Value at Risk (VaR) is a widely used risk measure that estimates the potential loss in value of an investment or portfolio over a given time horizon with a specified level of confidence.
However, VaR has several limitations as a risk measure. First, VaR only considers the downside risk and does not account for the potential gain of an investment. Second, VaR assumes that the distribution of returns is normal, which may not always be the case. Third, VaR only provides a single number, which may not be adequate for risk management purposes.
To complement VaR, Expected Shortfall (ES) is often used as a risk measure. ES considers both the downside and upside risk of an investment and provides a more complete picture of the potential loss. ES also accounts for the tail risk, which is the risk of extreme events that may not be captured by VaR. ES is a more accurate risk measure for risk management purposes, especially for portfolios with non-normal return distributions.
In conclusion, VaR has limitations as a risk measure, and ES can complement VaR by providing a more comprehensive and accurate assessment of potential losses.
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a firm that uses short-term financing methods for a portion of permanent current assets is assuming more risk but expects higher returns than a firm with a normal financing plan. explain.
A firm that utilizes short-term financing methods for a portion of permanent current assets is indeed assuming more risk but expects higher returns compared to a firm with a normal financing plan. This approach is known as aggressive financing.
Short-term financing methods typically include bank loans, commercial paper, and lines of credit, which have lower interest rates and shorter maturity periods compared to long-term financing options like bonds and long-term loans. By using short-term financing to cover permanent current assets (e.g., inventory, accounts receivable), the firm aims to reduce overall financing costs.
However, this approach carries increased risk. Since short-term financing must be repaid or refinanced within a short period, the firm may face cash flow challenges if it cannot generate sufficient funds to repay the debt on time. Additionally, interest rates for short-term financing can be more volatile, exposing the firm to potential rate fluctuations that could increase financing costs.
In summary, using short-term financing for a portion of permanent current assets is a more aggressive and risky approach, but it can potentially result in higher returns for the firm. It's essential for firms adopting this strategy to carefully manage cash flows and monitor market conditions to mitigate associated risks.
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The Oceanian Peso (OCP) is pegged to the dollar at the rate of 8 pesos per dollar. The US 1-month interest rate is currently 1%, whilst the equivalent Oceanian rate is 4%. If the expected change in the exchange rate, should the peso break its peg, is 5%, Calculate the closest to the implied probability of the peg breaking over the next month?
The closest implied probability of the Oceanian Peso's peg breaking over the next month is approximately 59.4%.
The terms involved are the Oceanian Peso (OCP), the pegged exchange rate, the US 1-month interest rate, the Oceanian interest rate, and the implied probability of the peg breaking.
To calculate the implied probability of the peg breaking over the next month, we will use the concept of interest rate parity. Here's a step-by-step explanation:
1. Determine the forward premium (or discount) using the interest rate parity formula:
Forward premium = [(1 + Foreign interest rate) / (1 + Domestic interest rate)] - 1
2. Plug in the given interest rates:
Forward premium = [(1 + 0.04) / (1 + 0.01)] - 1 = 0.0297 or 2.97%
3. Calculate the expected devaluation if the peg breaks:
Expected devaluation = 5%
4. Determine the implied probability of the peg breaking:
Implied probability = Forward premium / Expected devaluation
5. Plug in the values obtained in steps 2 and 3:
Implied probability = 0.0297 / 0.05 = 0.594 or 59.4%
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The sales section of an income statement for a retailer would not include:
a. Sales discounts.
b. Sales revenue.
c. Net sales.
d. Cost of goods sold.
The sales section of an income statement for a retailer would not include the cost of goods sold (Option d).
The sales section typically includes sales revenue, sales discounts, and net sales, which is the total revenue minus any returns or discounts. Cost of goods sold is a separate section of the income statement that represents the direct costs associated with producing or acquiring the products sold by the retailer. However, the very sales section of an income statement typically includes sales revenue, sales discounts, and net sales. Cost of goods sold is a separate line item in the income statement, under the "cost of sales" or "cost of revenue" section, and is subtracted from net sales to calculate gross profit.
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1. Jaime is creating a budget for the first time and doesn't know which to use - NET PAY or GROSS
PAY. What do you tell him?
a. "Use net pay, because it's the total amount you've earned minus taxes and other
deductions. "
b. "Use gross pay, because it's the total amount you've earned minus any recurring bills you
owe for the month. "
C. "Use net pay, because it's more money. "
Jaime should use net pay when creating a budget because it reflects the amount of money he will receive in his paycheck after taxes and other deductions have been removed.
Gross pay is the total amount of money earned before any taxes or deductions are taken out. It may give an idea of the total amount of money that Jaime is making, but it does not reflect the amount of money he will actually receive in his paycheck.
On the other hand, net pay is the amount of money that Jaime will actually receive in his paycheck after all taxes and other deductions have been taken out. This is the amount of money that he can actually use to pay bills, make purchases, and save for the future. Using net pay will give Jaime a more accurate picture of his actual cash flow and help him create a more realistic budget.
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a july sales forecast projects that 9,000 units are going to be sold at a price of $11.00 per unit. management forecasts 2% growth in sales each month. total august sales are anticipated to be:
Based on the provided information, the July sales forecast projects that 9,000 units will be sold at a price of $11.00 per unit. This means that the total revenue generated from July sales will be $99,000. The projected august sales is of 9,180 units.
However, management has forecasted a 2% growth in sales each month. This means that the total number of units sold in August is expected to increase by 2% from July. To calculate this, we can simply multiply 9,000 units by 1.02, which gives us a projected sales figure of 9,180 units.
If we assume that the price per unit remains constant at $11.00, then the total revenue generated from August sales would be $100,980. This represents an increase of $1,980 from the previous month.
It's important to note that sales forecasts are not always accurate, and there may be various factors that can impact sales figures such as market conditions, competition, and unexpected events. However, this projection can be a helpful tool in guiding business decisions and planning for the future.
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You are considering the following two projects and can take only one. Your cost of capital is 10.9% . The cash flows for the two projects are as follows ($ million)
: a. What is the IRR of each project?
b. What is the NPV of each project at your cost of capital?
c. At what cost of capital are you indifferent between the two projects?
d. What should you do?
data table
project year 0 year 1 year 2 year 3 year 4 A -$102 $26 $28 $38 $48
B -$102 $48 $38 $28 $20
The problem presented two investment projects and asked to calculate their internal rate of return (IRR), net present value (NPV) at a cost of capital of 10.9%, and the cost of capital at which the two projects are indifferent. The calculations showed that project A has a higher NPV and a higher IRR than project B, even at the cost of capital where the two projects have the same NPV. Therefore, the decision should be to choose project A.
a. To calculate the IRR of each project, we need to find the discount rate that makes the NPV of the project equal to zero. Using Excel or a financial calculator, we get:IRR of project A = 17.47%IRR of project B = 15.79%b. To calculate the NPV of each project at a cost of capital of 10.9%, we use the formula:[tex]NPV = CF0 + CF1/(1+r) + CF2/(1+r)^2 + CF3/(1+r)^3 + CF4/(1+r)^4[/tex]where CF is the cash flow for each year, r is the discount rate, and the subscript denotes the year. Thus, we have:[tex]NPV of project A = -$102 + $26/(1+0.109) + $28/(1+0.109)^2 + $38/(1+0.109)^3 + $48/(1+0.109)^4\\ = $15.61 million[/tex][tex]NPV of project B = -$102 + $48/(1+0.109) + $38/(1+0.109)^2 + $28/(1+0.109)^3 + $20/(1+0.109)^4 \\= $9.75 million[/tex]c. To find the cost of capital at which we are indifferent between the two projects, we need to find the discount rate that makes the NPV of each project equal to zero. We can do this by trial and error or by using Excel's Goal Seek function. Using the latter, we find that the discount rate is approximately 12.26%.d. Based on the calculations above, project A has a higher NPV and a higher IRR than project B, even at the cost of capital where the two projects have the same NPV. Therefore, we should choose project A.For more such question on NPV
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Carraway Seed Company is issuing a1000 $ par value bond that pays 6 percent annual interest and matures in 13 years. Investors are willing to pay 960$ for the bond. Flotation costs will be 12 percent of market value. The company is in a 38 percent tax bracket. What will be the firm's after-tax cost of debt on the bond?
The answer to the question is the firm's after-tax cost of debt on the bond is 4.92%. The terms we will include in the answer are par value, annual interest, maturity, market value, flotation costs, and after-tax cost of debt.
To determine the firm's after-tax cost of debt on the bond, follow these steps:
1. Calculate the annual interest payment:
Par value * Annual interest rate = 1000 * 6% = $60
2. Determine the bond's net proceeds:
Market value - (Market value * Flotation costs) = 960 - (960 * 12%) = 960 - 115.20 = $844.80
3. Calculate the bond's before-tax cost of debt (yield to maturity) using the following formula:
The before-tax cost of debt = (Annual interest payment + (Par value - Market value) / Years to maturity) / Net proceeds
Before-tax cost of debt = (60 + (1000 - 960) / 13) / 844.80 = (60 + 40 / 13) / 844.80 = 67.0769 / 844.80 = 0.0794 or 7.94%
4. Compute the after-tax cost of debt:
After-tax cost of debt = Before-tax cost of debt * (1 - Tax rate) = 7.94% * (1 - 38%) = 7.94% * 0.62 = 4.9228% or 4.92%
The firm's after-tax cost of debt on the bond is 4.92%.
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braxton's cleaning company stock is selling for $33.00 per share based on a required return of 11.4 percent. what is the the next annual dividend if the growth rate in dividends is expected to be 4.4 percent indefinitely?
The next annual dividend is expected to be $1.98 per share.
We can use the Gordon growth model to calculate the next annual dividend:
Next annual dividend = Current dividend x (1 + Growth rate)
We are given the current stock price, required return, and expected growth rate in dividends. We need to find the current dividend to use the above formula.
The required return is the discount rate that investors require to invest in the stock. Using the required return, we can calculate the dividend yield as follows:
Dividend yield = Next annual dividend / Stock price
Required return = Dividend yield + Growth rate
Substituting the given values, we get:
0.114 = Next annual dividend / 33 + 0.044
Solving for the next annual dividend, we get:
Next annual dividend = (0.114 - 0.044) x 33 = $1.98
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Gary Levin is the chief executive officer of Mountainbrook Trading Company. The board of directors has just granted Mr. Levin 46,000 at-the-money European call options on the company’s stock, which is currently trading at $40 per share. The stock pays no dividends. The options will expire in five years and the standard deviation of the returns on the stock is 56 percent. Treasury bills that mature in five years currently yield a continuously compounded interest rate of 6.5 percent.
A. Use the Black-Scholes model to calculate the value of the stock options
The value of the at-the-money European call options granted to Mr. Levin is $16.63 per share, or $763,780 in total (46,000 options x $16.63 per option).
To use the Black-Scholes model to calculate the value of the stock options, we need the following inputs:
Stock price: S = $40
Exercise price: X = $40
Time to expiration: t = 5 years
Risk-free interest rate: r = 6.5%
The standard deviation of stock returns: σ = 56%
Using these inputs, we can calculate the d1 and d2 parameters as follows:
d1 = [tex][ln(S/X) + (r + σ^2/2)t] / (σ√t)[/tex]
= [tex][ln(40/40) + (0.065 + 0.56^2/2)5] / (0.56√5)[/tex]
= 1.4243
d2 = d1 - σ√t
= 1.4243 - 0.56√5
= 0.0843
Using the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the standard normal distribution, we can calculate the probability that a standard normal random variable is less than or equal to d1 and d2, respectively:
N(d1) = 0.9227
N(d2) = 0.5332
Finally, using the Black-Scholes formula, we can calculate the value of the call option:
C = [tex]SN(d1) - Xe^(-rt)N(d2)[/tex]
=[tex]$400.9227 - $40e^(-0.0655)*0.5332[/tex]
= $16.63
Therefore, the value of the at-the-money European call options granted to Mr. Levin is $16.63 per share, or $763,780 in total (46,000 options x $16.63 per option).
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Malcolm Manufacturing, Inc. just paid a $2.00 annual dividend (that is, D0 = 2.00). There will be no
dividend payment for the next two years (i.e., at t = 1 and t = 2). In year three (t = 3), the dividend is
expected to be $5.00. The dividend will then grow at 10% annually for the next 3 years (i.e., at t = 4, t
= 5 and t = 6) and thereafter (i.e., beginning at t = 7) dividends will grow at a rate of 3% annually
forever. Assuming a required return of 14%, what is the current price of the stock?
The current price of the stock is $26.06.
To calculate the current price of the stock, we need to find the present value of all future dividends using the dividend discount model. First, we need to find the expected dividends for each year.
Since there are no dividends for the first two years, we start with the dividend in year three, which is expected to be $5.00. We then calculate the expected dividends for years 4, 5, and 6, which are $5.50, $6.05, and $6.66, respectively. After that, we calculate the expected dividends for all subsequent years, which grow at a rate of 3% per year indefinitely.
Next, we calculate the present value of each expected dividend using the required return of 14% and then sum up all the present values to find the current price of the stock.
Using this method, we get a current stock price of $26.06. Therefore, if the required return is 14%, an investor should be willing to pay up to $26.06 for a share of Malcolm Manufacturing, Inc.
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Assume that Social Security promises you $36000 per year starting when you retire 45 years from today (the first $36000 will get paid 45 years from now). If your discount rate is 6%, compounded annually, and you plan to live for 17 years after retiring (so that you will receive a total of 18 payments including the first one), what is the value today of Social Security's promise?
The promise made by Social Security is currently worth $146,110.40.
To calculate the value today of Social Security's promise, we need to use the present value formula:
Present Value = Future Value / (1 + Discount Rate)^Number of Years
In this case, the future value is $36,000 per year for 18 years (17 years after retirement plus the first payment). So, the total future value is:
$36,000 x 18 = $648,000
The number of years is 45 (the number of years until the first payment). And the discount rate is 6%, compounded annually. So, the present value formula becomes:
Present Value = $648,000 / (1 + 0.06)^45
Using a calculator, we can solve for the present value:
Present Value = $648,000 / 4.4399
Present Value = $146,110.40
Therefore, the value today of Social Security's promise is $146,110.40.
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You are considering an investment in Justus Corporation's stock, which is expected to pay a dividend of $2.50 a share at the end of the year (D1 = $2.50) and has a beta of 0.9. The risk-free rate is 4.5%, and the market risk premium is 4%. Justus currently sells for $39.00 a share, and its dividend is expected to grow at some constant rate, g. Assuming the market is in equilibrium, what does the market believe will be the stock price at the end of 3 years? (That is, what is Ps?) Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your answer to the nearest cent.
The market believes that Justus Corporation's stock price will be $30.86 at the end of 3 years. To determine the market's expected stock price for Justus Corporation at the end of 3 years, we need to use the constant growth model, also known as the Gordon model.
This model assumes that the stock price is equal to the present value of all future dividends discounted at the required rate of return.
In this case, we know that the current dividend is $2.50, and the stock price is $39.00. We also know that the beta is 0.9, the risk-free rate is 4.5%, and the market risk premium is 4%. To find the constant growth rate (g), we can use the dividend growth model:
D1 = D0 x (1 + g)
$2.50 = $2.50 x (1 + g)
g = 0
Since the growth rate is 0, we can use the simplified formula for the constant growth model:
Ps = D1 / (r - g)
where Ps is the stock price at the end of 3 years, r is the required rate of return, and g is the growth rate.
Using the given information, we can calculate the required rate of return:
r = Rf + β x (Rm - Rf)
r = 4.5% + 0.9 x 4%
r = 8.1%
Plugging in the values, we get:
Ps = $2.50 / (0.081 - 0)
Ps = $30.86
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your team member asks you how you will respond if someone from gaea questions your data-cleaning process. how do you prepare for this objection? select all that apply. 1 point
If someone from Gaea questions data-cleaning process, then we can prepare for this objection by following these steps.By following these steps, you can effectively address any objections regarding your data-cleaning process raised by someone from Gaea.
1. Clearly explain your data-cleaning process: provide a detailed description of the steps you have taken during the data-cleaning process, making sure to highlight the rationale behind each step.
2. Provide documentation: Offer any relevant documentation, such as data dictionaries, metadata, and code, to support your data-cleaning process.
3. Demonstrate the benefits of your approach: Showcase the improvements in data quality, accuracy, and consistency as a result of your data-cleaning process.
4. Be open to feedback: Listen carefully to the concerns raised by the Gaea team member and be prepared to address any issues they may have with your process.
5. Collaborate and revise as necessary: If the Gaea team member has valid concerns or suggestions, be open to collaborating with them to refine and improve your data-cleaning process.
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Be transparent: Explain your data-cleaning process and the steps you took to ensure the quality and accuracy of the data. Be open about any assumptions or limitations in your approach.
1.Provide evidence: Show the results of your data-cleaning process, including any charts or graphs that demonstrate the impact of your decisions. This can help build trust in your data and your process.
2.Discuss alternative approaches: Be prepared to discuss alternative data-cleaning methods and the pros and cons of each approach. This can show that you have considered multiple options and selected the most appropriate one for your specific needs.
3.Highlight the importance of data cleaning: Emphasize that data cleaning is a crucial step in the data analysis process, and that it can have a significant impact on the accuracy and reliability of your findings.
4.Acknowledge the possibility of errors: Be honest about the fact that errors can occur in data cleaning and analysis, and explain how you have taken steps to minimize the risk of errors and ensure the integrity of your data.
5.Offer to review your process: Offer to review your data-cleaning process with the person questioning it to address any concerns they may have and demonstrate your commitment to quality and accuracy.
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countermeasure a has a cost of 320 and protects the asset for four years. countermeasure b has an annual cost of 85. an insurance policy to protect the asset has an annual premium of 90. what should you do?
It depends on the value of the asset being protected. If the asset's value is greater than $1,040 ($320 + 4*$85 + 4*$90), then you should implement both countermeasures A and B along with the insurance policy. If the asset's value is less than $1,040, then you should only implement countermeasure A.
Countermeasure A has a one-time cost of $320 and protects the asset for four years, whereas countermeasure B has an annual cost of $85. Therefore, the total cost of implementing countermeasure A and B for four years would be $320 + 4*$85 = $680.
In addition, the insurance policy has an annual premium of $90, which amounts to $360 for four years.
To decide whether to implement both countermeasures A and B along with the insurance policy, we need to compare the total cost of implementation ($1,040) with the value of the asset being protected.
If the value of the asset is greater than $1,040, then it is worth implementing both countermeasures A and B along with the insurance policy to protect the asset. If the value of the asset is less than $1,040, then it is not worth implementing countermeasure B and only implementing countermeasure A to protect the asset.
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which strategy focuses on increasing profitability by customizing the firm's goods or services so they provide a good match to tastes and preferences in different national markets?
The strategy that focuses on increasing profitability by customizing the firm's goods or services to provide a good match to tastes and preferences in different national markets is called a "Localization Strategy".
1. Market Research: The first step in implementing a localization strategy is to conduct thorough market research to understand the unique needs, preferences, and behaviors of customers in the target markets. This may include analyzing market trends, consumer behavior, and the competitive landscape.
2. Customization: Once the market research is complete, the company can start customizing its products or services to meet the specific needs and preferences of customers in each target market. This may involve modifying the product features, packaging, labeling, pricing, and marketing to better align with local customs, culture, and preferences.
3. Localization of Operations: In addition to customizing the product or service offering, companies may need to adapt their business operations to suit local market conditions. This may include hiring local staff, partnering with local distributors, and complying with local regulations and laws.
4. Language and Communication: Language plays a critical role in localization strategy. Companies must ensure that all marketing materials, packaging, and product information are translated into the local language accurately. They may also need to adjust their marketing messages and communication strategies to better resonate with local consumers.
5. Testing and Feedback: Finally, companies must test their localized products or services in the target market and gather feedback from customers to refine their offerings further continually. This feedback loop helps companies identify areas for improvement and ensure that their offerings remain relevant to the target market.
In summary, implementing a localization strategy involves market research, customization, localization of operations, language and communication, and testing and feedback.
By following these steps, companies can better meet the unique needs and preferences of customers in different national markets, thereby increasing their profitability.
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midori is a manager of a business unit. she is responsible for and evaluated by profit and loss. which strategy does her company use for achieving organizational control?
The strategy her company use to achieve organizational control is Financial control.
Financial control refers to the monitoring and management of an organization's financial resources to ensure that objectives are met efficiently and effectively. In this context, financial control consists of setting performance goals, regularly measuring actual performance against these goals, and then taking corrective action when necessary. Key performance indicators (KPIs) are used to track progress, with profitability and revenue growth often being crucial metrics for business units like Midori's.
By focusing on profit and loss, the company aims to optimize its financial performance and ensure that it meets its overall strategic objectives. This focus allows Midori to identify potential issues, allocate resources efficiently, and make informed decisions that positively impact the organization's bottom line.
In order to maintain a high level of organizational control, Midori must actively participate in budgeting processes, monitor expenses, and analyze financial reports to uncover trends and opportunities for improvement. Effective communication and collaboration with other departments and team members are also essential for achieving the desired results.
Overall, the financial control strategy employed by Midori's company is a critical aspect of achieving organizational control. By holding managers accountable for profit and loss, the organization can drive efficiency, promote cost-effective practices, and ultimately increase profitability to support long-term success.
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how do you stop your azure account from incurring costs above a certain level without your knowledge?
To stop your Azure account from incurring costs above a certain level without your knowledge, you can set up spending limits and alerts.
Here are the steps to follow:
1. Sign in to the Azure portal.
2. In the left-hand menu, click on ""Cost Management + Billing"".
3. Click on ""Cost Management"" and then select ""Cost thresholds"".
4. Click on ""Add"" to create a new cost threshold.
5. Set the threshold amount to the maximum amount you are willing to spend.
6. Choose a timeframe for the threshold, such as monthly or quarterly.
7. Select which subscription or resource group to apply the threshold to.
8. Set up an alert by clicking on ""Alerts"" and then ""New alert rule"".
9. Choose the metric you want to monitor, such as ""Total cost"" or ""Usage"".
10. Set the alert condition to trigger when the cost or usage exceeds the threshold you set in step 5.
11. Choose how you want to be notified, such as by email or text message.
12. Save the alert rule.
By setting up spending limits and alerts, you will be notified if your Azure account incurs costs above the threshold you set, allowing you to take action before it becomes a major issue. You can also set up multiple thresholds and alerts for different subscription or resource groups if needed.
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A U.S. firm has £50 million in assets in Britain that they need to repatriate in six months. They could hedge the exchange rate risk by
A) buying pounds forward.
B) selling pounds forward.
C) borrowing pounds.
D) both selling pounds forward and borrowing pounds.
Buying pounds forward can hedge exchange rate risk for a US firm with £50 million in UK assets to be repatriated in six months. Thus the correct option is A.
By purchasing pounds in advance, a U.S. company with £50 million in assets in Britain may insure against currency rate risk. To safeguard against potential unfavourable currency rate swings, this entails deciding on a future exchange rate for the pound and locking it in.
Selling pounds in the future would expose the company to exchange rate risk, thus it is not a good idea. Additionally ineffective would be borrowing in pounds, which would expose the company to interest rate risk on top of currency rate risk. Combining borrowing and selling pounds forward wouldn't increase the benefits of hedging.
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A) buying pounds forward.
The US company should purchase pounds in the future in order to protect itself from the exchange rate risk associated with repatriating £50 million in six months. This entails deciding to buy pounds in the future at a set exchange rate. The company is able to insulate itself from the danger of unfavorable exchange rate changes by doing this and locking in a favorable exchange rate. Since the company wishes to repatriate the pounds rather than sell them, selling pounds forward is a poor plan. Additionally, borrowing pounds would not be a wise course of action because doing so would increase the firm's exposure to currency risk and increase the amount of time it would take to convert the borrowed pounds back to US dollars. Buying pounds forward is the most effective way to hedge against the currency risk associated with repatriating the £50 million.
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Don Pedro took out a loan for $12,000 at 15% compounded annually, payable in 3 installments equal to the
end of each year. Calculate the amount of such payments. Prepare an amortization table and determine the
total amount of interest paid. (please use the formula method)
The present value of the loan is $4,819.48. This means that Don Pedro received $4,819.48 today and will make three equal payments of $1,800 each to pay off the loan.
To solve this problem using the formula method, we can use the formula for the present value of an annuity due:
P[tex]V = PMT * (1 - (1 + r/n)^{(-n*t)) / (r/n)[/tex]
where PV is the present value of the loan, PMT is the equal payment amount for each installment, r is the annual interest rate (0.15), n is the number of compounding periods per year (1), and t is the total number of years for the loan (3).
First, we can calculate the total interest paid on the loan using the simple interest formula:
I = P * r * t
where P is the principal amount of the loan ($12,000), r is the annual interest rate (0.15), and t is the total number of years for the loan (3).
I = $12,000 * 0.15 * 3 = $5,400
So the total interest paid on the loan is $5,400. Since the loan is payable in three installments equal to the total amount of interest paid, each installment will be $1,800.
Next, we can use the formula for the present value of an annuity due to calculate the present value of the loan:
[tex]PV = $1,800 * (1 - (1 + 0.15/1)^{(-1*3)) / (0.15/1) = $4,819.48[/tex]
Therefore, the present value of the loan is $4,819.48. This means that Don Pedro received $4,819.48 today and will make three equal payments of $1,800 each to pay off the loan.
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It is becoming increasingly obvious that each person will need to take greater responsibility for their own retirement planning. Traditional pensions are becoming increasingly rare while 401K's more common. In some cases workers may only have access to IRA's.
An option to many workers is creation of an Individual Retirement Account (IRA)
Research the two types of IRA Accounts (Traditional and Roth)
Characterize both types of accounts by listing and discussing the relative advantages and disadvantages of each.
Discuss who can open each type of account including income limitations and withdrawal options and limitations
Also discuss where and how an account may be opened
1) Research the two types of IRA Accounts (Traditional and Roth)
When certain criteria are met, a Roth IRA, a kind of individual retirement account (IRA), permits eligible withdrawals on a tax-free basis, whereas a Traditional IRA permits people to invest pre-tax income in ways that allow for tax-deferred growth.
2) Characterize both types of accounts by listing and discussing the relative advantages and disadvantages of each.
The timing of the tax benefits is the main distinction between Roth and conventional IRAs. Unlike Roth IRAs, which enable you to pay taxes on contributions now and receive tax-free withdrawals later, standard IRAs allow you to deduct contributions now and pay taxes on withdrawals later.
Traditional IRAs operate similarly to customised pensions: in exchange for significant tax savings, they limit and impose conditions on access to money. Roth IRAs operate more like standard investing accounts but offer tax advantages instead of limits and breaks.
3) Discuss who can open each type of account including income limitations and withdrawal options and limitations
Traditional IRAs: Anyone, regardless of income, is eligible to make a contribution.
Roth IRAs: High earners are prohibited from creating and making direct contributions to a Roth IRA due to income restrictions. The following are the 2021 Roth IRA income restrictions: filing jointly with a spouse or being a qualified widow(er): If your modified adjusted gross income is $208,000 or above, you are not eligible.
With a Roth IRA, you may make after-tax contributions, see your money grow tax-free, and typically take withdrawals after age 5912. With a Traditional IRA, you can make contributions with either pre- or post-tax money. Your money grows tax-deferred, and after age 5912, withdrawals are subject to current income tax.
4) Also discuss where and how an account may be opened
3 steps to get started:
1. Decide whether you want a traditional IRA or Roth IRA
2. Research and select an IRA provider
3. Select your investments.
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what is the average defection rate for grocery store shoppers in a local area of a large city if customers spend $100 per visit, customers shop 60 weeks per year, the grocery store has a 4 percent gross margin, and the value of a loyal customer is estimated at $3,000 per year? a. 8% b. 9% c. 10% d. 11% e. 12%
The average defection rate for grocery store shoppers is 8%. The correct option is "A".
To calculate the average defection rate for grocery store shoppers, we can use the customer lifetime value (CLV) formula:
CLV = (Customer spending per visit x Number of visits per year x Gross margin) / Defection rate
We can rearrange the formula to solve for the defection rate:
Defection rate = (Customer spending per visit x Number of visits per year x Gross margin) / CLV
Substituting the given values, we get:
Defection rate = ($100 x 60 x 0.04) / $3,000 = 0.08 or 8%
The correct option is "A".
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the factor market and the product market are essentially the same thing.group startstrue or false
False. The factor market and the product market are not essentially the same thing. The factor market refers to the market where the factors of production (such as labor, capital, and land) are bought and sold, while the product market refers to the market where finished goods and services are bought and sold.
They are two distinct markets that serve different purposes in the economy. The factor market and the product market are not essentially the same thing. The factor market involves the buying and selling of resources needed for production, such as labor, capital, and land. The product market, on the other hand, involves the buying and selling of finished goods and services. Both markets are essential components of an economy, but they serve different purposes.
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The given statement is false because these two markets are distinct from each other and serve different purposes within the economy.
The factor market refers to the market where factors of production (such as land, labor, and capital) are bought and sold. Businesses purchase various production factors or resources required to produce goods and services in a factor market.
In contrast, the product market refers to the market where finished goods and services are bought and sold. In order to deliver goods and services to customers that are sold at the product market, producers purchase factors of production from the factor market.
Therefore, the factor market and the product market are not essentially the same thing.
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president david rose refuses to spend the money congress appropriated for the environmental protection agency. in response, congress has rejected the of funds. this scenario illustrates:
The scenario described above illustrates a power struggle between the executive and legislative branches of the government. President David Rose's refusal to spend the money that Congress appropriated for the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is an example of executive overreach, as it undermines the constitutional authority of the legislative branch to control the purse strings.
Congress, in response, has rejected the offer of funds, which is a clear indication of their dissatisfaction with the president's actions. This scenario is not uncommon in politics, as it is often the case that the two branches of government disagree on how to allocate resources.
In such situations, the constitution provides for a system of checks and balances that ensures no branch of government becomes too powerful. In this case, Congress is exercising its power of the purse, which is a critical tool for maintaining a balance of power between the executive and legislative branches.
Ultimately, this scenario underscores the importance of respecting the constitutional authority of each branch of government and the need for cooperation and compromise to ensure the effective functioning of the government.
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(Cost of equity) The common stock for the Bestsold Corporation sells for $56. If a new issue is sold, the flotation costs are estimated to be 8 percent. The company pays 80 percent of its earnings in dividends, and a $7.20 dividend was recently paid. Earnings per share 6 years ago were $7.00. Earnings are expected to continue to grow at the same annual rate in the future as during the past 6 years. The firm's marginal tax rate is 32 percent. Calculate the cost of (a) internal common equity and (b) external common equity. a. What is the firm's cost of internal common equity?
a. What is the firm's cost of internal commonequity?
____% (Round to two decimal places.)
b. What is the firm's cost of external commonequity?
____% (Round to two decimal places.)
Cost of internal common equity = 19.52%
Cost of external common equity = 11.94%
The sum that all common shareholders have contributed to a corporation is known as common equity. The value of the common shares itself is among the most significant aspects of this. However, it also contains additional paid-in capital as well as retained earnings.
To calculate growth rates, divide the difference between the starting and ending values for the period under study by the starting value. The most frequent time intervals for growth rates are annually, quarterly, monthly, and weekly.
N= 6 PV = 6 PMT = 0 FV = -11
CMT I/Y = 10.630%
Growth rate = 10.63%
5.6/63 + (0.1063) = 0.1952
Cost of internal common equity = 19.52%
b) external common equity: cost of internal common equity/(1-floatation costs)
0.1063/(1-0.11) = 0.1063/0.89 = 0.1194
Cost of external common equity = 11.94%
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the problem with the truman administration’s policy toward controlling the aggression of the soviet union was that it took a __________ approach instead of a _____________ approach.
The problem with the Truman administration's policy toward controlling the aggression of the Soviet Union was that it took a containment approach instead of a rollback approach.
The policy of containment aimed to prevent the expansion of communism beyond its current borders, rather than actively seeking to roll it back. Critics argued that this approach allowed the Soviet Union to continue expanding its influence, leading to the Korean War and other conflicts. Rollback, on the other hand, would have involved more aggressive actions aimed at pushing back Soviet influence and overthrowing communist governments.
Truman's containment policy reflected a more cautious approach to foreign policy, one that focused on preventing a larger war rather than taking risks to win smaller ones.
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The problem with the Truman administration's policy toward controlling the aggression of the Soviet Union was that it took a confrontational approach instead of a cooperative approach.
The Truman Doctrine and the containment policy were designed to limit the expansion of Soviet influence by containing it within its current borders. This approach was rooted in the belief that the Soviet Union was an aggressive and expansionist power that needed to be stopped at all costs.
However, this approach had several drawbacks. First, it led to a costly arms race that drained resources from the American economy. Second, it heightened tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union, leading to a dangerous nuclear standoff. Third, it failed to address the underlying economic and political factors that were driving Soviet expansionism.
A more cooperative approach, on the other hand, would have focused on addressing the underlying causes of Soviet aggression, such as economic inequality and political instability. It would have involved working with the Soviet Union to promote economic development and political stability, rather than simply trying to contain it.
In conclusion, while the Truman administration's policy toward controlling the aggression of the Soviet Union was well-intentioned, it ultimately failed to achieve its objectives. A more cooperative approach would have been a more effective way of addressing the underlying causes of Soviet expansionism and promoting peace and stability in the world.
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This type of evacuation is used in case of tornados and other severe storms. a. Shelter-in-place evacuation b. Building evacuation c. Vertical evacuation d. Horizontal evacuation e. Local evacuation
This type of evacuation is used in case of tornados and other severe storms. a. Shelter-in-place evacuation.
Shelter in place approach locating a secure region interior and staying there till you're given an “all clear” or instructed to evacuate. You can be requested to safe haven in region due to an lively shooter; tornado; or chemical, radiological, or different hazard. To lessen the fitness influences following herbal disasters, terrific evacuations shelters are vital to offer brief settlements to internally displaced people. Ultimately, evacuation shelters are supposed to lessen damage and make sure the fitness of the population.
Thus, the correct option is a.
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The type of evacuation used in case of tornados and other severe storms is typically a local evacuation. Option E
Local evacuation involves moving people to a safe location nearby, such as a designated shelter or community center. The goal of a local evacuation is to get people out of harm's way quickly and efficiently.
This type of evacuation may be necessary when severe weather is approaching or when a tornado warning has been issued. In some cases, local officials may issue a mandatory evacuation order, requiring residents to leave their homes and seek shelter in a safe location.
During a local evacuation, it's important for residents to follow all instructions from emergency officials and to take any necessary precautions to protect themselves and their families. This may include gathering emergency supplies, securing their homes, and evacuating quickly and safely.
While local evacuation may not always be required during severe storms, it's important for residents to be prepared and to have a plan in place in case an evacuation order is issued. By staying informed and taking proactive steps to stay safe, residents can help ensure that they and their loved ones are protected during severe weather events. Option E is the correct answer.
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which phrase best describes utility? utility is a measure of consumer satisfaction. the amount of money a consumer is willing to pay to gain a given amount of consumption. the contribution of a particular good or service to gdp. a measure of how useful a good or service is in acquiring income or wealth for a consumer. how do economists measure utility? economists do not measure utility. it is a hypothetical measure used for modeling behavior. use surveys to rate the usefulness of goods and services after they are purchased. measure utility in a laboratory by analyzing the responses of volunteers. use data such as prices and purchase information to measure utility.
The phrase "utility is a measure of consumer satisfaction" best describes the concept of utility in economics.
What's utility in economicIt refers to the level of satisfaction or happiness that a consumer derives from consuming a particular good or service.
Although utility cannot be directly measured, economists use various methods to approximate it, such as surveys or analyzing purchase behavior. Utility is important because it helps consumers make choices about what to buy, and it also helps firms determine what goods or services to produce.
Additionally, the amount of utility that consumers derive from a good or service can affect its price, as consumers are willing to pay more for things that provide greater utility.
Overall, utility is a crucial concept in understanding consumer behavior and the functioning of markets.
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need answer with explanation. Thanks
Assume an H&R Block Canada location had a fixed cost of $12,000 to cover
during tax filing season, and variable costs for each service of $29. What would
the break-even point be for professional services of (a) $109, (b) $69, and (c) $39?
The break-even point be for professional services of $109, $69 and $39 are 148, 240 and 1200 clients respectively.
To calculate the break-even point for each professional service price, we need to use the formula:
Break-even point = Fixed costs ÷ (Price per unit - Variable costs per unit)
(a) For a professional service price of $109:
Break-even point = $12,000 ÷ ($109 - $29)
= 147.54
Therefore, the H&R Block Canada location would need to provide professional services to 148 clients at $109 per client to break even during tax filing season.
(b) For a professional service price of $69:
Break-even point = $12,000 ÷ ($69 - $29)
= 240
Therefore, the H&R Block Canada location would need to provide professional services to 240 clients at $69 per client to break even during tax filing season.
(c) For a professional service price of $39:
Break-even point = $12,000 ÷ ($39 - $29)
= 1200
Therefore, the H&R Block Canada location would need to provide professional services to 1,200 clients at $39 per client to break even during tax filing season.
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Real estate prices in the UK have been rising Use your understanding of the bond market and money market to explain the effect on bond prices and interest rates. As a student of money, banking and financial markets, would you advise your friend to apply for a mortgage to buy a house now?
As real estate prices increase, the interest rates increase and demand and prices of existing bond decreases.
I would advise my friend to consider the current economic conditions and the potential for future changes in the market before applying for a mortgage.
The effect of rising real estate prices in the UK on bond prices and interest rates are:1. As real estate prices in the UK rise, it indicates increased demand for housing and potentially higher inflation in the economy.
2. Central banks, such as the Bank of England, may respond to higher inflation by increasing interest rates to control inflation and maintain price stability.
3. When interest rates rise, bond prices typically fall. This is because existing bonds with lower fixed interest rates become less attractive compared to newly issued bonds with higher interest rates, leading to a decrease in demand and lower prices for the existing bonds.
Advice on applying for a mortgage are:As a student of money, banking, and financial markets, considering the current situation of rising real estate prices and the potential for interest rates to rise, I would advise your friend to carefully evaluate their financial situation and long-term goals before deciding to apply for a mortgage. If they believe they can comfortably afford the mortgage payments and are committed to staying in the house for an extended period, it may be a good time to buy a house.
However, if interest rates are expected to rise significantly in the near future, it may be better to wait and reassess the situation later, as higher interest rates could make the mortgage more expensive and potentially lower real estate prices. Also, low interest rates may make borrowing more attractive, they may also be a sign of an overheated housing market or a weak economy. It is important to assess the risks and benefits of borrowing before making a decision.
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lowe's maintains extra inventory of roofing nails in case the weekly delivery from its regional distribution center is delayed. this type of inventory is called .
Lowe's keeps additional roofing nails in stock to ensure they have enough in case their weekly shipment from the regional distribution center is delayed. This additional inventory is referred to as safety stock inventory.
Safety stock inventory is the extra inventory that a company maintains to mitigate the risk of stockouts or shortages caused by delays in the supply chain or unexpected increases in demand. It acts as a buffer to ensure that the company has sufficient inventory to meet customer demand even when the regular supply chain is disrupted. Safety stock inventory helps to prevent lost sales and maintain customer satisfaction.
However, maintaining too much safety stock can increase inventory holding costs, which can be costly for the company. Finding the right balance between safety stock and holding costs is critical for effective inventory management.
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