In the first place, to make the poem or the novel the central concern of literary criticism has appeared to mean cutting it loose from its author and from the author’s particular hopes, fears, interests, conflicts, etc. A criticism so limited may seem bloodless and hollow.
In the second place, to emphasize the work seems to involve severing it from those who actually read it, and this severance may seem drastic and therefore disastrous. After all, literature is written to be read.
The formalist critic knows as well as anyone that poems and plays and novels are written as expressions of particular personalities and are written from all sorts of motives–for money, from a desire to express oneself, for the sake of a cause, etc. Moreover, the formalist critic knows as well as anyone that literary works are merely potential until they are read–that is, that they are re-created in the minds of actual readers, who vary enormously in their capabilities, their interests, their prejudices, their ideas. But the formalist critic is concerned primarily with the work itself. Speculation on the mental processes of the author takes the critic away from the work into biography and psychology. Such studies describe the process of composition, not the structure of the thing composed.
On the other hand, exploration of the various readings which the work has received also takes the critic away from the work into psychology and the history of taste. But such work, valuable and necessary as it may be, is to be distinguished from a criticism of the work itself. The formalist critic makes two assumptions: (1) that the relevant part of the author’s intention is what the author actually put into the work–that is, the critic assumes that the author’s intention as realized is the "intention" that counts. And (2) the formalist critic assumes an ideal reader–that is, instead of focusing on the varying spectrum of possible readings, the critic attempts to find a central point of reference from which to focus on the structure of the poem or novel.
There is no ideal reader, of course. But for the purpose of focusing on the poem rather than on the critic’s own reactions, it is a defensible strategy. (The alternatives are desperate: Either we say that one person’s reading is as good as another’s, and thus deny the possibility of any standard reading, or else we take the lowest common denominator of the various readings that have been made–that is, we frankly move from literary criticism into social psychology. To propose taking a consensus of the opinions of "qualified" readers is simply to split the ideal reader into a group of ideal readers.) As consequences of the distinction just referred to, the formalist critic rejects two popular tests for literary value. The first proves the value of the work from the author’s "sincerity" (or the intensity of the author’s feelings as he or she composed it). We discount also such tests as the intensity of the critic’s reaction.
A literary work is a document and as a document can be analyzed in terms of the forces that have produced it, or it may be manipulated as a force in its own right. It mirrors the past, it may influence the future. These facts it would be futile to deny, and I know of no critic who does deny them. But the reduction of a work of literature to its causes does not constitute literary criticism; nor does an estimate of its effects. Good literature is more than effective rhetoric applied to true ideas–even if we could agree upon a philosophical yardstick for measuring the truth of ideas and even if we could find some way that transcended nose counting for determining the effectiveness of the rhetoric.
Material used in this test passage has been adapted from the following source:
C. Brooks, The formalist critic. ©1951 by The Kenyon Review.
The author of the passage probably rejects the use of biography and psychology in literary criticism because these disciplines:
cannot provide any information about literature.
assume that the author’s intention as realized is the only intention that counts.
take into account the entire range of possible readings of a literary work.
focus on the process of literary composition and not on its product.

Torvald and Krogstad first met several years prior to the events of Henrik Ibsen's play "A Doll's House". The two men worked together at the bank where Torvald was eventually promoted to manager. Krogstad, who was also a skilled accountant, held a lower position at the bank and felt overlooked and undervalued by Torvald. This resentment ultimately led to Krogstad's attempt to blackmail Nora, Torvald's wife, by threatening to reveal her past forgery of a loan document.

It is unclear from the play exactly when Torvald and Krogstad first met, but it can be assumed that they had a professional relationship prior to the events of the play.

The tension between the two men is palpable throughout the play, with Krogstad harboring a grudge against Torvald for his perceived mistreatment and Torvald expressing contempt for Krogstad's unethical behavior.

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Readers can tell that authors are using sarcasm are "state the opposite of what is true" and "make ridiculous exaggerations".

Sarcasm is a form of irony that is used to convey the opposite meaning of what is being said, often for humorous or critical effect.

By stating the opposite of what is true or making exaggerated statements, authors can signal their use of sarcasm to readers.

For example, if an author writes, "Oh great, another rainy day in paradise," the reader can infer that the author is being sarcastic because rainy weather is not typically associated with paradise.

Similarly, if an author writes, "I just love sitting in traffic for hours," the reader can infer that the author is being sarcastic because no one enjoys being stuck in traffic. These types of statements, where the intended meaning is opposite to the literal meaning, are clear signals to readers that sarcasm is being used.

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It's most likely A. state the opposite of what is true.

No sentence in the paragraph contains an error in verb voice.

Verb voice is use to show  the relationship  that exist between the subject and the verb in a  particular sentence. There are two major  types of verb voice which is active voice and passive voice.

In Active voice, the subject present in the sentence performs the action sentence as indicated by the verb.

In passive voice, the subject in the  sentence is the recipient of  the action showcased by the verb.

Passive voice is normally use to divert  focus from the doer of the action to the receiver  of the action, or to lay emphasize on the action instead of the  t person or thing performing it.

Therefore, , it can cause  ambiguity or confusion about who or what is responsible for the action.

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A poem on marginalized people:

Marginalized people face barriers and discrimination based on their race, gender, sexuality, ability etc but their experiences are often dismissed or ignored by those in power which leads to  lack of resources and support for their communities.

Despite these challenges, the marginalized people continue to fight for their rights and dignity but it up to those with privilege and power to listen, learn, and amplify their voices and work towards a more just and equitable society for all.

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The plate that should have the lowest concentration of bacteria is the plate that was treated with the highest concentration of the disinfectant.

This is because a higher concentration of the disinfectant is expected to have a stronger antimicrobial effect and be more effective at killing or inhibiting the growth of bacteria.

As a result, fewer bacteria should be able to grow on the plate that received the highest concentration of the disinfectant compared to the plates that received lower concentrations or no disinfectant.

However, it is important to note that the concentration of the disinfectant needs to be optimized to achieve the desired level of antimicrobial efficacy without causing harm to humans or the environment.

The optimal concentration of the disinfectant will depend on factors such as the type of disinfectant, the type and concentration of bacteria, the duration of exposure, and the application method.

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The probable question may be :

Complete question: In an experiment to test the effectiveness of a disinfectant on bacterial growth, which plate among the set of plates treated with different concentrations of the disinfectant should have the lowest concentration of bacteria?

A. Her latest bestseller came out last month. Her latest bestseller, which means her most recent book that has been selling very well, was published or released last month.

The correct phrasal verb to use in this context is "came out", which means to be released or made available to the public. Option A is the correct answer, while options B, C, and D are incorrect because they do not use the correct phrasal verb or preposition. To add more information, it is important to note that the book was published or printed and made available for purchase or distribution. The author must have written the book before it was published, and it is likely that she spent several months or years working on it. Generally, a bestseller is a book that sells a large number of copies, often becoming popular due to word of mouth or positive reviews.

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The word caged bird represents African American community.

In Maya Angelou's poem "Caged Bird," the cage is a metaphor for the oppression and confinement experienced by African Americans during the era of segregation and Jim Crow laws. The caged bird represents the African American community,who are trapped by societal barriers, discrimination, and racism.

The bird's wings are clipped, preventing it from soaring freely and experiencing the joys of life outside of its cage. The bird's song is also limited and silenced, as it cannot express itself fully due to the constraints of its environment. Overall, the cage is a powerful symbol of the struggle for freedom and equality, and the ongoing fight against systemic injustice.

Maya Angelou's 'Caged Bird' strongly evokes the message of protest about the inequality between Blacks and Whites during Segregation in American history. It echoes the emotion within such a horrible experience, and it illustrates the oppression of the Blacks in contrast with the freedom of the Whites.

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An American novelist, essayist, and short story writer by the name of Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald. His short story collection Tales of the Jazz Age popularised the word, which is best known for its use in his books, which capture the excess and flamboyance of the Jazz Age.

Written by Scott and Zelda Fitzgerald. One of the most enduring love tales in American literature didn't take place in a book; rather, it happened in real life.

One of the greatest American writers of the 20th century, F. Scott Fitzgerald is well known for his portrayals of the wealthy, jaded youth of the 1920s, or "the Jazz Age." In addition to more than 150 short tales, he finished four books.

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Match each narrative plot description to the type of conflict it includes.

A) Character vs. character - Alana is auditioning for a role in her school musical. Her best friend Eden also decides to try out for the same role. The friends' relationship is put to the test.

B) Character vs. technology - Miguel, who loves playing baseball, takes a chance and tries out for a prestigious club soccer team and makes it. Now, he must choose between two sports he loves.

C) Character vs. nature - Penelope develops an application for her phone that will answer texts automatically. Her program takes over her phone and begins sending random messages to everyone she knows.

D) Character vs. self - Alana is struggling to come to terms with her sexuality and wonders if she is attracted to girls or boys.

In a story, conflict is the struggle between two forces. There is no storyline if there is no dispute. Conflict is a problem that must be resolved. It is a conflict between the lead character and the opposition forces. It serves as the foundation for the plot of the story.

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Answer: Alana A:

while on a camping trip is C:

migule is D:

Penelope is B:

Explanation:

In the battle against the dragon, Beowulf's comrades, except for one named Wiglaf, exhibit fear and desert Beowulf. Wiglaf remains loyal, assisting Beowulf in slaying the dragon and ultimately securing victory.

In the battle that Beowulf is engaged in, his comrades fight alongside him against the monster Grendel. They try to defeat the monster by using their weapons and physical strength. However, their efforts prove to be futile as Grendel is impervious to conventional weapons. It is only Beowulf's extraordinary abilities and his strategy of grappling with Grendel that ultimately leads to their victory.

Except for Wiglaf, the rest of Beowulf's allies show dread and depart him during the fight with the dragon. Wiglaf stays obedient, helping Beowulf defeat the dragon and secure victory.

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Answer:

It should be economically self-sufficient.

Explanation:

When Torvald tells Nora that she has a "sacred duty" as a wife to remain, he is referring to the traditional gender roles and expectations of marriage during the time period in which the play is set. In this society, women were expected to prioritize their roles as wives and mothers above all else and to maintain a perfect household for their husbands.

This duty was seen as sacred because it was believed to be a divine and necessary role for women to fulfill in order to maintain the stability of the family unit and society as a whole.

Torvald believes that Nora's duty as a wife is to remain by his side and continue to fulfill her domestic duties, regardless of any personal desires or ambitions she may have. He sees Nora's duty to him and their family as her ultimate responsibility and believes that it is her duty to prioritize their needs above her own. This highlights the inequality and restrictive nature of gender roles during the time period in which the play is set.

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The correct matches are as follows:

Imperative moods give orders or make strong suggestions. Indicative moods show facts or actions that are happening. Subjunctive moods reflect events that haven't yet occurred, are speculative or are based on imagination.

Indicative Mood: Indicative mood expresses facts or actions that are happening. It is used to make declarative or indicative statements, which are not direct commands, demands, or suggestions. For example, "I am going to the store."

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These are only a few of the numerous slang phrases used in contemporary English newspaper. Typical slang expressions that you could see in a sports article or in casual conversation include the following below list.

"Slay" refers to doing something especially well or succeeding in a difficult scenario. "Lit" refers to something being interesting or amazing refers to something being cool or wonderful "Hyped" refers to something being overhyped or highly marketed

"Squad" refers to a group of friends or teammates, "Chill" denotes relaxation or ease, "Baller" denotes a person who is gifted, successful, or affluent, "Fam" denotes relatives or close friends, and "Savage" denotes a person who is fearless, rough, or aggressive.

"GOAT" stands for "Greatest Of All Time" and refers to someone who is regarded as such.

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The poem's interplay between the past and future is best illustrated in the line "The new hath arrived and now the old retreats." The correct option is B.

Poetry is a kind of literature in which ideas are expressed, scenes are painted, or stories are told using a condensed, lyrical order of words.

Rhyming lines and rhythms, which base a line's rhythm & emphasis on syllabic beats, can be used to structure poems. Poems can also be freeform, with no predetermined structure.

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Which of these lines best explains the relationship between the past and future in the poem?

• A. "Of the keen heart that hastens to forget / Old longings in fulfilling new desires."

• B. "The new hath come and now the old retires

• C. "His timid future shrinking there alone, / Beneath her marriage-veil of mysteries."

•D. "And so the past becomes a mountain-cell, / Where lone, apart, old hermit-memories dwell…”

Answer:

False. While some stories may have a theme that can be succinctly captured in one word, such as "love" or "betrayal," most themes are more complex and require a more nuanced understanding of the story's characters, plot, and setting. Themes are the underlying messages or ideas that the author seeks to convey through the story, and they can encompass a range of emotions, values, and issues. For example, the theme of "To Kill a Mockingbird" by Harper Lee could be described as "prejudice," but it also touches on broader themes such as justice, morality, and the loss of innocence. Therefore, it is not always accurate to summarize a story's theme in just one word.

Explanation:

i hope this helps:)

Answer:

False.

While a theme can be summarized in a word or phrase, it typically requires a more nuanced and detailed description to fully capture the underlying message or lesson of a story. Themes often relate to broader topics such as love, power, justice, or identity, and may involve complex ideas or issues that require deeper exploration and analysis.

The primary symptom exhibited by Mrs. Freidericks upon admission to the hospital was shortness of breath. The correct option is B.

Mrs. Freidericks exhibited several symptoms upon admission to the hospital, but the primary symptom that she complained of was shortness of breath or dyspnea. Dyspnea is defined as difficulty in breathing or the sensation of not getting enough air, and it is a common symptom of many respiratory conditions, including COPD. COPD is a progressive disease that affects the lungs and makes it difficult to breathe. It is typically characterized by chronic bronchitis, emphysema, or both.

In Mrs. Freidericks' case, her shortness of breath was severe, as evidenced by her labored respirations at a rate of 32 breaths per minute and a low SpO2 level of just 84%. Additionally, her vital capacity (VC), which is the maximum amount of air a person can exhale after taking a deep breath, was decreased. These findings indicate that her lungs were not functioning properly and that she was experiencing a significant level of respiratory distress.

The correct option is B.

-----------The given question is incomplete, the complete question is:

"Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Helga Freidericks is a 57-year-old woman who came to the urgent-care clinic today complaining of SOB. On admission, her respirations were labored, at a rate of 32 breaths per minute. Her SpO2 was just 84%, and her VC was decreased. She appeared anxious and stated that she couldn't get enough air." Her lungs had bilateral expiratory wheezes throughout scattered rhonchi, and bibasilar crackles.

What was the primary symptom exhibited by Mrs. Freidericks upon admission to the hospital?

a. Chest pain

b. Shortness of breath

c. Slow breathing

d. Unconsciousness"-------------

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Torvald believes that Nora is childish and irresponsible, but it can be argued that he is being unfair in his assessment.

Nora has lived her entire life under the expectations and restrictions placed upon her by society, including her husband, and has never been allowed to fully develop her own sense of self or make her own decisions. Her actions, such as taking out a loan without her husband's knowledge, can be seen as a result of her desire to assert her independence and agency. Additionally, Nora's willingness to take responsibility for her actions, even if it means facing consequences, shows a level of maturity that Torvald fails to recognize. Overall, while Nora may exhibit traits that could be seen as childish or irresponsible, it is important to consider the societal constraints and pressures that have influenced her behavior. Nora, in Henrik Ibsen's play "A Doll's House," is initially portrayed as childish and irresponsible, as Torvald believes. However, as the story progresses, we see Nora's character development, realizing that her actions were driven by a desire to protect her family and herself. By the end of the play, Nora demonstrates maturity and self-awareness, contradicting Torvald's initial perception of her.

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Internet addiction affects people's lives in many different ways is a true statement.

Internet addiction is a severe issue that is becoming worse and has various effects on people's lives. It alludes to a behavioral condition marked by excessive internet use that has a detrimental impact on a person's physical, emotional, and social well-being. Internet use in excess can result in physical health issues including bad posture, eye strain, and sleeplessness.

Additionally, it may result in mental health problems like social isolation, melancholy, and anxiety. The drop in in-person connections and difficulty preserving good relationships that might result from internet addiction can severely impact a person's social life. Overall, internet addiction may significantly affect a person's quality of life, therefore it's critical to be aware of the symptoms and get support if necessary.

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b. Black and White fallacy is a fallacy that presents limited choices, or black and white choices, that removes the complexity and nuance of an argument. An example would be when someone says something like, "You are not a true feminist if you believe…" or "You can't be a Republican if you believe …"

The paradox depicted within the explanation is the Black and White false idea, which is additionally known as the Wrong Problem paradox. This error presents as it were two choices and disregards other conceivable outcomes.

Therefore, It's a sort of paradox that limits the choices accessible and neglects the different conceivable outcomes and choices that may exist.

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In Oscar Wilde's play "The Importance of Being Earnest," Jack's imaginary brother is a figment of his imagination that he has created to cope with the loneliness and isolation he feels in his life.

His imaginary brother is described as being everything that Jack is not - confident, outgoing, and popular. Jack often talks to his imaginary brother as if he were real, and it helps him feel less alone in the world. This is a common coping mechanism for people who feel disconnected from others or who have difficulty forming close relationships. By creating an imaginary companion, they are able to feel a sense of companionship and support that they may not be able to find elsewhere.

The name Ernest also represents a form of escapism for Jack, as he sees it as a symbol of freedom, excitement, and adventure, which he feels is lacking in his ordinary life. However, as the play unfolds, Jack's imaginary brother creates more problems than solutions when his friend Algernon decides to impersonate him and causes confusion and chaos in the lives of the other characters.

In the end, Jack realizes that he cannot continue to hide behind the persona of Ernest and must face the consequences of his actions. The imaginary brother, therefore, serves as a plot device that highlights the absurdity and superficiality of the upper-class society portrayed in the play and underscores the themes of deception, identity, and social conventions.

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Answer:

The dependent clause of the sentence is "We understand the importance of power and the value of water."

The subordinate clause in this sentence is "When a hurricane hits."

Explanation:

This clause functions as an adverbial subordinate clause, as it modifies the dependent clause by indicating when the action takes place. Specifically, it shows the condition under which "we understand the importance of power and the value of water."

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Answer: Boisterous

Explanation: The word Boisterous describes a loud, spirited, and lively character.

Example- My elder brother is cute but gets boisterous at times.

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In Henrik Ibsen's play, A Doll's House, the lamp going out in the hall once Torvald takes the letters from the box serves as a symbolic representation of the loss of truth and illumination in the household. The lamp, which represents light and knowledge, is put out as Torvald removes the letters that reveal the truth about Nora's secret loan. This act signifies the suppression of the truth, as Torvald seeks to maintain the facade of a perfect family, and his own reputation.

Moreover, the lamp going out also represents the loss of power and agency for Nora. Throughout the play, Nora has been living in a state of ignorance and naivety, believing that her husband is the sole source of knowledge and authority in their household. However, as the truth is revealed through the letters, Nora begins to see the power dynamics at play and realizes that she has been living in a doll's house all along.

In conclusion, the lamp going out in the hall symbolizes the loss of truth, knowledge, and agency in the household. It serves as a pivotal moment in the play, highlighting the importance of transparency and honesty in relationships, and the consequences of suppressing the truth.

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1692 in Salem, Massachusetts. In an effort to hide their own occult activities, a small number of girls 'cry out' against other residents of the town, accusing them of practicing witchcraft. The girls' allegations, spearheaded by Abigail Williams, lead to the establishment of a court to look into the alleged crimes.

One of Arthur Miller's more intimate plays, After the Fall, is a thinly veiled personal critique focused on Miller's recent divorce from Marilyn Monroe. The story is centered on Quentin, a Jewish intellectual from New York City who decides to reevaluate his life in order to decide whether or not to get married.

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No matter their personality type, all salespeople share the traits of drive, determination, and persuasiveness of salesperson if one wishes to thrive in a career in sales. The correct answer is a. interesting.

They must get over their social awkwardness, shyness, and fear of rejection. They have in-depth understanding of the products they sell. They are experts in the items' applications, mechanics, systems, and procedures. Elite salespeople only need to present the information the customer needs to understand; they don't need to sell themselves because of their knowledge the themes of empathy and the ability to help a client decide on the best course of action are included throughout the play.

Complete question:

Prompt Choose an object in the room you’re in. Now, imagine you’re a salesperson trying to convince someone to buy it. Describe the object, making it sound as

a. interesting,

b. beautiful,

c. useful as possible

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The type or category of film that has its own recognizable conventions and is defined by similarities among large numbers of films is known as a genre.

Genres are used to classify films based on their subject matter, style, and narrative structure, allowing audiences to know what to expect from a particular film. Examples of film genres include action, comedy, horror, romance, science fiction, and westerns.

Genres rely on familiar conventions, such as specific settings, characters, and plot devices, that audiences recognize and enjoy. For example, in a horror film, the audience expects to see scary creatures, jump scares, and tense music. In a romantic comedy, the audience expects to see a couple falling in love, comedic misunderstandings, and a happy ending.

Filmmakers use genre conventions to create a framework for their films, and audiences use them to understand and appreciate the films they watch. Therefore, genres are an important aspect of film culture and allow for a shared experience among viewers.

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The figurative language used in the given text is personification. Personification is a type of figurative language in which human characteristics are attributed to non-human things.

In this text, the ferns, satin leaves, and crackerberries are described as having gone to sleep, as if they were human beings. Personification is a powerful literary device that is commonly used in literature, poetry, and everyday speech. It is used to create a more vivid and engaging image in the reader's mind by giving human-like qualities to inanimate objects, animals, or abstract concepts.

Overall, personification is a powerful tool for writers and speakers to use when trying to create a certain mood or tone in their audience. By giving non-human objects human-like qualities, they can make their message more relatable and memorable, and help their audience to better connect with the world around them.

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