The effects of this internal colonialism are reflected today in the number of native Americans who live on government reservations.
What is internal colonialism?Internal colonialism, also known as "uneven development," is the uneven effects of economic development on a regional basis as a result of the exploitation of minority groups within a larger society, which results in political and economic disparities between regions within a state.
This is thought to resemble the interaction between a metropole and a colony in true colonialism. The phenomenon causes a clear separation between the dominant core and the periphery in an empire.
The theory of internal colonialism is credited to Robert Blauner. The phrase was created to draw attention to the "blurred" boundaries between places that are geographically close to one another but have very distinct cultural differences. Language, religion, physical appearance, types and levels of technology, and sexual behaviour are some additional factors that distinguish the core from the periphery.
Robert Peckham has examined the cultural and integrative aspects of internal colonialism in relation to the development of a national modern Greek culture in the nineteenth century, when Greece gained independence from the Ottoman Empire.
Learn more about Internal colonialism
https://brainly.com/question/13629482
#SPJ4
in a paragraph for each, define the following personality perspectives, then discuss how each could account for the development of both an introverted and an extroverted personality:
All four personality perspectives tend to change the behavior of an individual making them either introvert or an extrovert.
The four-personality perspective are psychoanalytical, humanistic, trait, and social. The importance of early childhood experiences and the unconscious mind is emphasized in the psychoanalytic view of personality. The humanistic view of personality emphasizes psychological development, free will, and personal awareness. Traits are characteristics that a person has that define them and their personality. For example, if someone is introverted, they typically have the traits quiet, unsociable, anxious, or passive, whereas an extroverted person may have the traits lively, easygoing, talkative, and impulsive.
Personality is formed through observation, imitation, and modelling, according to the social approach. Attention, attitudes, motivation, and emotion are all important cognitive factors. The interaction between the individual, their surroundings, and their thoughts influences their personality and behavior.
To know more about personality perspective, refer to the following link:
https://brainly.com/question/9340056
#SPJ4
Complete question is:
In a paragraph for each, define the following personality perspectives, then discuss how each could account for the development of both an introverted and an extroverted personality: •Psychoanalytic •Humanistic •Trait •Social
which of the following is a social factor that affects the level of fertility in a society? group of answer choices the number of women between ages fifteen and forty-five government policies on child taxation the general health and level of nutrition of women of childbearing age the prevalent attitudes about the ideal family size
A sociological component that has an impact on how fertile a culture is Numerous elements, including age, weight, use of drugs or alcohol, smoking, food, and exercise, might have an impact on a person's fertility.
Because women are more likely to endure violence, divorce, social shame, emotional stress, despair, anxiety, and low self-esteem, infertility has a considerable negative societal impact on the lives of infertile couples and especially on the lives of women.
The fertility of men, women, or both is impacted by a variety of lifestyle variables. Nutrition, weight, and exercise; stress from work and home; occupational and environmental exposures; substance use and abuse; and pharmaceuticals are a few examples, but there are many more as well.
Read more about level of fertility at
https://brainly.com/question/771859?referrer=searchResult
#SPJ4
shortly after a replacement transaction on a medicare supplement policy, the insured decided to cancel the policy, but is unsure whether the free-look provision applies. the insured could find that information in the____
policy document. The best location for the insured to learn about the free-look clause and determine if it applies to their case is in the policy paperwork, yes. The free-look clause is a legal entitlement that gives the
In exchange for a premium, the insurer promises to provide coverage for certain risks or losses under the terms of a policy, which is a legally binding agreement. The terms and conditions of the coverage, such as the extent of the coverage, exclusions, and restrictions, are often outlined in a document called a policy. Information on the rights and duties of the insurer and the insured is also included in the policy document. Policies come in a variety of forms, including those for health, life, house, vehicle, and business insurance. Policies are frequently amended or changed over time to better suit the insured's changing needs. It's crucial to properly read and comprehend policy document
Learn more about the policy here:
https://brainly.com/question/14327004
#SPJ4
for each of these what would be the benefits and downside of: 1.a worst-case scenario assuming what could go wrong, such as product delays or lower sales than expected. 2. a break-even budget that tells them what's the minimum they need to produce to cover their costs. 3. a best-case scenario assuming that everything works as the management anticipated.
for each of these what would be the benefits and downside of a worst-case scenario assuming what could go wrong, such as product delays or lower sales than expected.so option a is correct.
What is sales?
A sale is a deal that involves exchanging products or services for a specific sum of money. In other terms, a sale is any action that involves giving the buyer possession of a thing or commodity in return for money. Sales are actions related to selling or the quantity of items sold during a specified time frame. It is also taken into account when a service is provided for a fee.
To know more about sales visit:
https://brainly.com/question/29436143
#SPJ4
The Pinwheel Galaxy is 2.7 × 104 kilo-light-years away. Which of these numbers represents 2.7 × 104 in standard form?
Answer:
2.7 × 104 in standard form is 27,000.
Explanation:
2.7 × 104 in standard form is 27,000.
In standard form, a number is written with one non-zero digit before the decimal point and multiplied by a power of 10. In this case, 2.7 is the one non-zero digit before the decimal point, and it is multiplied by 10,000 (104) which means it is 27,000 in standard form.
Answer:
C
Explanation:
which of the following approaches to communication generally dictates that we treat people fairly and communicate honestly?
Ethical approaches to the communication generally dictate that we treat the people fairly and communicate honestly.
What is ethics?The study of ethics, often known as moral philosophy, "involves systematizing, defending, and endorsing conceptions of good and bad action," according to Wiki-pedia. The area of philosophical ethics known as meta-ethics explores how we comprehend, know about, and define what is right and wrong. Philosophical ethics has always been accompanied by the meta-ethics. For instance, Aristotle suggests that it is possible to have less accurate knowledge in the field of ethics than in other areas of study, and he views this knowledge as being unique from other types of knowledge since it depends on habit and acculturation. In 1903's Principia Ethica by G.E. Moore, meta-ethics plays a significant role. He first discussed what he dubbed the "naturalistic fallacy" in it.
To learn more about ethics, visit:
https://brainly.com/question/15106859
#SPJ4
thirteen-year-old cody does not understand or care about how his strengths and weaknesses will guide him into different roles in the future. according to marcia, cody is in a state of identity:
Answer:
Diffusion
Explanation:
if a researcher wanted to answer a question about the relationship between learning outcomes and grades, a correlational design would be used.
a. true
b. false
True , Correlational research is a sort of nonexperimental study in which the researcher analyzes two variables and evaluates their statistical relationship (i.e., the correlation) with little or no effort to control for extraneous variables.
There are two main reasons why researchers who are interested in statistical correlations between variables might prefer to perform a correlational study rather than an experiment. The first is that they do not consider the statistical relationship to be causal.
Another reason researchers would prefer a correlational study over an experiment is because the statistical link of interest is assumed to be causative, but the researcher is unable to control the independent variable due to impossibility, impracticality, or unethicality.
Learn more about to researchers
https://brainly.com/question/18723483
#SPJ4
Social norms are a fundamental principle of ethics, a universal validity that remains the same whether one does business face-to-face or in cyberspace.TrueFalse
The given statement, "Social norms are a fundamental principle of ethics, a universal validity that remains the same whether one does business face-to-face or in cyberspace." is false.
Social norms are an essential element in society. They are the accepted standards of behavior that are shared among members of a group. These norms dictate how people interact with each other, and they provide a sense of order and stability.
They also influence the way people think and act, as well as the way they view and interact with the world around them. Social norms are a fundamental principle that helps to shape our society and the way we live our lives. It is important to follow social norms to be accepted in a society.
Hence, the statement is false.
To know more about social, click here.
https://brainly.com/question/12881643
#SPJ4
If you have a short time frame for data collection and need an answer immediately, you likely will have to use historical data.True/ False
Historical data, in a extensive context, is facts gathered about previous events and occasions pertaining to a specific subject. By definition, historical statistics includes most data generated both manually or routinely inside an enterprise.
Why is historical statistics essential in studying the past?Studying history approves us to recognize how and why the world arrived at its contemporary state, and can supply insights into the place we may also be going and how we can plan for the future.
The use of historic information has come to be a fashionable device in economics, serving three major purposes: to observe the influence of the previous on present day monetary outcomes; to use unique herbal experiments to take a look at modern-day economic theories; and to use modern-day monetary theories to refine our perception
Learn more about historical data here:
https://brainly.com/question/29306461#SPJ4Which of the following is likely to be a result of unique, valuable, and difficult for rivals to copy competitive advantages?
A)a targeted outcome
B) a sustainable outcome
C) a focused outcome
D) a popular outcome
The following is likely to be a result of unique, valuable, and difficult for rivals to copy competitive advantages a sustainable outcome.
What are the two main strategies used by businesses to get a competitive edge over their rivals?Low cost - when a company is able to make its goods for less money than its rivals.
Differentiation is the ability of a firm to set its goods and services apart from competitors in terms of attributes like style, quality, and customer support.
Which of the following comes from a well-thought-out and well conveyed strategic vision?Clearly communicating management's goals for the company to stakeholders and assisting in channeling employee energy in a shared direction are two significant advantages of a well-conceived and well-stated strategic vision.
To Know more about employee energy
https://brainly.com/question/29785527
#SPJ4
what the factors experienced by individual players that could affect your confidence about whether there is a hot hand in basketball shooting.
A player who is "hot" or has "hot hands" is on a string of making several consecutive shots. For years, experts, coaches, and fans have debated whether players on long streaks can defy random chance, or if hot hands are simply a mirage that fits within statistical averages.
After the young researchers finished their analysis, a hot hand — or, at the very least, a warm one — appeared. All else being equal, they discovered that an NBA player who hits four consecutive shots is around 2% more likely to hit his next one than one who has only hit two of his last four shots.
Learn more about to NBA player
https://brainly.com/question/24459992
#SPJ4
sam was a farmer in the 1740s. he never acknowledged any specific gods. however, he used to believe that impersonal forces existed in people and natural objects, and these forces affected people's lives either positively or negatively. sam was most likely an adherent of . group of answer choices animism simple supernaturalism transcendent idealism theism
Sam was a farmer in the 1740s. he never acknowledged any specific gods. however, he used to believe that impersonal forces existed in people and natural objects, and these forces affected people's lives either positively or negatively. Sam was most likely an adherent of simple supernaturalism.
the correct answer is option B.
Simply put, supernaturalism is the idea that supernatural powers have a beneficial or bad impact on people's lives. Animism is the concept that plants, animals, and other natural components have souls or a living force that influences human events. Simply put, supernaturalism is the idea that supernatural powers have a beneficial or bad impact on people's lives. Belief in God, angels, demons, reincarnation, ghosts, and mind-body dualism are some examples. Supernatural stems from the Latin term supernaturalis, meaning beyond nature. Something linked to or caused by anything that cannot be explained by natural rules is referred to as supernatural.
learn more about supernatural beliefs at
https://brainly.com/question/14969785
#SPJ4
tyler developed a schedule so he can spend the minimum amount of time studying for school and still get good grades. tyler is following the schedule, but is not getting the desired grades. tyler is
By changing his schedule Tyler is not able to get desired grades because Tyler is efficient but not effective.
Tyler is a student and wants to develop a schedule so that he is able to get the desired grade by studying less. He wants to devote lesser time to studies but wants to gain the same income as he would get when he will study more. This method of Tyler is not proving to be productive as Tyler is able to do more studies in lesser time or in other words Tyler's efficiency has increased as he takes less time but the effectiveness of his studies has reduced as he is not able to retain the things and topics which he studies. So Tyler needs to change the schedule so that his effectiveness increases and he will be able to get desired grades.
Learn more about Efficiency at:
brainly.com/question/27870797
#SPJ4
he process we use to notice important stimuli and ignore irrelevant stimuli is . group of answer choices encoding chunking selective attention masking
The process we use to notice important stimuli and ignore irrelevant stimuli is called selective attention. (Option C)
Selective attention refers to the process of directing awareness to relevant stimuli while ignoring irrelevant stimuli in the environment. It is the ability to enhance relevant signals and manage distraction. It enables a person to select and focus on particular input for further processing while simultaneously suppressing irrelevant or distracting information which should be ignored.
It is an important process as information that can be processed by a person at a given time is limited, and selective attention allows a person to tune out insignificant details and focus on what is important.
Learn more about Selective attention:
https://brainly.com/question/29310744
#SPJ4
refers to the way that a child reacts and self-regulates. starting during infancy, the following five dimensions of this construct can be identified: fearlessness, irritability/ frustration
Option (A) Temperament; positive affect, is the correct answer for this particular question.
In psychology, temperament is an aspect of personality that deals with emotional dispositions and reactions, as well as the speed and intensity at which they occur. The term is frequently used to describe a person's current mood or pattern of moods. Galen, a Greek physician who lived in the second century AD, developed the idea of temperament from an earlier physiological theory of four basic body fluids (humor): blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile. Positive Affect, which can be viewed from the perspective of a stable personality or a fleeting mood (state), refers to the quantity and propensity of experiencing positive emotions.
Learn more about psychology :
https://brainly.com/question/10980588
#SPJ4
The complete question is :
__________ refers to the way that a child reacts and self-regulates. Starting during infancy, the following five dimensions of this construct can be identified: fearlessness, irritability/ frustration, __________, and attentional persistence.
A. Temperament; positive affect
B. Personality; positive affect
C. Temperament; negative affect
D. Personality; negative affect
citizens' groups such as the american conservative union and the population connection are examples of . group of answer choices special interest groups filibuster groups political action committees power elites
British Kings and Queens Interest groups influence public policy decisions that favor a specific population.
Interest groups are especially powerful in the US because of power elites.As a form of government, democracy has been practiced for over 2,500 years.The family is a fundamental social institution in all societies, which makes it a cultural universal. Similarly, the values and norms surrounding marriage are found throughout the world in all cultures, so marriage and family are cultural universals.American liberalism.Americans with Disabilities Act the main law that prohibits a government is an institution through which leaders exercise the power to make and enforce laws.
To learn more about power elites please click on below link.
https://brainly.com/question/12793435.
#SPJ4
When prioritizing behaviors for change, a chronic behavior when compared to a more recently acquired behavior.
A: is easier to change
B: takes precedence
C: is less important
D: requires less intervention
Option (B), When prioritizing behaviors for change, a chronic behavior gets precedence over a behavior that was learned more recently.
What are the three elements that are absolutely essential for altering a behavior?They found that the three main drivers of behavior change are internal factors known as opportunity, motivation, and capability. These are all related and have an impact on one another.
What part of behavior change is most important?Age, health, illness, pain, and the use of drugs or alcohol, among other physical characteristics of the person, have an effect on behavior. components that are personal and emotional, such as mental health, personality, values, and expectations. experiences drawn from one's family, culture, friends, and real-life events.
Learn more about behavior change: https://brainly.com/question/14504678
#SPJ4
Human change is complex and difficult to measure beyond such a simplistic level that the change may be meaningless , true or false
True , Our human bodies are extraordinarily complex systems that have evolved from stardust since the big bang 13.7 billion years ago and life first appeared on Earth at least 3.5 billion years ago.
The human body contains over 37 trillion cells and approximately 200 different types of cells.
The human brain is the most complex system known to science. It is a very interconnected structure. The human brain contains approximately 86 billion neurons, according to various estimates. Human systems are not the same as natural, biological, or technological systems. We are not insects, birds, or computers. Several people have developed new ways to make sense of human interaction and systems over the last ten years.
Learn more about human bodies
https://brainly.com/question/11738302
#SPJ4
rupert inc. is an old-school company that uses radio, tv, newspapers, magazines, and billboards to send information about its products to consumers. in this scenario, radio, tv, newspapers, magazines, and billboards are examples of
Rupert Inc. uses radio, television, newspapers, magazines, billboards, and other conventional media to promote its products. Radio, television, newspapers, magazines, and billboards are all examples of mass media in this scenario.
Give an example of what the term "mass media" means.Whether spoken, broadcast on television, or printed, communication that reaches a large audience through mass media is. This comprises media including radio, television, print and online newspapers and magazines, as well as advertising, movies, and the Internet.
Mass media refers to the use of technology to connect with a broad audience. It is primarily used as a communication tool to reach the vast majority of the general population. The most widely used mass media platforms include newspapers, magazines, radio, television, and the Internet.
Why is today's media so important?A crucial tool for communication is the mainstream media. It's a platform that makes it possible for information to flow freely from all around the world. It is a tool that may be used to enlighten others, disseminate information, and even amuse us. However, if utilized incorrectly, it might cause injury to people.
Learn more about mass media: https://brainly.com/question/30058871
#SPJ1
In which one of the following systems is there a decrease in gravitational potential energy? a) A helicopter takes off from the roof of a hospital and flies due west: b) A child accidentally releases a helium-filled balloon and it flies upward into the clouds_ c) A cat jumps down from a bed and lands on its feet_ d) A truck drives at an average velocity of 25 m/s, due north along a level, country road
The correct option is C ; A cat jumps down from a bed and lands on its feet. Gravitational Potential Energy is the energy stored by a body at a certain height above the ground.
Unlike kinetic energy, gravitational potential energy is associated with the position of bodies, and not with their movement. In other words, gravitational potential energy is the energy that a body possesses due to the fact of being under the action of gravity and mathematically is given by:
[tex]U_{g} = m*g*h[/tex]
Where:
m = mass of the body
g = Local gravitational field
h = Height above a reference level
So, if the girl is jumping from her bed at a certain height h with respect to the ground, her gravitational potential energy is decreasing more and more, because her height tends towards 0 during her fall.
Learn more about to Gravitational Potential Energy
https://brainly.com/question/19768887
#SPJ4
Look at the map above. Which of the following bodies of water is identified correctly?
i. Lake Nicaragua is located at number 6.
ii. The Mississippi River is located at number 5.
iii. The Panama Canal is located at number 7.
A.
i. and iii. only
B.
ii. and iii. only
C.
i. and ii. only
D.
i., ii., and iii.
Please select the best answer from the choices provided
A
B
C
D
Answer:
A. i. and iii. only
Explanation:
I took a quiz and got A right.
drag the type of business action to the appropriate element of the pyramid of corporate social responsibility.
Answer: philanthropic responsibilities - corporate citizenship
ethical responsibilities- do what is right, just, and fair
legal responsibilities- define minimum standard under the law
economic responsibilities- gain and sustain competitive advantage
for every item purchased from it, a clothing company donates items of the same kind to homeless shelters across the united states. this best exemplifies which of the following?
The clothing company's donation of items to homeless shelters for every item purchased best exemplifies corporate social responsibility (CSR).
Corporate social responsibility is a concept in which companies take into account the social and environmental impacts of their business operations and strive to make a positive impact on society. This can include philanthropic activities, such as charitable donations and community engagement, as well as sustainable business practices, such as reducing carbon emissions and promoting fair labor practices.
In this example, the clothing company is not only providing customers with the products they want, but they are also making a positive impact on society by donating items to homeless shelters. This type of socially responsible behavior not only helps those in need but also promotes the company's reputation and can attract customers who are looking to support socially responsible businesses.
In summary, the clothing company's donation of items to homeless shelters for every item purchased best exemplifies corporate social responsibility. It shows that the company is not only focused on making a profit but also it's positively impacting society.
Learn more about carbon emissions
brainly.com/question/29546966
#SPJ4
The complete question is -
What does the clothing company's donation of items to homeless shelters for every item purchased exemplify in terms of corporate social responsibility?
which of the follow categorizes social media user types according to their degree of social media consumption and creation?
According to their level of social media consumption and creation, the social consumption/creation matrix divides social media user types into categories.
What measurements apply to social media?Social media analytics are used to look at data in order to determine how social media activity affects a company's bottom line. To maintain tabs on activity on social media platforms and learn what consumers think of a certain brand, product, or business-related topic, marketers frequently utilize social media monitoring software.
What kinds of marketing scenarios are matrices applicable to?Whether you want or need to amuse, inspire, educate, or persuade your audience, the matrix provides a framework to assist direct your marketing based on your individual content goals. It is a tool that guides clients as they move forward with a transaction in the most efficient and straightforward way possible.
Learn more about social media metrics: https://brainly.com/question/29998254
#SPJ4
the tendency to think the first thing that pops into your head is correct press space to open the tendency to ignore what is absent press space to open the tendency to accept ideas that feel natural press space to open the tendency to seek out information that supports your beliefs press space to open the tendency to ignore the fact that you are vulnerable to biases
The propensity to look for information that supports your beliefs when it becomes available.
High-propensity firms are those that are more likely to grow into enterprises with employees and payroll capabilities, according to the U.S. Census Bureau. Businesses are classified as high-propensity based on factors linked to a high level of business formation and submitted on an IRS Form SS-4. Average and marginal consumption propensities are the two different sorts. Comparing total consumption to total income yields the average propensity to spend (APC). Proclivity and tendency have many similarities yet have subtle differences. Propensity, in particular, denotes an ingrained and frequently uncontrollable tendency. Your sister might have a penchant for eating in hot, spicy restaurants if she has a natural tendency to enjoy that kind of food.
Learn more about propensity here
https://brainly.com/question/17930875
#SPJ4
The tendency to think the first thing that pops into your head is correct.
Which of the following ideas does the author develop the LEAST in the article about political science?
A
the theories developed by the French philosopher Montesquieu
B
the variety of courses included in most political science degrees
C
the need to understand globalized economic and legal systems
D
the ancient roots of most Western political science philosophy
The ideas that are develop the LEAST in the article about political science is: A the theories developed by the French philosopher Montesquieu. Option A
What is political science?The scientific study of politics is known as political science. It is a social science that studies power structures, political ideologies, political conduct, and the laws and constitutions that go along with them.
Political science is the study of power and politics from a national, global, and comparative standpoint. It involves comprehending groups, classes, governments, diplomacy, law, strategy, and war as well as political concepts, ideologies, institutions, policies, procedures, and behavior.
Read more on political science here: https://brainly.com/question/29548883
#SPJ1
Consent to participate in research is an ongoing process. Which of the following strategies would help ensure that participation in a survey about a sensitive personal topic remains voluntary throughout a study?Designing the survey so that subjects are not forced to answer one question before going to the next.
creating a survey that does not require participants to respond to a question before moving on to the next.
The correct option is A.
What kind of personal information falls under the category of sensitive data?Sensitive data is any information that can be used to identify a person, including information about their ethnic background, political views, philosophical beliefs, membership in a trade union, and details about their health and preferences. Sick time, pregnancy, and medical visits are just a few examples of health-related data.
What kind of information is sensitive?Sensitive data can be classified in a number of ways, but generally speaking it refers to information that has to be shielded from unwanted access in order to safeguard both individuals and organisations. Personal data, confidential data, health data, and high-risk data are only a few of these classifications.
To know more about sensitive data visit:
https://brainly.com/question/29791747
#SPJ4
charlotte is studying for a psychology exam and an economics exam that are both scheduled for monday. she would like to study three hours for each exam, but she only has five hours to study, so she must decide whether one exam grade is more important to her than the other. this exemplifies which of the following types of dependency?
Option B, exemplifies dependencies between your own choices.
What are opportunity cost and scarce resources?The opportunity cost is the value of the best alternative sacrificed when making a decision. Scarcity occurs when a person cannot obtain all of the goods and services that they desire. It exists because the number of products and services that can be produced using all available resources is insufficient to meet the amount of goods and services that humans require.
According to the opportunity cost principle, the true cost of anything is the next best option you would have to forego in order to have it. Rather than focusing solely on direct expenses, your choices should consider the opportunity cost.
According to Andrea Caceres-Santamaria, senior economic education specialist at the St. Jane Institute for Economic Research, opportunity cost is the value of the next-best alternative when a decision is made; it is what is sacrificed.
To learn more about Dependency refer to:
brainly.com/question/18909701
#SPJ4
Complete question:
Charlotte is studying for a psychology exam and an economics exam that are both scheduled for Monday. she would like to study three hours for each exam, but she only has five hours to study, so she must decide whether one exam grade is more important to her than the other. this exemplifies which of the following types of dependency?
a) Dependencies between your business requirements
b) Dependencies between your own choices
c) Dependencies between resources
d) Dependencies Between Components
The federal Fair Housing Act prohibits discrimination on the basis of all of the following, EXCEPT:religion.sexual orientation.national origin.familial status.
It is illegal to discriminate based on race, color, religion, sex (including gender identity and sexual orientation), disability, familial status, or national origin.
Refuse to rent or sell property. Refuse to bargain for homes. Make housing inaccessible otherwise.Set distinct terms, conditions, or benefits for the sale or rental of a home.Provide various housing services or facilities to a person.Falsely claim that housing is not available for inspection, purchase, or leasing.Make, print, or publish any notice, statement, or advertisement relating to the sale or rental of a home that shows any preference, limitation, or discrimination.Impose separate sales or rental fees for the sale or rental of a home.Evict a tenant or a guest of a tenant.Learn more about to sexual orientation
https://brainly.com/question/14342078
#SPJ4