types of lipids are built from fatty acids. Saturated and unsaturated fatty acid. The simplest are triglycerides, or triacylglycerols, which are composed of three fatty acids, joined with ester bonds to glycerol.
Despide these, all lipids have these common characterstics:
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which events are potential effects of a point mutation within a protein coding gene? an extra sequence of amino acids is inserted in a protein, but the protein still functions. a nucleotide is replaced with another nucleotide, but the amino acid sequence remains the same. a segment containing many nucleotides is added, and the amino acid sequence changes. an incorrect amino acid is placed in a protein, and it affects how the protein functions. a nucleotide is used in place of another, and the change results in a stop codon.
An event which is a potential effects of a point mutation within a protein coding gene is: B. a nucleotide is replaced with another nucleotide, but the amino acid sequence remains the same.
What is a nucleotide?A nucleotide can be defined as the subunit of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or ribonucleic acid (RNA) which typically comprises a nitrogenous base. Additionally, some portion of the nucleotide include the following:
A nitrogenous base.A phosphate group.Deoxyribose sugar (5-carbon sugar).What is point mutation?Point mutation can be defined as a type of genetic mutation that occurs in a genome, which typically changes a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or ribonucleic acid (RNA) when a single base pair is deleted, added, modified or changed (altered).
In Genomics, it has been proven by scientific research that when a point mutation occurs within the protein coding gene, it typically causes a nucleotide to be replaced by another nucleotide, while the amino acid sequence of the nucleotide would remain the same.
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the lysis buffer used in this lab exercise is a generic bacterial lysis buffer. that means it does a decent job lysing common bacteria, such as gram positive and gram negative bacteria. lysozyme is included in this buffer to degrade peptidoglycan. thick layers of petidoglycan prevent the other components of the lysis buffer from being able to access and destabilize the cell membrane and, therefore, reduce lysis efficiency. if the lysozyme were to have been left out of the buffer when it was prepared, how would that influence the extractions that you performed?
(D) "There would be a minimal reduction in efficiency since both isolates were Gram negative." is how would that influence the extractions that you performed.
For the purpose of dissecting cells for use in molecular biology investigations that examine the labile macromolecules of the cells, lysis buffers are buffer solutions (e.g. western blot for protein, or for DNA extraction). To control the pH and osmolarity of the lysate, most lysis buffers include buffering salts like Tris-HCl and ionic salts like NaCl.
In healthcare settings, gram-negative bacteria can cause diseases such pneumonia, bloodstream infections, wound or surgical site infections, and meningitis. Gram-negative bacteria are becoming more and more resistant to the majority of existing antibiotics, as well as to a number of other medications.
Since both isolates were Gram negative, there would be a little drop in efficiency.
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Question correction:
The lysis buffer used in this lab exercise is a generic bacterial lysis buffer. That means it does a decent job lysing common bacteria, such as Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Lysozyme is included in this buffer to degrade peptidoglycan. Thick layers of petidoglycan prevent the other components of the lysis buffer from being able to access and destabilize the cell membrane and, therefore, reduce lysis efficiency. If the lysozyme were to have been left out of the buffer when it was prepared, how would that influence the extractions that you performed?
A. There would be a marked reduction in efficiency since both isolated were Gram positive. Incorrect The extraction would fail as lysozyme is absolutely required.
B. Salmonella isoaltes would have minimally reduced efficiency while non-Salmonella isolates would have markedly reduced efficiency.
C. Salmonella isoaltes would have markedly reduced efficiency while non-Salmonella isolates would have minimally reduced efficiency.
D. There would be a minimal reduction in efficiency since both isolates were Gram negative.
oxygen enters seawater: group of answer choices through the respiration of animals. through the oxidation of metal ions in seawater. as a result of decomposition of plant and animal remains. as a byproduct of photosynthesis and diffusion from the surface
oxygen enters seawater as a byproduct of photosynthesis and diffusion from the atmosphere.
The conversion of sunlight, carbon dioxide (CO2), and water into food (sugars) and oxygen is known as photosynthesis. Algae, certain bacteria, and plants all use this process. To assist in the creation of clean fuels and renewable energy sources, this article will examine the basic concepts of photosynthesis and related studies. The two forms of photosynthetic processes are anoxygenic and oxygenic, respectively. Despite the fact that they both operate on very similar principles, oxygenic photosynthesis, which is found in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, is the more prevalent process.
Light energy converts CO2 into carbohydrates by transferring electrons from the water (H2O) absorbed by plant roots during oxygenic photosynthesis. The CO2 is "reduced," or gains electrons, while the water is "oxidised," or loses electrons, during this transfer. Carbohydrates and oxygen are both created.
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How is the atomic number of an atom determined?
answer: counting the number of protons in the nucleus
The atomic number of an atom determined by counting Number of Protons
Atomic number:
The Atomic number of an atom determined by Number of protons present in nucleus of the atom of the element. It is denoted by alphabet 'Z'. All atoms of a element will contains the same number of protons, and as well as other characteristics.
Atoms of different elements will have different types of atomic numbers. For example, the atomic number of all atoms of the Oxygen is 8, whereas the atomic number of all atoms of the Carbon is 6.
The atomic numbers of an atom are whole numbers as they are obtained by counting protons. The combination of Number of protons and nucleus gives the Mass number of Atom.
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think about the dna coding sequence of a gene. if an a were swapped for a t, what kind of mutation could it cause and why? think about the dna coding sequence of a gene. if an a were swapped for a t, what kind of mutation could it cause and why?
The DNA coding sequence of a gene. if an a were swapped for a t, what type of mutation may want: ought to purpose a silent, missense, or nonsense mutation because those are the kinds that may be a result of a nucleotide-pair substitution like this one.
Deoxyribonucleic acid is a polymer composed of polynucleotide chains that coil around every different to shape a double helix sporting genetic commands for the development, functioning, increase and reproduction of all known organisms and plenty of viruses. DNA and ribonucleic acid are nucleic acids.
DNA is the facts molecule. It stores commands for making different huge molecules, known as proteins. those commands are stored inside each of your cells, disbursed among forty-six lengthy systems referred to as chromosomes. those chromosomes are made from hundreds of shorter segments of DNA, known as genes.
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The DNA coding sequence of a gene. if an a were swapped for a t, option D. It could cause a silent, missense, or nonsense mutation because those are the types that can be caused by a nucleotide-pair substitution like this one.
Human genomes consist of both protein-coding DNA sequences and diverse styles of DNA that don't encode proteins. The latter is a diverse class that includes DNA coding for non-translated RNA, which include that for ribosomal RNA, transfer RNA, ribozymes, small nuclear RNAs, and numerous varieties of regulatory RNAs.
Non-coding DNA corresponds to the quantities of an organism's genome that do not code for amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. a few non-coding DNA sequences are acknowledged to serve useful roles, inclusive of inside the regulation of gene expression, whilst different regions of non-coding DNA don't have any regarded characteristic.
The principle distinction between coding and noncoding DNA is that coding DNA represents the protein-coding genes, which encode proteins, while noncoding DNA no longer encodes proteins.
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Disclaimer:- your question is incomplete, please see below for the complete question.
Think about the DNA coding sequence of a gene. if an a were swapped for a t, what kind of mutation could it cause and why?
a. It could cause a frameshift nonsense or frameshift missense mutation because it would change the reading frame of the codon triplet.
b. It could cause a nonsense mutation because the sequence would no longer be the same, so the protein would be shorter and non-functional.
c. It could cause a silent mutation because A and T are complementary to each other so it is not really a substitution mutation.
d. It could cause a silent, missense, or nonsense mutation because those are the types that can be caused by a nucleotide-pair substitution like this one.
in this experiment you observed the effect of stimulating the isolated skeletal muscle multiple times in a short period with complete relaxation between the stimuli. describe the force of contraction with each subsequent stimulus. are these results called treppe or wave summation?
The isolated skeletal muscle was stimulated multiple times in a short period of time while completely relaxed, resulting in an increase in contraction force. This is known as treppe.
Explain force of contraction?The term contraction is used to describe the generation of muscle force in general, and it emphasizes the fact that muscles can only produce tensile force (or contractile force). When a single action potential is delivered to a muscle, it produces a brief burst of force known as an isometric twitch.The force generated by a muscle is proportional to its length and shortening velocity. Many key biomechanical properties, such as running speed, strength, and jumping distance, are limited by these two fundamental properties.Isometric: A muscular contraction in which the muscle length does not change. Isotonic: A muscular contraction in which the muscle length changes. An eccentric contraction is an isotonic contraction in which the muscle lengthens. A concentric contraction is an isotonic contraction in which the muscle shortens.To learn more about force of contraction refer to :
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What is the probability of the parents having a child who is homozygous dominant for this trait?
0%
25%
50%
75%
There is a 25% chance that the parents will have a child who is homozygous dominant for this feature.
One of the characters in the supplied question possesses both the Y dominant allele and the Y recessive allele. The trait encoded as Yy cross with Yy is heterozygous in both parents.
The intersection of Yy X Yy
One in four children will have a recessive trait if both parents only have one copy of the recessive gene.
Children are born: YY: 2Yy: yy
For dominant, homozygotes would be represented. - YY
Thus, one YY out of every four offspring.
(1/4)*100
= 25%
Therefore, 25% would be the probability.
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what is an r factor? a. it's a jumping dna that can cut itself out from one region of the chromosome, then insert itself in another location of the same or different chromosome. b. it's a plasmid that carries a number of resistant genes. c. it's a section of the phage dna that can be transferred among different bacterial hosts. d. it's a bacterial toxin many pathogens can produce.
An r factor is It's a section of the phage dna that can be transferred among different bacterial hosts.
The correct option is C.
Where are chromosomes found?Each cell's cell nucleus chromosomes, which are structures that resemble threads and carry the DNA molecule. Each chromosomes is constructed from DNA that has been tightly wound around proteins known as histones numerous times to maintain its structure.
What is the main function of a chromosome?DNA may be accurately duplicated during these cell divisions thanks to chromosomes. So, once again. Our cells' nuclei include chromosomes, which enable precise DNA replication during cell division. It guarantees that our internal processes go properly and easily.
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pollen tubes multiple choice transport pollen to the stigma. allow sperm to fertilize the egg. are present during spermatogenesis. package sperm into pollen granules. facilitate the growth of pollen.
Pollen tubes allow sperm to fertilize the egg.
A pollen tube is generated from the pollen that extends down its style into the ovule during pollination process of higher plants. Pollen nuclei move down the pollen tube and fertilize the ovule after the pollen germinates upon that stigmatic surface.
Sperm- An ovum (egg cell), which would be produced by the a biologically female body, is the target of a sperm cell, which is intended to be discharged during sexual activity. Once they are joined, the sperm will enter the egg and fertilize it to produce new genetic material. A pollen grain is a microscopic male gametophyte or male plant (gamete-forming plant).
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which of the following are methods used by biologists to distinguish different species? multiple select question. observing the outward appearance of individuals assessing whether the organisms occupy the same space determining evolutionary relationships and lineages determining if individuals physically interact with one another assessing the ability of individuals of different groups to successfully interbreed analyzing dna or other molecular sequences
The methods used by biologists to distinguish different species are: analyzing DNA or other molecular sequence
observing the outward appearance of individuals
assessing the ability of individuals of different groups to successfully interbreed
determinating evolutionary relationships and lineages
determining the organisms' ecological niches
Scientists use many ways to distinguish different species. Scientists use the DNA of organisms to look for similarities and differences in them. Based on these similarities and differences, they are able to distinguish species.
Assessing the physical traits of an organism also helps in differentiating it from other species.
Evolution is also a big key to determining the relationship and differences among species.
The place where an organism lives and its ecological nice also help in determining the differences and similarities in species.
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What piece controls the amount of light that enters
the microscope ?
A
Which of the following is a reasonable claim the researchers can make based on the data in the graphs?
B
C
2
Crabs are more abundant in areas with high salinity than in areas with low salinity.
Crab populations are most limited where salinity range between 10 and 15 psu.
3
Salinity does not influence crab populations because the number of crabs fluctuates across the five sites.
D Crab populations are larger in areas with low salinity than in areas with high salinity.
5
The answer is A. Crabs are more abundant in areas with high salinity than in areas with low salinity is a reasonable claim the researchers can make based on the data in the graphs.
Explanation:
A) Crabs are more abundant in areas with high salinity than in areas with low salinity
This is a reasonable claim because the data in the graphs show that the average number of crabs per trap is higher in sites 1 and 2, which have the highest salinity levels, than in sites 3, 4, and 5, which have lower salinity levels. The claim is also supported by the error bars, which indicate the range of variation in the data. The error bars for sites 1 and 2 do not overlap with the error bars for sites 3, 4, and 5, suggesting that the difference in crab abundance between the high and low salinity sites is statistically significant.
B) Crab populations are most limited where salinity range between 10 and 15 psu.
This is not a reasonable claim because the data in the graphs do not show a clear relationship between salinity and crab abundance in this range. Site 3 has a salinity of about 10 psu and a low average number of crabs per trap, but site 4 has a similar salinity and a higher average number of crabs per trap. Site 5 has a salinity of about 15 psu and a low average number of crabs per trap, but site 2 has a higher salinity and a much higher average number of crabs per trap. The claim is also not supported by the error bars, which show a large overlap in the data for sites 3, 4, and 5, suggesting that the difference in crab abundance among these sites is not statistically significant.
C) Salinity does not influence crab populations because the number of crabs fluctuates across the five sites.
This is not a reasonable claim because the data in the graphs do show a general trend of higher crab abundance in higher salinity sites, as explained in claim A. The claim also ignores the possible effects of other factors that may influence crab populations, such as temperature, food availability, predation, and competition. The claim is too simplistic and does not account for the variability and complexity of the data.
D) Crab populations are larger in areas with low salinity than in areas with high salinity.
This is not a reasonable claim because the data in the graphs show the opposite trend, as explained in claim A. The claim is contradicted by the evidence and does not reflect the data.
How is the taiga important to birds from other biomes? why can’t the summer birds live in the taiga year round? (site 1)
Taiga is important as it provides a pleasant climate.
The taiga is crucial for the summer birds as a biome because it gives them a more comfortable environment and enough food during the summer when in the southern biomes it is considerably hotter and there is much less food and water available. However, the taiga only offers these favorable circumstances in the summer.
Due to the taiga's extremely cold climate, where the majority of the years see temperatures as low as -40 and -50 degrees regularly, the ground is frozen as are the tree branches, and there is a severe lack of food, summer birds are unable to live there year round and must migrate south as the summer in taiga comes to an end.
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how is muscle contraction stimulated by calcium ions? i. calcium ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and bind to myosin, stimulating atpase activity. ii. calcium ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and bind to tropomyosin, stimulating its atpase activity. iii. calcium ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and bind to actin, promoting its binding to myosin. iv. calcium ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and bind to troponin c, promoting the binding of myosin to actin. v. none of the other options.
Further explanation:
Muscle contraction is a state which the muscle fiber becomes tense and may shorten.Calcium, which is stored at extremely low amounts in the sarcoplasm, is required for contraction. Calcium ions bind to troponin when they are present, creating conformational changes in troponin that allow tropomyosin to migrate away from the myosin binding sites on actin.to know more about muscle, go to:
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Read pls I need answers
Should recycling always be done even if it isn’t profitable
which of the following is a major difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells? prokaryotes are not able to carry out aerobic respiration, relying instead on anaerobic metabolism. eukaryotic cells have more intracellular organelles than prokaryotes. prokaryotes have cells but eukaryotes do not. prokaryotes are generally larger than eukaryotes.
Major difference between prokaryotic cell and eukaryotic cell is that Eukaryotes have more organelles inside their cells than prokaryotes do.
Organelles with two membranes are absent from prokaryotes.
The membrane-bound nucleus, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, chloroplast, and other structures are absent from prokaryotes.
first statement is incorrect because prokaryotes can be strictly aerobic/anaerobic, microaerophilic, aerobic, or both.
second one is incorrect because eukaryotic cells are larger than prokaryotic cells because they contain more organelles.
fourth statement is true as prokaryotes are monocellular, whereas eukaryotes—like yeast—are both monocellular (like animals, plants, and filamentous and colonial algae) and multicellular
Which of the following is a major difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells?
a. Prokaryotes are not able to carry out aerobic respiration, relying instead on anaerobic metabolism.
b. Prokaryotes are generally larger than eukaryotes.
c. Eukaryotic cells have more intracellular organelles than prokaryotes.
d. Prokaryotes have cells but eukaryotes do not.
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arthropod exoskeletons and mollusk shells both . help to retain moisture in terrestrial environments. completely replace the hydrostatic skeleton found in annelids. are secreted by the mantle. are comprised of the polysaccharide molecule chitin.
The correct option is a. help retain moisture in terrestrial environments.
Both arthropods and mollusks have robust chitinous exoskeletons. High levels of calcium carbonate minerals also contribute to the mollusc exoskeleton's rigidity. Arthropods' exoskeletons do not develop along with the rest of the animal, in contrast to mollusk shells.
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A petri dish contains one yeast cell whose nucleus contains 24 chromosomes. After the cell undergoes one round of its cell cycle, it will contain __ cells, each with ___ chromosomes.
A petri dish contains one yeast cell whose nucleus contains 24 chromosomes. After the cell undergoes one round of its cell cycle, it will contain 48 cells, each with 24 chromosomes.
What is the Cell cycle?The cell cycle may be defined as the entire sequence of events happening from the termination of one nuclear division to the initiation of the next in a series of steps.
It is known that a yeast cell undergoes mitotic cell division. In mitosis, each parental cell produces two daughter cells with identical genetic material in each of them. So, the amount of chromosomes remains the same, i.e. 24 but the cell number increase twice.
Therefore, after the cell undergoes one round of its cell cycle, it will contain 48 cells, each with 24 chromosomes.
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What is the term associated with the type of compound in a mineral?
Answer: Inorganic
Explanation:
how do you investigate osmosis
Place the dried apricots and raisins in clean water and let them soak for a while. After that, add them to a salt- or sugar-concentrated solution. When submerged in pure water, endosmosis causes each of them to absorb water and enlarge.
What is the osmosis observation?Osmosis is the process by which solvent molecules move from a region of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration across a semi-permeable membrane.
Osmosis, on the other hand, simply moves water molecules, whereas diffusion moves both particles and substances. The purpose of this experiment is to examine how the potato cells respond to various sugar concentrations via the osmosis mechanism.
Osmosis is the process by which water molecules pass across a cell's partly permeable membrane from a solution with a high concentration of water molecules to one with a lower concentration.
Particles migrate from a region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration in both diffusion and osmosis.
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Write a Claim about how shared resources can be depleted and how to sustainably manage them
Shared resources can be depleted when used excessively and selfishly for one's interest only. For their sustainable management, the understanding should be inculcated that they are in limited quantities and hence should be used only when necessary and in required quantities.
Shared resources are those that are used by various individuals and populations at the same time. Due to their necessity they are in limited quantities and hence their efficient use is very essential. The examples of shared resources are fresh water bodies, grazing lands, forests, etc.
Sustainable management is the balanced use of resources so that they do not get depleted and are available for the use of the individuals.
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HalpbutIDontActuallyNeedHalp;) *Provided in pictureee*
Brainliest if you my bestieeeeeeee
Answer:
Lysosome
Explanation:
Answer: Lysosome - Found only in animal
higher concentration of salt. 1. inhibits nucleic acids secondary structure formation by increasing repulsion of phosphodiester backbones. 2. will have no effect on nucleic acids secondary structure formation. 3. promotes nucleic acids secondary structure formation by decreasing repulsion of phosphodiester backbones. 4. affects nucleic acids secondary structure formation by changing the strength of stacking interactions. group of answer choices
A higher concentration of salt promotes nucleic acid's secondary structure formation by decreasing the repulsion of phosphodiester backbones.
What role does high salt concentration have in protein synthesis?To buffer the charges along the phosphate backbone and overcome electrostatic repulsion, high salt concentrations (> 0.6M) are frequently necessary. Protein aggregation and precipitation are aided by high salt concentrations.
What is the high salt concentration solution?The solution with a high salt concentration is known as DS. FO-RO hybrid systems outperform RO stand-alone systems for one of two reasons:
Fouling of the RO membrane is decreased, and seawater is diluted by FO, lowering the osmotic pressure of the seawater and hence the RO pressure.Learn more about osmotic pressure here:-
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Which of the following could lead to the formation of a jet stream?
Winds fall from the high atmosphere
A decrease in radiation from the sun
Large warm and cold air masses meeting
Slowing conduction from the ground
Answer:
Large warm and cold air masses meeting
Explanation:
Jet streams are formed by warm and cold air masses meeting in the atmosphere.