The process of nitrification in nitrogen cycle in which the nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert inert nitrogen in the atmosphere to nitrates in the soil.
The nitrogen cycle is a biogeochemical process through which inert nitrogen is converted into more usable forms such as nitrites and nitrates. Nitrogen in the atmosphere is converted to various forms to maintain a balance in the ecosystem. It involves five main steps through which atmospheric nitrogen is first moved to the geoshpere and then back to the atmosphere. The five main steps are: nitrogen fixation, nitrification, assimilation, ammonification and dentrification.
The nitrogen cycle is important for plants to absorb an essential nutrient for their growth. Nitrogen cannot be taken up by plants from the atmosphere. Therefore, nitrogen needs to be present in the soil so that the plants can consume it through roots.
Inert nitrogen present in the atmosphere is converted into nitrates in the soil (in the geosphere) through symbiotic bacteria such as Nitrosomonas bacteria. Nitrates are absorbed by plants and are delivered back to the atmosphere through dentrification.
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Why does the mode of fertilization correlate with the presence or absence of male parental care?
External fertilisation increases the likelihood of fatherhood.
What exactly does internal fertilisation mean?Internal fertilisation is the process of fertilisation that takes place inside a person's body. Mostly land animals experience it. There has to be a way to get male sperm into the female reproductive system so that internal fertilisation may happen.
The gametes collide inside the female's body in mammals, reptiles, birds, and certain fish species. Internal fertilisation is the term for this. Because sperm still prefer swimming to walking, all land inhabitants require this method of fertilisation.
The three techniques of internal fertilisation are oviparity (egg deposited outside the female body), ovoviparity (egg kept within the female), and viviparity. Internal fertilisation is defined by sperm fertilising the egg inside the female.
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If the chloroplast is the result of endosymbiosis, what membrane of the chloroplast represents the plasma membrane of the ancestral cyanobacteria?
According to the Endosymbiotic theory, free-living bacteria were phagozited by another cell. The internal membrane of chloroplast represents the plasma membrane of cyanobacteria.
What does the endosymbiotic theory state?
The endosymbiotic theory proposes that mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living bacteria that were phagocytized by another cell but not digested.
These bacteria got to adapt to their host, and both cells became interdependent.
Both organelles have many similarities with other free-living bacteria.
Chloroplasts probably derivate from cyanobacteria. Mitochondria derivate from rickettsias.From the phagocytosis moment, these two cells became so dependent on each other, that they could not survive without the other one.
Chloroplasts and mitochondria share some traits with free-living bacteria, that support the theory.
Both organelles present their genetic material. This DNI is independent of the cell's DNA, is bi-catenary and circular, identical to the bacterial DNA, and very different from the one of the eukaryotic cells. Both organelles divide by binary fission, not by mitosis, and can synthesize their ribosomes and organelles. Both organelles present a double membrane, a characteristic that reinforces the idea of being phagocyted. The internal membrane looks identical to the bacterial membrane, while the external membrane looks like the eukaryotic one.In fact, in this internal membrane are placed the energy centers, just as it occurs in bacterias membrane.
Finally, the sizes of the organelles are similar to the size of some procaryotes.According to this information, we could say that membrane of the chloroplast that represents the plasma membrane of the ancestral cyanobacteria is the internal membrane.
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Trans fatty acids are now considered more atherogenic than saturated fatty acids because they ________.
Trans fatty acids are now considered more atherogenic than saturated fatty acids because they elevate LDL levels while decreasing HDL.
LDL is the Low Density Lipoprotein. It is considered to be bad for the health of humans, and hence is also called bad cholesterol. High levels of LDL increase the risk of heart disease, stroke or attack. This happens because LDL gets accumulated in the arteries, therefore affecting the blood flow into the heart.
HDL is the High Density Lipoprotein. It is also called the good cholesterol. It is involved in the removal of other bad forms of cholesterol from the body. For good amounts of HDL in the body, the value should be greater than 60 milligrams per deciliter.
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The movement of salt from the surrounding water to the blood of a freshwater fish requires the expenditure of energy in the form of ATP. Why?
The movement of salt from the surrounding water to the blood of a freshwater fish requires the expenditure of energy in the form of ATP because salt must be transported from the surrounding water to the blood of a freshwater fish against the concentration gradient from a hypoosmotic to a hyperosmotic environment, this demands the utilisation of ATP.
When two solutions have different osmolarities, the more diluted solution is referred to as "hypoosmotic," and the one with a higher solute content as "hyperosmotic."Because the osmolarity of their internal fluids is significantly higher than that of their surroundings, fresh water animals constantly absorb water by osmosis and lose salts by diffusion.As salt moves through osmosis from an environment that is hypo-osmotic to one that is hypertonic, or hyper-osmotic, ATP is needed (internal fluids).To know more about osmolarity visit:
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Draw the ketose and aldose forms of a monosaccharide with the chemical formula c3h6o3. how is the structure of the monosaccharide changed from one form to the other in the human body?
Monosaccharides are the simplest structures of carbohydrates and have the structure of an aldehyde or ketone that has at least two hydroxy groups, sugars that have an aldehyde carbonyl are called aldoses, and those that have a ketone function are called ketoses.
How is the structure of monosaccharide changed from one form to another in the human body?The bond between monosaccharides is called a glycosidic bond. In it, two monosaccharides are linked through the combination of two hydroxyl groups present in their distinct structures.
With this information, we can conclude that Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrate compounds, having between three and seven carbons. They are monomers, that is, they cannot be hydrolyzed. They usually have a sweet taste and are always soluble in water. The most popularly known are the pentoses and hexoses.
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several of the neuroscientific methods described in the textbook measure blood flow in the brain. which blood-flow method is best suited for use with children?
Several of the neuroscientific methods described in the textbook measure blood flow in the brain. The blood-flow method that is best suited for use with children is Functional near Infrared Spectroscopy. (FNIRS).
What is Functional near Infrared Spectroscopy?
Functional infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a portable, noninvasive brain imaging technology that uses low levels of non-ionizing light to record changes in cerebral blood flow in the brain using optical sensors placed on the surface of the scalp. These signals are recorded using flexible optical cables that allow neuroimaging experiments to be performed on participants while they perform tasks such as standing or walking. FNIRS has the potential to provide new insights into the development of brain activation during ambulatory motor learning tasks and standing tasks to investigate balance and vestibular function.To learn more about Functional near Infrared Spectroscopy, refer to:
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Which of the following is a consequence of biological magnification? a. Toxic chemicals in the environment pose greater risk to top-level predators than to primary consumers. b. Populations of top-level predators are generally smaller than populations of primary consumers. c. The biomass of producers in an ecosystem is generally higher than the biomass of primary consumers. d. Only a small portion of the energy captured by producers is transferred to consumers.
Because of biological multiplication, toxic substances present a larger threat to top predators than to primary consumers in the environment.
How does biomagnification work?
The buildup of a certain substance in the bodies of creatures at various trophic levels of a food chain serves as an example. The drug or chemical might not break down, accumulating in higher trophic levels as a result.
These dangerous substances pose a bigger threat to the ecosystem. Because the top predator feeds directly on the primary consumers, the poisonous component poses a higher problem to top-level predators than to primary consumers. These harmful components get gathered throughout their tissue.
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which of the following statements about hormones and the endocrine system is true? view available hint(s)for part a which of the following statements about hormones and the endocrine system is true? hormones only affect specific cells having the appropriate receptors. hormones are produced by specialized blood cells and secreted into the blood. hormones result in short-term responses as compared with nervous responses. hormones are stored in the mitochondria of hormone-secreting cells.
Option A: Hormones only affect specific cells having the appropriate receptors.
The endocrine system comprises the endocrine glands and the hormones released by them. The endocrine system uses various hormones to regulate various body functions like body growth, reproduction, metabolism, sensory responses, etc. Hormones are the chemical substances secreted by endocrine glands into the bloodstream. They work by carrying signals to the specific target organs.
Homeostasis is a condition in which the pituitary gland regulates hormone production. When hormones are released in excess amounts, the pituitary gland instructs other glands to stop producing the hormone. While if it is low, the pituitary gland works the opposite.
Hormones are not free to regulate any of the body's functions. They are bound to their specific target cell or organ. For example, estrogen is a hormone released by ovaries in women. Estrogen can only regulate the menstrual cycle and it can't interfere with other body functions.
Therefore, option A is correct which states that hormones only affect specific cells having the appropriate receptors.
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Unlike some other types of birth defects, neural tube defects are largely preventable. Explain (see Figure 41.4).
Brain and spinal cord abnormalities include neural tube defects. This hinders the neural tube's ability to close during the early stages of embryonic development. Anencephaly and spina bifida are two significant neural tube abnormalities.
During development, the neural plate gives rise to the nervous system. A neural tube is created when the neural plates curve toward one another. The neural tube's posterior portion develops into the brain, while the remainder develops into the spinal cord.
Spina Bifida is caused by a partial closure of the neural tube near the spinal cord. The brain and spinal cord are exposed to the amniotic fluid as a result of the imperfect closure. The brain tissue is harmed by this, particularly the cerebellum and hippocampus. Anencephaly is the result, and it is caused by this.
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The plasma membrane is selectively permeable, allowing _____ substances to cross. multiple choice question.
The plasma membrane is selectively permeable, allowing some substances to cross.
What is plasma membrane?Plasma membrane is defined as the outer layer of the cell of a living organism which protects the cells against physical and chemical harm of it's environment.
The ability of the plasma membrane to perform this function is that it is selectively permeable.
Selective permeability is defined as the ability of a biological surface to permit the passage of some molecules into its cell while resisting others.
The components of a selectively permeable membrane include the following:
proteins, phospholipids, carbohydrates, and cholesterol.This plasma membrane allows the passage of only certain types of molecules through diffusion and occasionally by facilitated diffusion.
Therefore, the plasma membrane is selectively permeable, allowing some substances to cross. multiple choice question.
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Which statement correctly describes why earthquakes happen?(1 point)
Earth’s crust suddenly slips along a fault.
Earth’s crust suddenly slips along a fault.
Earth’s crust near magma melts, and the ground collapses.
Earth’s crust near magma melts, and the ground collapses.
Earth’s crust switches places in a periodic manner.
Earth’s crust switches places in a periodic manner.
Earth’s crust undergoes a cycle from a solid material to magma.
Answer:
The third one
Explanation:
when it swutched it causes friction which causes earthquakes
describe the dorsal body cavity and its subdivisions: describe the ventral body cavity and its subdivisions: describe the serous membranes or serosa of the ventral body cavity:
The dorsal cavity resides at the back portion of the body. It is subdivided into two parts:
Cranial cavity, which resides the brain; andSpinal cavity, that encloses the backbone.The ventral cavity is larger than the dorsal cavity, present at the front portion. The subdivisions of the ventral cavity are:
Thoracic cavity: encloses the chest area and is further divided into pleural cavities and the pericardial cavity.Abdominopelvic cavity: present at the lower half of the trunk. IT is further divided into abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity.The serous membrane is a thin tissue structure that covers the cavities of the body. It is if two types:
Visceral layer: covering the outer surface of the organs. Parietal layer: covering the internal cavities of the organs.To know more about dorsal cavity, here
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a series of interconnected components that maintain a chemical or physical parameter of the body near a constant value is known as a(n) . multiple choice question. thermostatic control system effector feedback loop biological control system disturbance feedback loop
A series of interconnected components that maintain a chemical or physical parameter of the body near a constant value is known as biological control system.
What is biological control system?The mammalian organism continues to function in a stable, effective, and "near-optimal" manner and homeostasis in the face of external and internal disturbances through many biological mechanisms Physiological systems of all sizes, including the neurological, endocrine, immunological, respiratory, circulatory, etc.) to cellular (growth and proliferation control, DNA damage repair, for example) and subcellular (gene expression, protein synthesis, metabolite guidelines, etc.). In the area of control theory known as "Biological Control Systems," the role, arrangement, and coordination of from a control engineering standpoint complex multi-scale biological systems and the regulatory frameworks that allow them to effectively do their duties.
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24.13 illustrates the formation of and possible outcomes for a hybrid zone over time. Imagine that two finch species colonize a new island and are capable of hybridizing. The island contains two plant species, one with large seeds and one with small seeds, growing in isolated habitats. If the two finch species specialize in eating different plant species, would reproductive barriers be reinforced, weakened, or unchanged in this hybrid zone? Explain.
Individuals of the two finch species may be less likely to encounter one another in the distinct habitats because they only ingest seeds from a single plant species, strengthening a reproductive barrier to hybridization.
What do you mean by hybridization?When two atomic orbitals join to generate a hybrid orbital in a molecule, the energy of the individual atoms' orbitals is redistributed to give orbitals of equivalent energy. We refer to this process as hybridization.
Why is hybridization necessary?In order to appropriately disperse their valence electrons around themselves in a way that each of them can be used to form a bond or lone pair and in a way that allows the proper bond angles, all atoms with two or more regions of electron density surrounding them must be hybridized.
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The bars indicate the percentage of the attacked models that were either light or dark. Assume 100 mouse models were attacked in each habitat. For the beach habitat, how many were light models? Dark models? Answer the same questions for the inland habitat.
The bars indicate the percentage of the attacked models that were either light or dark. Assume 100 mouse models were attacked in each habitat.
For the beach habitat and inland habitat, how many were light models and the dark models?
The number of light and dark models for inland and beach habitat are given below:
Light models in Beach habitat - 27
Light models in Inland habitat - 76
Dark models in Beach habitat - 73
Dark models in Inland habitat - 24
What is mouse models with camouflage coloration?
This model simulates natural selection and adaptation in rock pocket mouse populations found primarily in rock outcrops in the deserts of the southwestern United States and Mexico. This model is based on a lesson plan designed by the [Howard Hughes Medical Institute]
The model simulates changes in coat color in a population of rock pocket mice due to predation. Mice that cannot camouflage have a higher chance of being predatory when predators are present. Users can examine how a population evolves through natural selection under different environmental conditions.
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the study of ecosystems that include people, focusing on the ways people interact with nature based on cultural values, is known as
The study of ecosystems that include people, focusing on the ways people interact with nature based on cultural values, is known as Human ecology.
Human ecology is the study of how people and other species interact across cultural boundaries. Anthropology, sociology, biology, economic history, and archeology are a few of the disciplines that have ideas and techniques that are combined in the field of human ecology.
In order to get a better knowledge of the factors that affect how people interact with their environment, human ecology researches human existence and activities in various ecosystems and historical cultures.
An integrated viewpoint that crosses traditional boundaries between the humanities, social sciences, natural sciences, and technology is necessary to realize the goal of a more comprehensive picture.
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In the skeletal system, which are two main tissues responsible for structural support in the body?
PLATO
Answer:
Compact Bone and Ligaments
Explanation:
Compact bones is basically a dense bone filled with organic ground substances and inorganic salts leaving only small places for bone cells.
Community 1 contains 100 individuals distributed among four species: 5A, 5B, 85C , and 5D. Community 2 contains 100 individuals distributed among three species: 30A, 40B , and 30C. Calculate the Shannon diversity ( H ) for each community. Which community is more diverse?
Community 2 is more diverse than community 1.
Why can we conclude this?Because community 1 has a smaller distribution of individuals by species.Because community 2 has a greater distribution of individuals by species.Community 1 has 4 species, while community 2 only has 3 species but has a greater diversity than community 1.
This is because the distribution of individuals in each species is better established, allowing each species to have many members and that there is no majoritarian group.
Community 1, on the other hand, has a smaller distribution, because most individuals are grouped into a single species.
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Cells that contain nuclei are Eukaryotes.
Answer: That is true
Explanation: Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus or nuclei and prokaryotic cells do not contain a nucleus.
How did Hutton's and Lyell's ideas influence Darwin's thinking about evolution?
Hutton and Lyell influenced Darwin's thinking about evolution because they proposed a gradual process to understand the real world.
What were Hutton's and Lyell's ideas?James Hutton’s and Charles Lyell’s ideas were based on the gradual mechanisms that shape geological features in the environment, which is fundamental to understanding the evolution (change) of species.
In the same line, Darwin believed that evolution was a slow mechanism associated with differential survival and reproduction of the fittest (better adapted) organisms that live in a particular environment, a process known as natural selection and proposed by Darwin to explain this thinking.
In conclusion, Hutton's and Lyell's ideas influence Darwin's thinking about evolution because they proposed a gradual process to understand the real world (in the first case in order to understand geological processes).
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Which of the following species is most commonly identified by the use of the
branding method?
A. Cattle and horses
B. Cattle and sheep
C. Sheep and goats
D. Horses and sheep
Researchers found that a camel in the sun required much more water when its fur was shaved off, although its body temperature was the same. What can you conclude about the relationship between osmoregulation and the insulation provided by fur?
The light color of camel's fur helps to reflect light energy reducing heat transfer to its skin by radiation .
What adaptation do camels have?The way that camels have adapted to living in the desert is widely documented . They are sheilded from wind borne dust and sand by their large eyelashes and extended noses . Camels can go for extended periods without water and can go for extended times without food thanks to the energy dense fat this stored in their humps.
Camels have sweat glands distributed throughout their skin, from which water removes body heat heat through evaporation much as in human. That's why camel's have thick fur , if the fur were shaved so they require more water.
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What is a protein kinase, and what is its role in a signal transduction pathway?
A protein kinase is an enzyme that transfers a phosphate group from ATP to a protein, usually activating that protein (often a second type of protein kinase). Many signal transduction pathways include a series of such interactions, in which each phosphorylated protein kinase in turn phosphorylates the next protein kinase in the series. Such phosphorylation cascades carry a signal from outside the cell to the cellular protein(s) that will carry out the response.
Protein kinases are the third messenger system, and the activity of the majority of its isoforms is frequently dependent on second messengers like cAMP and calcium.
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Contrast swimming and flying in terms of the main problems they pose and the adaptations that allow animals to overcome those problems.
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an increase in the frequency of beneficial mutations in a population over many generations is called .
An increase in the frequency of beneficial mutations in a population over many generations is called natural selection.
Beneficial mutations are those that have some positive effect and aid in the growth and survival of the organism. These mutations are also inherited from parents to offspring and hence the survival of species for generations is ensured. Some examples of mutations that are beneficial are: lactose tolerance, trichromatic vision, etc.
Natural selection is the phenomenon of selecting those individual or species that are able to adapt and survive better in the changing environment. Natural selection favors the survival of the fittest. And therefore, natural selection favors beneficial mutations.
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Why does altitude have almost no effect on an animal's ability to rid itself of CO₂ through gas exchange?
The partial pressure differential of CO₂ between the respiratory surface and the environment always greatly favors the release of CO₂ to the atmosphere since CO₂ makes up such a small portion of the atmospheric gas.
At high altitudes, everyone hyperventilates (breathes more rapidly and deeply than usual), which is vital for survival. Breathing more quickly effectively increases the passage of fresh air past the blood, which is the purpose of the lungs: to expose blood to fresh air. This indicates that anytime the blood removes an oxygen molecule, a new one is immediately added in its place. As a result, there is always more oxygen accessible for the blood to absorb. The body continuously produces carbon dioxide (CO2), which the lungs remove by allowing it to permeate into the outside air. By hyperventilating, one can increase the amount of fresh air passing through one's lungs, hence speeding up the rate of CO2 loss. Since CO2 is an acidic gas, the more of it that is removed from the blood, the more alkaline the blood becomes. The kidneys adjust the blood's alkalinity at elevations up to roughly 6000 meters over the course of a few days by eliminating alkali (in the form of bicarbonate ions, HCO3-).
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Mutagens are chemical and physical agents that induce mutations in DNA (see Concept 17.5 ). How does reduced ozone concentration in the atmosphere increase the likelihood of mutations in various organisms?
Reduced ozone levels raise the amount of UV light that reaches the earth and its inhabitants. Mutations are caused by UV radiation by disrupting thymine dimers in DNA.
organelle, bead, and microtubule translocations promoted by soluble factors from the squid giant axon
Organelle, bead, and microtubule translocations promoted by soluble factors from the squid giant axon directed organelle movements along purified microtubules has been developed.
For the purpose of studying directed organelle motions along pure microtubules, a reconstitution system has been created. Organelle-enriched fractions and soluble supernatant fractions of the squid giant axon's axoplasm were isolated. Only when axoplasmic supernatant and ATP were added did consistent movement of axoplasmic organelles through MAP-free microtubules occur. Such organelle movement moved at the same speed (1.6 micron/sec) as dissociated axoplasm. Additionally, the axoplasmic supernatant allowed for the 0.5 micron/sec movement of carboxylated latex beads along microtubules and the movement of microtubules across a glass surface. The movement of organelles and beads on microtubules was in the opposite direction from the movement of microtubules on glass.To learn more about Organelle.
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Which of these objects best models the structure of a fat molecule?
A. An interlocked pair of rings
OB. A key ring with three keys
OC. A spiral staircase
D. A strand of beads of multiple colors
The objects which best models the structure of a fat molecule is that of a key ring with three keys and is therefore denoted as option B.
What is Fat?This is described as a major storage of energy in the body system of individuals which is usually stored as adipose tissues under the skin and comprises of three molecules joined together which are referred to as triglycerides.
The fat molecule comprises of a glycerol backbone and three fatty acid tails and is therefore denoted as a key ring with three keys which is therefore the reason why option B was chosen as the most appropriate choice.
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13 Answer:
Based on the recommendations of various professional scientific
organizations, milk is fortified with
during processing.
Milk is fortified with fat-soluble vitamin A and vitamin D during processing.
What is Food fortification ?The process of incorporating micronutrients into food is known as food fortification or enrichment. It can be implemented by food producers or by governments as a public health initiative with the goal of lowering the population's rate of dietary deficiencies.
In order to prevent nutrient deficiency diseases like rickets, which weakens bones due to a vitamin D deficiency, fortification (adding nutrients that a food lacks) and enrichment (reintroducing nutrients lost during processing) were first developed.
What are fortified ingredients?Foods that have been fortified have additional nutrients that aren't present naturally in the food. These foods are intended to enhance nutrition and provide added health advantages. For instance, calcium may be added to fruit juices, and milk is frequently fortified with vitamin D.
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