Answer:
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Explanation:
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Which of the following would not help a virus avoid triggering an adaptive immune response? a. having frequent mutations in genes for surface proteins b. infecting cells that produce very few MHC molecules c. producing proteins very similar to those of other viruses d. infecting and killing helper T cells
When an innate immune response fails to eliminate a new infection, adaptive immunity is activated, and antigen and activated antigen-presenting cells are delivered to the draining lymphoid tissues.
How do viruses avoid the immune response?When an innate immune response fails to eliminate a new infection, adaptive immunity is activated, and antigen and activated antigen-presenting cells are delivered to the draining lymphoid tissues.
Viruses avoid detection by pattern recognition receptors, T cell receptors, and antibodies by altering their receptor ligands. Viruses attack each stage of antigen processing and presentation by MHC molecules, preventing T cells from recognizing them.
Specificity, immunological memory, and self/nonself recognition are characteristics of adaptive immunity. A clonal selection of lymphocytes that respond to a specific antigen is used in the response. Specificity for a specific organ is not a feature of the adaptive immune system.
Therefore, the correct answer is option c. producing proteins very similar to those of other viruses.
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Hair is largely made up of the protein keratin. In a short essay (100-150 words), explain why a shampoo containing protein is not effective in replacing the protein in damaged hair.
Shampoo includes whole keratin protein, but cells require it in a digested state, thus it cannot replace the protein in damaged hair. Keratin is a helical protein made up of amino acids that have been linked together.
What function does keratin serve?Keratin is a protein that assists in the creation of your skin's outer layer, hair, and nails (epidermis). Your skin is protected, wounds are treated, and your hair and nails are maintained.
Keratin is a kind of protein present in the skin. It stiffens the skin and acts as a protective barrier.
Keratin is a fibrous structural protein present in the skin, hair, nails, horn, hooves, wool, and feathers. Keratin plays critical structural and protective activities, particularly in the epithelium.
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The compensation depth is the depth at which daily or seasonal ________ is sufficient to allow photosynthesis to occur.
The compensation depth is the depth at which any seasonal light is sufficient to allow photosynthesis to occur.
What is compensation depth?The depth at which the pace of carbonate accretion matches the speed of carbonate dissolution is known as the calcite compensatory depth (CCD) in oceanography. Rivers and hydrothermal vents in the deep ocean are the sources of carbonate entering the ocean.
The world's oceanic ridges are cut by the CCD, and as a result, they are mainly covered in carbonate oozes, a kind of biogenic ooze comprised of skeleton fragments. About half of the world's ocean floor is covered by carbonate oozes, which are mostly found at a depth of 4,500 metres (about 14,800 feet); below that depth, they dissolve swiftly.
Compared to the Pacific basin, the Atlantic basin's CCD is 500 metres (approximately 1,600 feet) deeper, which reflects both a higher rate of input and a slower rate of dissolution. The CCD has varied by nearly 2,000 metres because of changes in input, productivity, and dissolution rates throughout geologic history (about 6,600 feet).
Therefore, the depth at which any seasonal light is sufficient to allow photosynthesis to occur is called compensation depth.
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How do these animals get the heat needed to keep their bodies so warm?
Answer:
On the animal body, there is a thick coat of hair. These hairs trap a lot of air in them which helps to keep their body warm. Mammals generate heat mainly by keeping their metabolic rate high. The cells of mammals have many more mitochondria than the cells of other animals. The extra mitochondria generate enough energy to keep the rate of metabolism high. Mammals can also generate little bursts of heat by shivering
Explanation:
Diabetes is a group of disorders in which there is a defect in the transfer of _____ from the bloodstream into cells.
Diabetes is a group of disorders in which there is a defect in the transfer of GLUCOSE from the bloodstream into cells.
diabetes refers to a group of disorders in which there is a defect in the transfer of glucose from the blood stream into cellsThe function of insulin is help the body use glucose for energyThe most common nerve problem and diabetes is peripheral neuropathy which causes problems in hands and legs of the bodyThe condition where fat is broken down as a source of energy and ketones are produced as a byproduct is referred to as ketoacidosiswhat's the main cause of diabetes?
the exact cause of maximum varieties of diabetes is unknown. In all cases, sugar builds up in the bloodstream. this is because the pancreas doesn't produce sufficient insulin. each type 1 and type 2 diabetes may be resulting from a mixture of genetic or environmental elementsTo know more about Diabetes visit : https://brainly.com/question/14823945
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One factor favoring rapid population growth by an introduced species is the absence of the predators, parasites, and pathogens that controlled its population in the region where it evolved. In a short essay (100-150 words), explain how evolution by natural selection would influence the rate at which native predators, parasites, and pathogens in a region of introduction attack an introduced species.
A sudden decrease in prey populations brought on by the introduction of new predators can diminish the food available to the current inhabitants.
Natural selection is a process in which more environment-adapted organisms tend to survive and reproduce more. A sudden decrease in prey populations brought on by the introduction of new predators can diminish the food available to the current predators. A new species may outcompete a native species after being introduced to an ecosystem.
A few hundred years ago, wealthy folks imported grey squirrels from North America and released them in their yards. The newer, larger grey squirrel couldn't compete with our smaller native red squirrel. Larger size allows grey squirrels to store more fat and endure harder winters. Red squirrel populations and habitats have so drastically declined.
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Karen wants to quit smoking, but she loves the way that inhaled nicotine makes her feel. where in her brain is karen's pleasure processed?
Karen wants to quit smoking, but she loves the way that inhaled nicotine makes her feel. where in her brain is Karen's pleasure processed to the limbic system.
The spinal wire includes circuits of neurons that could control a number of our easy reflexes consisting of moving a hand away from a warm surface, with out participation from the thoughts. The CNS communicates with the relaxation of the body thru the nerves, which may be bundles of fibers that transmit signals to and from the CNS.
The sympathetic branch might likely be activated. It mediates the fight or flight reaction in demanding situations. The control institution and experimental enterprise are compared in opposition to each other in an test. The most effective difference between the two corporations is that the unbiased variable is changed within the experimental institution.
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The cell responsible for digesting and cleaning up tissue debris after a serious laceration is a.
A macrophage is the cell that breaks down and removes tissue debris after a serious laceration.
Describe tissue:A tissue is a cluster of cells with comparable structures and roles. The material that fills the spaces between the cells is called the intercellular matrix. Some tissues might have a lot of this, while others might not.
Which tissue is most important?In human bodies, connective tissue is the most prevalent type of tissue. It ties tissues and other cells together. It is commonly found in our blood, adipose tissue, collagen, bones, cartilage, and many other body parts. This demonstrates how crucial connective tissue is to our body's ability to support and defend itself.
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below are ingredients found in an energy blend of an energy drink. which of these ingredients aids in digestion of some minerals of the body?
Below are ingredients found in an energy blend of an energy drink. Which of these ingredients aids in digestion of some minerals of the body?
- Taurine
- Glucuronic acid
- Phenylalanine
- Malic acid
- Tyrosine
Taurine helps in the digestion of some minerals in the body.
What does taurine do?Taurine is an organic compound that has a chemical similarity to amino acids, we find this chemical in energy drinks, but we also find it in foods such as meat, fish and dairy products. We see that taurine will be involved in the bile synthesis process.
It will also have antioxidant properties, which makes it strengthen the immune system by protecting the body from viruses and bacteria. It also prevents the formation of free radicals by donating electrons to reactive oxygen species.
Therefore, we can confirm that taurine helps in the digestion of some minerals in the body.
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cuban sugar cane pol have been suggested to reduce plasma ldl-c levels by suppression of the key enzyme governing biosynthesis, hmg-coa reductase
The key enzyme governing biosynthesis, hmg-coa reductase that catalyses the synthesis of a precusor of cholesterol as well as non-sterol isoprenoids.
More than 50 studies have documented substantial drops in plasma lipid levels in response to daily doses of 2–40 mg of Cuban sugar cane policosanol (SCP) combinations. However, a number of experiments on animals and people carried out outside of Cuba using non-Cuban combinations have been unable to duplicate the effectiveness of policosanols seen in earlier investigations. The goal was to assess how the genuine Cuban SCPs affected the plasma lipids of hypercholesterolemic healthy participants. A randomised, double-blind crossover research was used to provide 10 mg SCPs or a placebo mixed with margarine to 21 volunteers over the course of 28 days while they were under supervision.To learn more about plasma ldl-c levels.
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If the ventral cells of an early frog gastrula are experimentally induced to express large amounts of a protein that inhibits BMP-4, could a second embryo develop? Explain.
Bone morphogenetic protein 4 is known as BMP-4 (BMP - 4).
On the dorsal side of an embryo, BMP-4 appears to be inactivated by the cells of the organizer by generating proteins that bind to it and prevent it from sending a signal. As a result, dorsal structures like the neural tube and notochord can arise.
Because decreasing BMP-4 activity would have the same effect as transplanting an organizer, a second embryo might emerge if the ventral cells of an experimentally-induced premature frog gastrula express proteins that block BMP-4.
Small vertebrates called amphibians can almost exclusively be found in wet environments. They have unique skin with glands that create helpful proteins. They are members of the phylum Chordata and kingdom Animalia. They inhabit both land and sea. They were the first terrestrial creatures with chilled blood.
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What characteristics relating to location or gland structure allow you to differentiate sebaceous and sweat glands?.
According to the research, the correct option is that sweat glands control body temperature and excrete waste products, unlike sebaceous glands whose characteristic is that they secrete sebum into the hair follicle.
What are sebaceous glands?They are saccular structures of the dermis, especially abundant in the scalp, that help maintain the hydrolipidic layer of the skin since the secreted sebum has the function of lubricating the hair and the skin that surrounds the gland and helps prevent evaporation of sweat.
In this sense, the sweat glands fulfill a function of thermoregulation and through the sweat they produce, sodium chloride and waste products are eliminated, they are tiny in structure and are located in the dermis.
Therefore, we can conclude that according to the research, the correct option is that sweat glands control body temperature and excrete waste products, unlike sebaceous glands whose characteristic is that they secrete sebum into the hair follicle.
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Flow of blood and the movement of eye muscles are not under our control. Do you agree?
Give reason
A cross section of tissue layers from a whale is shown above. The thick layer of blubber insulates the whale against the extremely cold waters the whale inhabits. What class of biomolecule makes up this blubber layer?
The blubber is an adipose tissue that insulates the animals body, keeping its interior warm and avoiding heat loss. The biomolecules that make up this blubber layer are LIPIDS.
That is the function of blubber in cetaceans?Bubbler is a thick layer of fatty tissue covering cetaceans' bodies. Its main function is to insulate the animals from the environmental conditions in which they live.
Deep diver individuals are exposed to extremely low temperatures. To survive in these conditions, cetaceans have developed different strategies. One of them is having the bubbler.
This adipose tissue keeps the animal's interior warm enough to accomplish its physiological functions. Besides, it lets the outermost skin layer be as cold as the environment to avoid losing heat.
The composition of the blubber might vary among cetaceans. All of them are composed of lipids, but their lipidic nature might vary. Some of them exhibit more triacylglycerols, while others wax esters.
Besides, fatty acids are stratified through the tissue.
The biomolecule that makes up this blubber layer is LIPID.
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When an organ that has developed properly wastes away or decreases in size, it is undergoing?
When an organ that has developed properly wastes away or decreases in size, it is undergoing Atrophy.
Muscle atrophy can arise because of malnutrition, age, genetics, a lack of physical pastime or positive scientific situations. Disuse atrophy takes vicinity while you do not use your muscles sufficient. Neurogenic atrophy happens because of nerve troubles or ailments.
Decrease in length or wasting away of a body element or tissue moreover. Arrested improvement or lack of a element or organ incidental to the normal improvement or existence of an animal or plant. atrophy.
Muscle atrophy signs encompass stability troubles, lack of muscle coordination, facial weak point, tingling sensation in arms and legs, vision issues, fatigue, and extra. In a few cases, people with this condition additionally experience trouble speak and swallowing.
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A client has a cerebrovascular accident and is incontinent of bowel and bladder. incontinence of urine in this client is related to a?
Neurogenic bladder is the incontinence of urine in this client who has a cerebrovascular accident and is incontinent of bowel and bladder.
A person is considered to have neurogenic bladder, which covers a range of urine issues, when they are unable to regulate their bladder due to a problem with their brain, spinal cord, or nerves.
Diseases like multiple sclerosis (MS), Parkinson's disease, or diabetes can cause this nerve injury. A person with urinary incontinence accidentally releases pee. Urinary incontinence, sometimes referred to as an overactive bladder, can affect anybody.
The most typical signs of neurogenic bladder are these:
Urinary tract illness (UTI)Renal stones.Incontinence of the urine (unable to control urine)Little urine produced upon voiding.Urge and frequency of urination.To know more about urine incontinence go to https://brainly.com/question/27974899
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The condition that exists when an organism gains or loses one or more chromosomes but not a complete haploid set is known as ________. aneuploidy euploidy polyploidy trisomy triploidy
The condition that exists when an organism gains or loses one or more chromosomes but not a complete haploid set is known as aneuploidy.
Aneuploidy is the presence of an abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell, for example a human cell having 45 or 47 chromosomes instead of the usual 46 It does not include a difference of one or more complete sets of chromosomes. A cell with any number of complete chromosome sets is called a euploid cell.
An extra or missing chromosome is a common cause of some genetic disorders. Some cancer cells also have abnormal numbers of chromosomes.
About 68% of human solid tumors are aneuploid. Aneuploidy originates during cell division when the chromosomes do not separate properly between the two cells (nondisjunction).
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Which division of the autonomic nervous system would likely be activated if a student learned that an exam she had forgotten about would start in 5 minutes? Explain your answer.
The division of the autonomic nervous system that would likely be activated if a student learned that an exam she had forgotten about would start in 5 minutes is known as the sympathetic division.
What is the Autonomic nervous system?The autonomic nervous system may be defined as a type of nervous system that is primarily responsible for the regulation of bodily functions like breathing, digestion, the heartbeat, etc.
The sympathetic division would most likely be activated in the circumstances like a stressful situation. This is because it is mediated by the fight-or-flight response. The action of remembrance and thinking is definitely controlled by the sympathetic division.
Therefore, the sympathetic division would most likely be activated if a student learned that an exam she had forgotten about would start in 5 minutes.
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Delta waves are the type of brain waves associated with alertness. please select the best answer from the choices provided t f
The statement if false that delta waves are the type of brain waves associated with alertness.
Delta waves are the brain waves that are slowest. They are more prevalent in infants and children. They have a low frequency that are active when a person is sleeping or relaxing or meditating. A person is usually asleep when there are excessive number of delta waves.
Brain waves are the electrical impulses present in the brain. There are different types of brain that regulate various actions by the brain. The brain wave associated with alertness is the beta wave. The other brain waves are: theta, alpha, and gamma.
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answer: false
Explanation:
The interactions depicted here involve a highly specific binding between antigen and receptor (see Figure 5.17). How is this similar to an enzyme-substrate interaction (see Figure 8.15)?
An antigen and a defense (antibody) unique to that antigen interact non-covalently to produce specific immunological responses, such as interactions between enzymes and their substrates.
What is an enzyme-substrate?The enzyme's active site receives a substrate. The enzyme-substrate complex is created via this. A complex of enzyme products is then formed as a result of the reaction, which transforms the substrate into products. The products then depart the enzyme's active site.
Why is enzyme-substrate specificity important?The substrate and enzyme must interact during an enzyme activity for the enzyme to operate as a catalyst in a chemical process. Additionally, the majority of enzymes have a high degree of substrate-specificity. One of the most vital characteristics that set enzymes apart is their ability to recognize certain substrates.
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a trotter named macy is mated to a pacer named joe and their offspring, tina, is a pacer. macy's parents were both trotters. her father was genetically tested and he was homozygous dominant for this trait. match the horse with their genotypes
Here all the pacers are homozygous recessive which is (tt).
Basically in horses pacer are dominated by trotter, since here Macy a trotter (T) is mated with joe is a pacer (t), the offspring was a pacer, so Here all the pacers are homozygous recessive,just for the totter to have a pacer as the heterozygous must be (Tt).
Genotypes are the genetic makeup of an organism, whereas each individual has a copy of each of the genes, if those are identical copies, the individual is called homozygous, for the recessive gene it had to be homozygous for that gene.
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In the nucleus of a dividing cell, the chromatin condenses so that each , now made of two sister chromatids, can be seen with a light microscope.
In the nucleus of a dividing cell, the chromatin condenses so that each chromosome, now made of two sister chromatids, can be seen with a light microscope.
What is a Chromosome?A Chromosome is a linear fragment of the genetic material contained in a eukaryotic cell, which is composed by two sister chromatids before mitotic cell division.
Chromosomes form part of the genome of the cells and they have a size suitable to see at 1000 X microscope magnification.
Each chromosome before cell division (either mitosis or meiosis) is composed of two sister chromatids that are linked at the centromere level in order to be correctly separated (segregated) during this process.
In conclusion, in the nucleus of a dividing cell, the chromatin condenses so that each chromosome, now made of two sister chromatids, can be seen with a light microscope.
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How do cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons differ with respect to reabsorbing nutrients and concentrating urine?
Cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons differ with respect to reabsorbing because
Cortical Nephron is a tiny structural and functional unit of the kidney that only enters the outer renal medulla by a brief Henle loop. These nephrons' Malpighian corpuscles are found in the outer region of the renal cortex.
Every vertebrate has cortical nephrons. Cortical nephrons make up about 85% of all nephrons in the human kidney. They carry out a large portion of the body's regulatory and excretory processes.
The glomerulus, a tiny capillary network, is situated at the start of each cortical nephron in the outer renal cortex. The glomerulus' primary job is to filter blood that enters from an afferent arteriole in the renal arterial circulation. the filtration process, water, ions, and amino acids.
The kidney's juxtamedullary nephron is a tiny anatomical and functional unit with a protracted Henle loop that extends deep into the renal medulla. These nephrons' renal corpuscles are located near to the renal medulla.
Juxtamedullary nephrons are only found in mammals and birds. Juxtamedullary nephrons make up about 15% of all nephrons in the human kidney. A sizable glomerulus may be found at the start of each of them. In comparison to cortical nephrons, the juxtamedullary nephrons filter more fluid due to their larger glomeruli. Vasa recta form a dense network around the lengthy Henle loop. Concentrated urine is produced as a result of the hyperosmolar gradient that is created.
Juxtamedullary nephrons can concentrate or thin urine. Depending on how much water is absorbed
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A vegetarian who only avoids meat, fish, and poultry and consumes eggs and dairy along with plant foods is referred to as a?
Answer:
Lacto-ovo vegetarian diet
Explanation:
The prefix “lacto” refers to milk or dairy products. “ovo” refers to eggs.
A lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet consists of eggs, milk, cheese, yogurt, and other dairy products, while excluding all animal-derived meats, fish, and poultry.
The function of keratin is to? a. prevent the entry of water b. prevent the entry of pathogens c. both a and b d. both a and b, and prevent the loss of water
The function of the keratin is to both a and b, and prevent the loss of water.
What is keratin?Keratin is a protein that is going to be a main molecule in the outer layers of the epidermis, in hair and nails. It is a molecule characterized by its hardness, which helps the skin to be firm and elastic. Its function is to give impermeability to the skin and protection so that pathogens and water from it are repelled.
Therefore, we can confirm that the function of the keratin is to both a and b, and prevent the loss of water.
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Compare and contrast chaparral biome and rainforest biome
Answer:Some chaparral ecosystems (the ones with low scrubby brush) are very similar to the desert scrub biome , but the chaparral specifically occurs in coastal regions and has much more varied vegetation, whereas desert scrub is a transitional zone between deserts and grasslands.
Explanation:
What type of graph might you create to show that the energy used in the U.S. comes - 50% from fossil fuels, 10% from water, 10% from wind, 30% from other sources?
triangle graph
triangle graph
line graph
line graph
bar graph
bar graph
circle or pie chart
The type of graph to create to show that the energy used in the U.S. comes - 50% from fossil fuels, 10% from water, 10% from wind, 30% from other sources is circle or pie chart (option D).
What is a pie chart?A pie chart is a pictorial graph in the shape of a circle, with segments representing related proportions.
A pie chart is majorly used to show percentages of a whole, and represents percentages at a set point in time.
The size of each slice in the pie is directly proportional to the number of data points that belong to a particular category.
Therefore, the type of graph to create to show that the energy used in the U.S. comes - 50% from fossil fuels, 10% from water, 10% from wind, 30% from other sources is circle or pie chart.
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In a short essay (100-150 words), compare how membrane structures in the loop of Henle and collecting duct of the mammalian kidney enable water to be recovered from filtrate in the process of osmoregulation.
The glomerulus in Bowman's capsule filters blood from the renal artery to create filtrate. Reabsorption The remainder of the filtrate contents remain in the filtrate and depart the kidney in the ureter, whereas some of the filtrate contents are retrieved, enter capillaries, and exit in the renal vein.
The Three Steps in the Production of Urine
a cross-section of the glomerulus, a nephron structure
unwanted compounds are removed from the circulation by the kidneys, which also create urine to do so. Reabsorption Urine is produced in three stages: glomerular filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. These procedures make sure that the body is solely expelled of waste and extra water.
Water and other substances are removed from the bloodstream by the glomerulus.the glomerulus filters blood as part of blood flow all kidney
Large proteins and blood cells are kept in the bloodstream by the filtering membrane.Reabsorption Moves Nutrients and Water Back into the BloodstreamTo know more about reabsorption visit:
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If you carried out an experiment growing different types of bacteria in liquid culture. which type of organism would you find growing throughout the tube?
The kind of bacteria that could be found growing through the tube in the culture are facultative anaerobes and aerotolerant anaerobes.
What are bacteria?Bacteria are single celled organisms that normally studies by the use of a culture. The bacteria could be grown in a culture and the rate of growth of the bacteria could be studied.
Facultative anaerobes are those types of anaerobes that could survive with or without oxygen. The organisms that could only survive in the absence of oxygen are called obligate anaerobes and they are not found scattered around the liquid culture.
Again, we have different types of bacteria in liquid culture. We know that different types of bacteria would be found at different points in the culture depending on the characteristics of the bacteria.
Thus, the kind of bacteria that could be found growing through the tube in the culture are facultative anaerobes and aerotolerant anaerobes.
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If a zoo animal eating ample food shows signs of malnutrition, how might a researcher determine which nutrient is lacking in its diet?
Through the use of a meal plan and dietary supplements, a researcher can identify nutritional deficiencies. A nutrient-dense meal is supplied to each person on a regular basis for a prolonged period of time. They can consume the supplement that aids in malnutrition recovery more frequently.
Animals suffering from malnutrition do so because of a lack of food. Kwashiorkor, for instance, is brought on by a diet lacking in protein. Hypoglycemia and re-started development are brought on by a lack of carbs. Bone growth is hindered by a lack of vitamin D availability.Malnutrition in animals is brought on by inadequate nutrition and digestive issues.Malnutrition's telltale signs and symptoms point to a specific nutrient shortage. For instance, a shortage of calcium and protein is indicated by poor body growth, damaged body fur, and slow nail growth.A researcher can use the signs of malnutrition to determine which nutrients the animal is deficient in and add those to its diet. Researchers can employ an animal diet plan with many nutrients if symptoms are not realistic. Giving each nutrient one at a time will help you identify the one that is deficient.Learn more about the malnutrition with the help of the given link:
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