Rod and cone cells use glutamate as their signal, and they release less glutamate when exposed to light. But as glutamate production declines, other retinal cells speed up the transmission of action potentials to the brain, resulting in more action potentials reaching the brain in light than in darkness.
When exposed to light, do photoreceptors release more neurotransmitters?Increases in light intensity cause photoreceptors to release less glutamate, which lowers the membrane's potential and results in hyperpolarization, while decreases in light intensity cause photoreceptors to release more glutamate, which raises the membrane's potential and results in membrane depolarization.What neurotransmitter are released by rods and cones?Rods and cones produce glutamate as a neurotransmitter. A cation channel is gated by kainate-type glutamate receptors, which are present in some bipolar cells. This receptor responds to glutamate by opening the cation channel.To learn more about neurotransmitters visit:
https://brainly.com/question/9725469
#SPJ4
What is the total number of pots used in this experiment, and how many plants received each soil treatment? Explain why multiple pots and plants were used for each treatment.
Replicas are repetitions of the basic experiment to get better and more reliable results. 1) 20 pods. 2) 32 plants. 3) By using replicas the researcher gets more representative results, and the experiment is more reliable.
What is a replica in an experiment?When talking about replicas in an experiment, we refer to the repetition of the most simple basic element.
Having several replicas in an experiment let the researcher to get more precise results and obtain a better estimation of the experimental error.
The greater the numer of replicas the researcher includes in the experiment, the better and more precise will be the results.
In the exposed example,
Number of treatments: 5Number of pods per treatment: 4 (which means that 4 pods received the same type of soil).Number of plants per pod: 5 (which means that 20 plants grew in the same type of soil).1) What is the total number of pots used in this experiment?
Twenty pods in total. Four pods per soil treatment (4 x 5 = 20)
2) How many plants received each soil treatment?
Thirty two plants per treatment. Eight plant per pod (8 x 4 = 32)
3) Why multiple pots and plants were used for each treatment?
Because it provides more reliability to the experiment. These are replicas. They let the researcher know if the result at any of the pods was due to other factors or random chances. Using several pods per treatment increases the chances of getting real results. In this way, results are more representative of what really occurs in nature.
You can learn more about replicas at
https://brainly.com/question/1992415
https://brainly.com/question/14847782
#SPJ1
Complete question,
The rhizosphere, the soil layer surrounding plant roots, is a complex community in which archaea, bacteria, fungi, and plants interact with one another.
After plants are attacked by fungal or bacterial pathogens, soil from the rhizosphere may protect plants from future attacks. Such protective soil is called disease-suppressive.
Researchers investigated whether microorganisms were responsible for the protective effects of disease-suppressive soils.
Disease-suppressive soil was obtained from an agricultural field in the Netherlands in which sugar beet crops had previously been attacked by a fungal pathogen, Rhizoctonia solani. Other soil was collected from the margin of the field.The researchers predicted that soil from the margin would not offer protection against pathogens.
The researchers then planted and raised sugar beets in greenhouses, using 5 different soil treatments,
each soil treatment was applied to 4 pots, and each pot contained 8 plants.The pots were inoculated with Rhizoctonia solani and placed in greenhouses kept at 20degree C with a 16-hour light: 8-hour dark cycle.
After 20 days, researchers determined the percentage of infected sugar beet seedlings for each soil treatment.
Considering the role of enzymes in metabolic reactions (see Concept 8.4), explain why vitamins are required in very small amounts in the diet.
Numerous vitamins are precursors to co-enzymes. Co-enzymes and enzymes are used in chemical reactions but are not consumed. Consequently, a huge number of these molecules are not required for the body to function properly.
Are vitamins coenzyme precursors?The B vitamins are the primary vitamins that act as coenzyme precursors. These compounds can exist in both free and bound forms, both of which must first be released in the digestive system by the proper secretory enzymes in order to be used. Vitamins may need particular transport proteins for each vitamin in order to be transported from the digestive tract into the bloodstream, to various cells, and eventually into the cells. The majority of the B vitamin family are transformed into coenzyme forms within the cells, which are necessary for the action of particular enzymes.Learn more about the Coenzyme with the help of the given link:
https://brainly.com/question/1479233
#SPJ4
(e) What ecological factors and human decisions will influence the actual rise in CO₂ concentration?
The human decisions will influence the actual rise in CO₂ concentration is urban population, burning of fossil fuels like coal and oil.
Rise in CO₂ concentration causes global warming. 85 percentage of all human-produced carbon dioxide emissions come from the burning of fossil fuels like coal, natural gasoline and oil, together with gasoline. The the rest results from the clearing of forests and other land use, in addition to some industrial strategies consisting of cement production.
Carbon dioxide is brought to the environment evidently when organisms respire, carbonate rocks are weathered, forest fires occur, and volcanoes erupt. Carbon dioxide is likewise brought to the surroundings thru human activities, together with the burning of fossil fuels and forests and the production of cement.
Learn more about global warming here:- https://brainly.com/question/1962638
#SPJ4
Why are polar molecules important in life
Answer: The significance of molecular polarity to the biological sciences come from two main areas: First, polar molecules tend to become oriented with respect to other molecules. Because of this, polar molecules are important in helping to establish the three-dimensional structure or orientation of other larger molecules.
Explanation:
Answer:
Polar molecules are important in life because they have a positive charge on one end and a negative charge on the other. This means that they attract each other, which is why water has such a strong bond between them. Without polar molecules, there would be no way for water to stick together in order to form ice or snowflakes. Polar molecules also help create the structure of DNA and RNA, which are essential parts of all living things.
Explanation:
different alleles of a single fly gene control white or red eyes. a fruit fly carries one allele for white eyes and one allele for red eyes. this fly is . multiple choice question. a monohybrid pure-breeding inbred a dihybrid
A fruit fly that carries one allele for white eyes and one allele for red eyes is a monohybrid; option A
What are alleles?Alleles are alternate forms of a single gene.
Alleles of a gene may be dominant or recessive.
Dominant alleles control the dominant trait of a particular gene whereas recessive alleles control the recessive trait of a particular gene.
When the same copies on allele are present for a particular gene, the individual is said to be hom0zygous for that trait.
When the different copies on allele are present for a particular gene, the individual is said to be heterozygous for that trait or a monohybrid.
Therefore, the fruit fly is said to be a monohybrid.
Learn more about monohybrid at: https://brainly.com/question/1185199
#SPJ1
A student is learning about infections that can occur in the human body. Infections could be caused by viruses, bacteria, and fungus. The student learns about two infections, influenza and ringworm, and creates a table that describes the infections.
Which of the following statements correctly describes Influenza, an infection caused by a virus?
a
Influenza is caused by a fungus, because it is a DNA genome.
b
Influenza is caused by a virus because it is a non-living infectious agent.
c
Influenza is caused by a bacterium because it is a non-living infectious and spreads by spores.
d
Influenza is caused by a virus because it is a living infectious agent that invades a host cell.
How would the results have differed if proteins carried the genetic information?
Scientific evidence indicates that the CO₂ added to the air by the burning of wood and fossil fuels is contributing to global warming, a rise in global temperature. Tropical rain forests are estimated to be responsible for approximately 20% of global photosynthesis, yet the consumption of large amounts of CO₂ by living trees is thought to make little or no net contribution to reduction of global warming. Why might this be? (Hint: What processes in both living and dead trees produce CO₁ ?)
The consumption of large amounts of CO₂ by living trees is thought to make little or no net contribution to the reduction of global warming due to the process of cellular respiration.
In plants, carbon dioxide is taken in from the atmosphere for the process of photosynthesis to occur. This intake of carbon dioxide is however not enough to reduce the effects of global warming because plants also release carbon dioxide during the process of cellular respiration.
Cellular respiration is the process in which the cells make carbon dioxide and water from glucose and oxygen. ATP is produced as a result of cellular respiration which is the driving force for all activities in a cell. Hence, although trees are consuming carbon dioxide during photosynthesis, they are also releasing carbon dioxide during cellular respiration.
When trees die, the decomposition process also releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Hence, the consumption of carbon dioxide is thought to make little or no contribution to global warming.
To learn more about global warming, click here:
https://brainly.com/question/3553382
#SPJ4
It turned out that the probability of a whelk breaking was the same for a whelk dropped for the first time as for an unbroken whelk dropped several times previously. If the probability of breaking instead increased, what change might you predict in the crow's behavior?
Crows prefer larger, more calorie-dense whelks, and while deciding on the height of the drop, they limit their ascending flight. They have the benefit of not having to use as much energy constantly attempting to crack open larger whelks on the rock.
Which of the following is a primary reason for the migration of birds?An individual's conduct is entirely under the influence of the DNA they acquired. Which of the following is the primary reason for the migration of birds environmental cues like temperature variations.
The loss of habitats is one of the main consequences of climate change. Due to rising temperatures, floods, or desertification, the habitats that migrating birds rely on might alter or perhaps vanish.
Learn more about migration of birds refer
https://brainly.com/question/10184232
#SPJ4
Which substance is an inorganic molecule made during photosynthesis?
O
A. C6H1206
B. 02 A
OC. NADPH
OD. CO₂
Answer:
it is carbon from carbon dioxide
Explanation:
it can be incorporated into organic molecule
Utilizing light, plants use photosynthesis to convert the inorganic chemicals carbon dioxide and water into glucose, hence option D is correct.
How, an inorganic molecule made during photosynthesis?Energy is needed to power the chemical reaction in photosynthesis. A reaction that is endothermic is photosynthesis. This indicates that without energy, it cannot happen (from the Sun).
Photosynthesis is a process used by all green plants and a few other autotrophic organisms to create nutrition from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight. Oxygen is a byproduct of the photosynthesis process.
Plants and other creatures employ a process called photosynthesis to transfer light energy, typically from the Sun, into chemical energy that can then be released to power the organism's activities (energy transformation).
Therefore, option D is correct.
Learn more about photosynthesis, here:
https://brainly.com/question/18875449
#SPJ2
Which term best describes the role of the brachioradialis during concentric elbow flexion?
The role of the brachioradialis during concentric elbow flexion is provides pure flexion of the forearm at the elbow.
What is the action role of brachialis during elbow flexion?Brachioradialis is a muscle that is located in the lateral part of the forearm. It consists of radial group of forearm muscles which belong to the superficial layer of muscles of forearm. The brachialis is one of the largest elbow flexors that provides flexion to the forearm at the elbow. It does not provide any rolls inward of the forearm.
So we can conclude that the role of the brachioradialis during concentric elbow flexion is provides pure flexion of the forearm at the elbow.
Learn more about flexion here: https://brainly.com/question/24570240
#SPJ1
Which of the following is needed for cellular respiration to occur?
oxygen
O nitrogen
O carbon dioxide
O water
Sketch a B cell antigen receptor. Label the V and C regions of the light and heavy chains. Label the antigen-binding sites, disulfide bridges, and transmembrane region. Where are these features located relative to the V and C regions?
The C regions, which help create the disulfide bridges, contain the transmembrane regions. In contrast, the V regions contain the antigen-binding sites.
Describe transmembrane:The transport of ions and molecules across impermeable membranes, protein targeting, and intracellular transport are just a few of the critical cell processes that transmembrane (TM) proteins play a role in. Many transmembrane proteins act as gateways to allow the transport of particular substances across the membrane.
Where are the transmembrane proteins?Plasma membrane
The entire plasma membrane is covered with transmembrane proteins. Biological membranes of various shapes and sizes contain transmembrane proteins. Integral monotopic proteins have a single, long-lasting membrane attachment.
To know more about Transmembrane visit:
https://brainly.com/question/27996043
#SPJ4
there is a volcanic island with a single population of mice that covers the island. a volcanic eruption occurs and splits the original population in two (a1 and a2). you had collected samples of dna from the original population a prior to the eruption, as well as the two populations that resulted after the volcanic eruption. your descendants have fortunately inherited your fascination with rodent genetics. fifty thousand years after the original volcanic eruption, your descendants return to the island and repeat the same sampling and dna sequencing strategy.
Low variation. The more time that passes, the extra the wide variety of gathered series differences among two populations. within populations it's miles much more likely that genetic variation in DNA sequences can have quite low variability.
DNA sequencing is the system of identifying the nucleic acid series the order of nucleotides in DNA. It consists of any technique or era that is used to decide the order of the 4 bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine.
Each strand is made from a chain of 4 nucleotides, A, C, G, and T. The order of the nucleotide collection encodes genetic facts. since the nucleotides pair in a predictable manner A with T, and C with G each strand of the DNA is generally complementary to the other.
DNA sequencing refers to the overall laboratory technique for figuring out the exact collection of nucleotides, or bases, in a DNA molecule. The sequence of the bases (often cited by way of the use of the primary letters of their chemical names: A, T, C, and G) encodes the organic records that cells use to expand and operate.
Disclaimer:- your question is incomplete, please see below for complete question.
There is a volcanic island with a single population of mice that covers the island. A volcanic eruption occurs and splits the original population in two (A1 and A2). You had collected samples of DNA from the original population A prior to the eruption, as well as the two populations that resulted after the volcanic eruption. Your descendants have fortunately inherited your fascination with rodent genetics. Fifty thousand years after the original volcanic eruption, your descendants return to the island and repeat the same sampling and DNA sequencing strategy. Your and your descendants' data indicate that members of population A1 are capable of breeding with members of A2 and producing viable, fertile A1-A2 hybrid offspring. Compare the DNA sequences presented above and select the level of variation expected between two randomly chosen individuals of population A1.
A. low variation
B. high variation
C. moderate variation
D. low variation
Learn more about DNA sequences here:- https://brainly.com/question/26225212
#SPJ4
How does a morphogen gradient differ from cytoplasmic determinants and inductive interactions with regard to the set of cells it affects (see Concept 18.4) ?
Morphogen gradients work by varying the amount of a determinant to designate cell fates among a field of cells. Thus, morphogen gradients have a wider range of effects than cytoplasmic factors or inductive connections between cell pairs.
Morphogens are chemicals that create a dose-dependent, graded distribution and cause different biological reactions.
They serve to convey positional information to individual cells within a field, which is then processed to produce spatial patterns. Intracellular components that create a concentration gradient by cytoplasmic diffusion can make up morphogens.
A field of cells is covered by an extracellular gradient created by secreted proteins, which is what morphogens are most frequently made of.
Learn more about Morphogens here:
https://brainly.com/question/7493873
#SPJ4
genes that play a role in development may influence four major cellular processes. these include cell , cell , cell , and cell
The four major cellular processes that are influenced by genes that play a role in development are – cell division, cell migration, cell differentiation and cell death.
Cell division is a cellular process where the parent or mother cell gets divided into two or more daughter cells. Two distinct cell division processes are meiosis and mitosis.
Cell migration is a multifaceted and an evolutionary conserved cellular process responsible for the development and maintenance of organisms. It allows individual cells and cell groups to change positions, move and build and maintain tissues and organs for homeostasis, embryonic development and regeneration.
Cell differentiation is a cellular process caused by changes in the gene expression due to which the dividing cells alters its phenotypical or functional type.
Cell death is an essential cellular process where all the unwanted cells are removed by a programmed process known as apoptosis.
Learn more about cellular processes here:
https://brainly.com/question/13562609
#SPJ4
with respect to the organization of the nervous system, voluntary is to as involuntary is to .
Concerning the organization of the nervous system, voluntary is to as involuntary is to... refers to the autonomic nervous system.
What is the autonomic nervous system?The autonomic nervous system is part of the peripheral nervous system, this system is the one that will control the involuntary functions of the organs (heart rate, breathing, dilation of the pupils). It is divided into two parts: the sympathetic nervous system, which is in charge of fight and flight functions such as increased heart rate, dilation of the pulmonary bronchi, increased blood pressure, among others; and the parasympathetic nervous system that has functions contrary to those of the sympathetic, such as the decrease in heart rate, contraction of the pupil, stimulation of intestinal peristalsis.
An interplay of the two parts causes there to be a homeostasis in these involuntary reactions in the body.
Therefore, we can confirm that concerning the organization of the nervous system, voluntary is to as involuntary is to... refers to the autonomic nervous system.
To learn more about autonomic nervous system visit: https://brainly.com/question/1034520
#SPJ1
Sperm cells that are beginning to develop in a man's testicles today will not be ready to be ejaculated and able to fertilize an ovum for approximately ________ days.
Sperm cells that are beginning to develop in a man's testicles today will not be ready to be ejaculated and able to fertilize an ovum for approximately 68 - 72 Days
Sperm is the male reproductive cell, or gamete, in anisogamous forms of sexual reproduction. Animals produce motile sperm with a tail known as a flagellum, which are known as spermatozoa, while some red algae and fungi produce non-motile sperm cells, known as spermatia.The head of the sperm contains the DNA, which when combined with the egg's DNA, will create a new individual. The tip of the sperm head is the portion called the acrosome, which enables the sperm to penetrate the egg. The midpiece contains the mitochondria which supplies the energy the tail needs to move.to know more about mitochondria click here
brainly.com/question/14740753
#SPJ1
Do germinating seeds just starting to germinate consume oxygen/produce carbon dioxide at a greater rate than seeds?
Yes, the germinating seeds just starting to germinate consume oxygen/produce carbon dioxide at a greater rate than seeds.
Germination is the phenomenon where a seed breaks its dormancy and begins to grow. All the enzymes present inside the seed become active and the outer seed coat starts to rupture. Since the germinating seed needs to grow and develop into a fully grown plant, it need more oxygen and produces more carbon dioxide.
Seeds are the embryonic stage of a plant's life. It consists of stored food reserve, various enzymes that are covered on the outer side by the protective covering called the seed coat.
To know more about germination, here
brainly.com/question/9634489
#SPJ4
Which of the following is defined as combinations of soil particles that vary in size and shape?
a.
clay
b.
aggregates
c.
silt
d.
loam
Made up of simple sugars called monosaccarides
Answer:
Disaccarides or Polysaccharides
Explanation:
Monosaccarides are the simplest form or units that forms the disaccarides or polysaccharides. When two monosaccarides are linked together, they form di. And when 3 or more mono are linked together, they form poly.
Discuss how the concept of time applies to ecological situations and evolutionary changes. Do ecological time and evolutionary time ever overlap? If so, what are some examples?
The concept of time applies to ecological situations and evolutionary changes. Ecological change leads to biological change.
What is ecological time?The time period in which a defined and The unit of a new time scale, called, is a constant number of demographic events (i.e. births + deaths). It is ecological time.
What is evolutionary time ?Time is arithmetic in evolution, with units of equal measure being added constantly. Time is directional in the sense that units are never deleted but are always added. A generating process's time scale may differ from an observation's time scale, and this distinction is critical.
What's the difference between evolutionary time and ecological time ?Ecological time may be tuned to environmental change on time scales other than generations, although evolutionary time is measured in generations. Evolution occurs from one generation to the next, and evolution occurs as generations accumulate over longer time intervals.
To know more about arithmetic visit :
https://brainly.com/question/16415816
#SPJ4
Can someone help me with question d) please xx
Answer:
0.259
because yes so how's yours day been huhh well hopes well so yeh
which domain contains common types of bacteria that may be found in the soil, in water, and inside the human body?
The domain bacteria contains common types of bacteria that may be found in the soil, in water, and inside the human body.
In the field of science, bacteria can be described as small microorganisms that are found everywhere. Bacteria are prokaryotic organisms and are unicellular. They lack a well-defined nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. The genetic material of bacteria is found suspended in the nucleoid region of the cytoplasm.
Bacteria are found in every place in the earth, they are present in the soil where they help in the uptake of minerals by the plants, and they are present in water as well. A variety of different bacteria inhabit the body of humans and are referred to as the microbiota.
There are certain bacteria that are helpful in many ways, whereas there are others that cause serious diseases.
Although a part of your question is missing, you might be referring to this question:
Which domain contains common types of bacteria that may be found in the soil, in water, and inside the human body?
Archaea
Bacteria
Eukarya
Protista
To learn more about bacteria, click here:
https://brainly.com/question/1621444
#SPJ4
Moderate-intensity aerobic activity that noticeably increases heart rate and lasts more than 10 minutes would be equivalent to?
3.0 to 6.0 METs is the equivalent of 10 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity that causes a discernible increase in heart rate.
Your heart rate and degree of perspiration increase when you perform moderately intense aerobic exercise. If you are engaging in a moderate-intensity aerobic activity, you will be able to converse but not sing along to your favorite music.
Exercises that register between 3 and 6 METs are categorized as moderate-intensity aerobic activities because they get your heart rate up enough to burn between three and six times as much energy per minute as you would if you were to remain still.
for more information on aerobic activity:
https://brainly.com/question/14673405
#SPJ4
_____ is an aliphatic amino acid, but it differs from others because its side chain is bonded to both the _____ and the _____ of the backbone.
Proline is an aliphatic amino acid, but it differs from others because its side chain is bonded to both the nitrogen and the α-carbon of the backbone.
Proline is a secondary amine. Due to its unique structure proline is also known to break the α-helix. Proline is actually an imino acid. The applications of proline can be varying like: in protein synthesis, in wound healing, in immune responses, etc.
An α-carbon is the first carbon to which the functional group is attached, In amino acids, there is a single carbon on which is attached the carboxyl group, the amine group, the hydrogen atom as well as the variable R group.
To know more about proline, here
brainly.com/question/14402868
#SPJ4
When you hold your breath, which of the following blood gas changes first leads to the urge to breathe? a. rising O₂ c. rising CO₂ b. falling O₂ d. falling CO₂
According to the given statement Rising CO₂ of the following blood gas changes first leads to the urge to breathe.
The correct option is C.
What is determined by blood gas?Blood gases are used to evaluate the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in your blood.. They also calculate the pH of your blood.
What occurs when blood gas levels are extreme?When blood levels of carbon dioxide rise, the carbon dioxide dissolves and produces an acid. Your body may be unable to effectively eliminate carbon dioxide if your blood acid level is out of balance. This could occur if your kidneys are unable to eliminate the acid or if your lungs aren't functioning properly.
Is a blood gas test painful?Most people experience a brief moment of acute pain as the needle used to draw blood enters the artery. You might not feel the needle puncture at all if you receive a local anesthetic. As the needle penetrates the skin, you can also experience a momentary sting or pinch.
To know more about Blood gas visit:
https://brainly.com/question/27763007
#SPJ4
A woman's father had color blindness. her mother is normal.she marries a normal man. what is the chance of them having a girl with color blindness o ra boy with color blindness?
If a woman's normal (heterozygous) carrier for color blindness marries a normal man (homozyigous dominant), then the chance of them having a girl or boy with the condition is zero (0%).
What is a heterozygous normal carrier?A heterozygous carrier is an individual who is normal for a recessive condition but carries in his/her genes one variant (allele) of the trait disease.
In conclusion, If a woman's normal (heterozygous) carrier for color blindness marries a normal man (homozyigous dominant), then the chance of them having a girl or boy with the condition is zero (0%).
Learn more about heterozygous normal carriers here:
https://brainly.com/question/15265943
#SPJ1
a phase i, first-in-human dose-escalation study of amuvatinib, a multi-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in patients with advanced solid tumors
Amuvatinib is a brand-new tyrosine kinase inhibitor that can be taken orally and has been shown to be effective against mutant KIT, platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFR), and Rad51 in vitro. Amuvatinib was studied in a first-in-human, single-agent, phase I, accelerated titration, dose-escalation experiment in patients with solid tumours that had shown resistant to prior treatments or for which there was no approved treatment (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00894894).
What is the result of above study ?With amuvatinib DPC, administered as a single dosage or in divided doses, for 1-6 cycles, there were no observed toxicities at doses up to 1,500 mg/day. No upper limit of tolerability was reached. Serious side effects that were not connected to the medication occurred in five participants. Low and erratic exposure levels were present. One GIST patient who had previously failed imatinib and sunitinib treatment showed a response on 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography and had clinically stable illness. In a skin punch biopsy performed on days 15 and 29, the Rad51 expression was lower in a second GIST patient.
Learn more about Tyrosine kinase here:
https://brainly.com/question/14679591
#SPJ4
The cell membrane is _______ (or selectively permiable), meaning it controls the passage of molecules in and out of the cell.
Answer: The answer is semipermeable
The cell membrane is also a phospholipid bilayer
Explanation: