Reasons why recycling scrap copper is more sustainable than extracting copper from copper ores

Therefore, 8 moles of aluminum would require 12 moles of chlorine to react completely and produce 8 moles of aluminum chloride.

A reaction is a process that leads to the transformation of one set of chemical substances to another. In other words, a chemical reaction is the breaking of chemical bonds in reactants and the formation of new chemical bonds to create products. Chemical reactions involve the rearrangement of atoms and electrons, leading to the formation of new substances with different properties than the original substances.

Here,

The balanced equation is:

2 Al + 3 Cl2 → 2 AlCl3

a. According to the balanced equation, 2 moles of aluminum reacts with 3 moles of chlorine to produce 2 moles of aluminum chloride. Therefore, 4 moles of aluminum chloride would require:

4 moles AlCl3 x (3 moles Cl2 / 2 moles AlCl3) = 6 moles Cl2

So, 4 moles aluminum chloride is equivalent to 6 moles chlorine.

b. Similarly, according to the balanced equation, 2 moles of aluminum reacts with 2 moles of aluminum chloride. Therefore, 1 mole of aluminum chloride would require:

1 mole AlCl3 x (2 moles Al / 2 moles AlCl3) = 1 mole Al

So, 1 mole aluminum chloride is equivalent to 1 mole aluminum.

c. Finally, using the mole ratios from parts (a) and (b), we can determine the number of moles of chlorine that would be produced if 8 moles of aluminum reacted:

8 moles Al x (2 moles AlCl3 / 2 moles Al) x (3 moles Cl2 / 2 moles AlCl3) = 12 moles Cl2

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These calculations indicate that the process's typical percent yield is roughly 4.06%.

The balanced chemical formula for the reaction of magnesium and oxygen to produce magnesium oxide is 2Mg + O2 2MgO.

Trial 1: Mg mass is equal to (0.404 g) (27.096 g - 26.692 g).

Test 2: Mg mass equals (26.999 g - 26.690 g) = 0.309 g

Calculated yield of MgO in Trial 1 is equal to 2 x (0.404 g Mg) x (1 mol MgO/2 mol Mg) x (40.31 g MgO/1 mol MgO) = 16.28 g MgO.

Calculated yield of MgO in Trial 2 is equal to 2 x (0.309 g Mg) x (1 mol MgO/2 mol Mg) x (40.31 g MgO/1 mol MgO) = 12.44 g MgO.

Trial 1's actual MgO production was 27.352 g - 26.692 g, or 0.66 g MgO.

Trial 2's actual MgO production was equal to 0.507 g MgO (27.197 g - 26.690 g).

Trial 1: The percentage of MgO yield is calculated as (0.66 g MgO/16.28 g MgO) x 100% = 4.05%.

Trial 2: MgO yield as a percentage is (0.507 g MgO/12.44 g MgO) times 100%, or 4.07%.

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The intermolecular bonds of the solid state are being broken as particles vibrate faster. The solid would be converted into liquid in the process.

Fusion is the process of melting a solid into a liquid state, which occurs when heat energy is applied to the solid. The heat energy causes the molecules in the solid to vibrate more rapidly, which eventually leads to the breaking of the intermolecular bonds that hold the solid together. Once these bonds are broken, the solid turns into a liquid.

The solid is heated to a temperature at which the intermolecular bonds begin to break. The temperature at which this occurs depends on the material and its specific properties.

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To find out if the proposed hypothesis or scientific assumption is true, we must submit it to experimentation or hypothesis testing.

An experience is proposed in which the materials are needed:

1 apple

2 lemon

1. Cut and peel half of the apple and immerse it in cold water to which the juice of 2 lemons is added

2. The other half is left unpeeled exposed to the air

Results:

A. In the dough submerged in water it is observed that it does not darken while it is submerged in the water with lemon

B. In the apple exposed to the oxidation of the air, a noticeable darkening is observed .

Oxygen oxidizes the enzyme phenol oxidase present in the fruit, through complex reactions proteins are formed that darken the surface of the apple.

Lemon delays and prevents darkening

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Translated  question : A high school student has heard that adding a few drops of lemon to the exposed area of ​​food slows the browning process, but how can we scientifically find out if this is true?

Answer:

it has 2 protons 2 electrons and 2 neutrons

Copper vessel weight is 155g, or 0.15 kg. Copper has a heat capacity of 8029 J kg 8 K 1. Heat capacity is calculated as follows: 0.15 kg x 8029 J, or 1204.35. The melting temperature of copper metal is 1083 degrees Celsius, and its specific heat is 0.385 J/g.

To calculate an element's molarity, just use mean atomic mass listed in the standard table. The average atomic mass of a element copper, which appears just on periodic table as 63.55 AMU, can be used to calculate its molar mass.

The number od protons and neutrons in an atom are simply added to determine its atomic mass of that particular atom. Consider an oxygen atom, for instance, which has 8 electrons, 8 protons, and 8 neutrons. To get the atomic structure, just add 8 protons & 8 neutrons.

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Answer:

Atoms are complex structures, and scientists use different models or descriptions to explain their behavior and properties. These models have evolved over time as our understanding of the atom has increased.

One reason for the different ways to describe an atom is that atoms have both particle-like and wave-like properties. Early models, such as the Thomson model, viewed atoms as a positively charged sphere with negatively charged electrons scattered throughout. Later models, such as the Rutherford model and Bohr model, introduced the concept of the nucleus and orbiting electrons.

As our understanding of quantum mechanics improved, new models, such as the quantum mechanical model, were developed to better explain the wave-like nature of electrons and their behavior within atoms. This model uses a mathematical approach to describe the probability of finding an electron in a specific location within an atom.

Additionally, different models may be better suited for different purposes. For example, the Bohr model is often used in introductory chemistry courses to explain the concept of energy levels, while the quantum mechanical model is more advanced and can be used to calculate more precise properties of atoms.

In summary, the different ways to describe an atom reflect the evolving nature of scientific understanding, as well as the need for different models to explain different aspects of the atom.

Explanation:

The 99% confidence that the true proportion of adults who oppose allowing transgender students to use the bathrooms of the opposite biological population sex is between 0.1626 and 0.2084.

This means that we are 99% confident that the true population proportion of adults who oppose allowing transgender students to use the bathrooms of the opposite biological gender lies between 18.3% and 22.3%.

To construct a 99% confidence interval for the population proportion, we can use the following formula:

confidence interval = sample proportion ± z* (standard error)

Where, sample proportion = proportion of people in the sample who oppose allowing transgender students to use the bathrooms of the opposite biological sex = 730/3941 = 0.1855

z* = the z-score corresponding to a 99% confidence level, which can be found using a standard normal distribution table or calculator. For a two-tailed test at the 99% confidence level, the z-score is 2.576.

standard error = the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the proportion, which can be calculated using the formula sqrt(p * (1-p) / n), where p is the sample proportion and n is the sample size.

Substituting the values we have:

confidence interval = 0.1855 ± 2.576 * sqrt(0.1855 * (1-0.1855) / 3941)

This simplifies to:

confidence interval = (0.1626, 0.2084)

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The activation energy is 101, 800J/mol

Activation energy is the minimum amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction by breaking the bonds of the reactant molecules. In other words, it is the energy barrier that must be overcome before a chemical reaction can occur.

Given that;

[tex]ln(k2/k1) = -Ea/R(1/T2 - 1/T1)\\ln(5 * 10^-4/4.9 * 10^-3) = -Ea/8.314(1/318 - 1/336)\\-2.28 = -2 * 10^-5 Ea\\Ea = 2.28/2 * 10^-5\\Ea = 101, 800J/mol[/tex]

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The capacity of a substance to rotate the polarization plane of an incident light beam.

Chiral molecules are said to be optically active because they can spin the plane of polarisation in a different way by interacting with the electric field in a different way. Generally speaking, optical isomers are molecules that rotate light in different directions.

A polarimeter is used to measure optical activity, which is a chiral molecule's capacity to rotate the plane of plane-polarized light. A grouping of these molecules' optical activity is a macroscopic characteristic that results from their interactions with light.

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Molarity of acetic acid = 0.00083 mol/L. Therefore, the percent error between the experimental and theoretical pKa of acetic acid is: Percent error = (experimental pKa - 4.75)/4.75 x 100%

a. To calculate the molarity of acetic acid in vinegar, you need to convert 5% (by mass) acetic acid into moles. To do this, you will use the equation:

Moles of acetic acid = (mass of acetic acid/molar mass of acetic acid) x (density of vinegar)

We can assume that the density of vinegar is 1 g/ml. The molar mass of acetic acid is 60.05 g/mol. So, we can calculate the moles of acetic acid as follows:

Moles of acetic acid = (0.05 g/60.05 g/mol) x (1 g/ml) = 0.00083 mol

To calculate the molarity of acetic acid, we need to divide the number of moles of acetic acid by the volume of vinegar (in liters):

Molarity of acetic acid = 0.00083 mol/L

b. To calculate the pKa of acetic acid, you need to use the measured pH of vinegar. The pH of a solution can be related to the pKa of an acid using the equation:

pKa = pH + log ([A-]/[HA])

where [A-] is the concentration of the acid’s conjugate base and [HA] is the concentration of the acid itself. The pKa of acetic acid is 4.75. So, the equation above can be rearranged to calculate the concentration of the conjugate base, [A-]:

[A-] = 10^(pKa - pH) x [HA]

Therefore, we can calculate the pKa of acetic acid given the measured pH of vinegar and the molarity of acetic acid:

pKa = pH + log ([A-]/[HA]) = measured pH + log (10^(pKa - pH) x [HA]/[HA]) = measured pH + log (10^(4.75 - measured pH))

c. To calculate the percent error between the experimental and theoretical pKa of acetic acid, we can use the following equation:

Percent error = (experimental - theoretical)/theoretical x 100%

Therefore, the percent error between the experimental and theoretical pKa of acetic acid is:
Percent error = (experimental pKa - 4.75)/4.75 x 100%

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In this reaction, 20 liters of hydrogen gas must combine with 6.67 litres of nitrogen gas.

According to the reaction's chemical equation, 1 mole of nitrogen (N2) interacts with 3 moles of hydrogen (H2) to create 2 moles of ammonia (NH3).

This indicates that the reaction's nitrogen:hydrogen ratio is 1:3.

We may set up a percentage using this ratio to calculate the quantity of nitrogen gas required to react with 20 litres of hydrogen gas:

1/3 = x/20

where x is the number of liters of nitrogen gas needed.

Solving for x, we get:

x = (1/3) × 20 = 6.67 liters

Methane, also known as natural gas, can be replaced with hydrogen, a clean fuel. It is the most prevalent chemical element and is thought to make about 75% of the universe's mass. Many hydrogen atoms can be found in water, plants, animals, and, of course, people here on earth.

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Carolyn observed a freshwater plant, Elodea, in a small aquarium filled with freshwater on her desk.

In one five-minute period, Carolyn counted 32 bubbles that formed on the plant’s leaves and were released into the water. She then moved the aquarium closer to a sunlit window and observed the Elodea again. In a second five-minute period, Carolyn observed 194 bubbles form and be released by the Elodea into the water.

a. The bubbles released by Elodea signify that the plant is cycling matter because they are evidence of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is a process by which plants convert light energy from the sun into chemical energy stored in carbohydrates. The bubbles that form and are released from Elodea are oxygen which is a by-product of photosynthesis. The increase in the number of bubbles from 32 to 194 when the aquarium was moved closer to a sunlit window also supports this, as the increased light intensity enables the plant to carry out photosynthesis more quickly and efficiently.
b. The number of gas bubbles produced by Elodea in a five-minute period increased when the aquarium was moved from the desk to the sunlit window because the increased light intensity allows the plant to carry out photosynthesis more quickly and efficiently. Photosynthesis requires light energy from the sun in order to produce carbohydrates, and the increased light intensity allowed the plant to produce more oxygen as a by-product.

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No, cyclohexane would not behave similarly to water toward the charged rod.

Let's understand this in detail:

1. The primary reason for this difference is the polarity of the two substances. Water is a polar molecule, while cyclohexane is non-polar.

2. Polarity plays a crucial role in interacting with the charged rod. Polar molecules, like water, have a separation of charges due to the difference in electronegativity between their constituent atoms, which leads to the formation of a dipole moment.

3. This dipole moment allows water molecules to align themselves and interact with the charged rod, causing them to be attracted or repelled based on the charge of the rod.

4. Contrastingly, cyclohexane, a non-polar molecule, has an even distribution of electrons and no dipole moment. Therefore, it does not have a charge separation and cannot align or interact with the charged rod in the same way as water molecules.

5. This lack of interaction with the charged rod means that cyclohexane will not behave similarly to water in this scenario.

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Answer:

MgI2

Explanation:

Mg ion is Mg2+ while I ion is I-

so the formula is MgI2

From the chemical formula of hydrazine, each  patch has two Nitrogen  tittles.  

N2H4 is a tintless and ignitable  liquid with a pungent odor. It's generally used as a reducing agent in chemical  responses and as a rocket fuel.   Each N2H4  patch contains two nitrogen  tittles and four hydrogen  tittles, with a molecular weight of32.04 g/  spook.

The  patch has a direct shape with a bond angle of about 111 degrees between the two nitrogen  tittles.   The nitrogen  tittles in N2H4 have a covalent bond between them, with each nitrogen  snippet  participating three electrons to form a  triadic bond. The two hydrogen  tittles are attached to each nitrogen  snippet through single covalent bonds.   Overall, N2H4 is an important and  protean chemical with  numerous artificial and  exploration  operations.

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The molarity of a solution with 952 grams of ammonium carbonate dissolved to make 1750 ml of solution is: 0.54 mol/L.

The molarity of a solution can be calculated by dividing the amount of solute (in this case ammonium carbonate) by the volume of the solution. In this case, 952 grams of ammonium carbonate are dissolved in 1750 mL of solution. Therefore, the molarity of the solution can be calculated as follows:

Molarity = (952 g ammonium carbonate) / (1750 mL solution) = 0.54 mol/L

To calculate the molarity, first, we need to calculate the moles of ammonium carbonate. We can do this using the molar mass of ammonium carbonate, which is 53.49 g/mol. We divide the mass of ammonium carbonate by its molar mass to get the number of moles:

(952 g ammonium carbonate) / (53.49 g/mol) = 17.77 mol

Then, we divide this number by the volume of the solution (in liters):

(17.77 mol) / (1750 mL/1000 mL/L) = 0.54 mol/L

Therefore, the molarity of the solution is 0.54 mol/L.

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the relative rate of diffusion of NH3 compared to He is 0.485 and NH3 deffuse slower than He

NH3 has a molar mass of 17 g/mol and He has a molar mass of 4 g/mol. We can calculate the relative rate of diffusion of NH3 compared to He using Graham's law of diffusion as follows:

Relative rate of diffusion = (Molar mass of He / Molar mass of NH3) squared

Relative diffusion rate =

[tex] \sqrt{4 g/mol / 17 g/mol)} [/tex]

The relative rate of diffusion is equal to the square root of 0.235.

Diffusion rate relative = 0.485

As a result, the relative rate of diffusion of NH3 versus He is approximately 0.485.

As a result, NH3 diffuses more slowly than He. Similarly, because effusion rate is proportional to square root of molar mass, NH3 will effuse more slowly than He.

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Answer:

Because magnesium cannot displace sodium from solutions.

The study of heat and energy in relation to various physical transformations and chemical processes is known as thermochemistry. Energy might be released or absorbed throughout the reaction ( exothermic).

Thermochemistry is difficult. Several fictitious terms, like enthalpy, entropy, and the dreaded Gibbs free energy, must be understood. These ideas are difficult to understand and full of traps. Unless you have a fantastic tutor for Cambridge Coaching who can make everything crystal obvious for you.

The law of conservation of energy, the law of conservation of mass, and Hess's law are the three fundamental principles of thermochemistry.

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Before scientists publish their data and conclusions in scientific journals, they ask other experts in the same field to review the work and ensure that the results and conclusions are valid. This is known as Peer review.

Research project outcomes are evaluated by the scientific and medical communities after publication in peer-reviewed journals. It also offers guidelines so that additional researchers might carry out the experiment or expand on it to validate the findings.

Before a paper is published, its quality is evaluated through a process called peer review. To assist editors in deciding whether to publish a manuscript in their journal, independent researchers in the relevant field evaluate submitted manuscripts for originality, validity, and significance.

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To determine the relative activities of X, Y, and Z, you could complete a galvanic cell experiment.

Start by combining a small chip of X and a small chip of Y in a beaker of distilled water, then connect the two chips with a copper wire. Next, place the two dropper bottles containing solutions of [tex]XC^{12}[/tex] (aq) and [tex]ZC^{12}[/tex] (aq) in a separate beaker of distilled water, then connect the two bottles with a copper wire. Finally, connect the two beakers with a copper wire, and measure the voltage created by the circuit. The greater the voltage generated, the greater the activity of the metal, meaning the metal with the highest voltage is the most active.

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The pressure of a gas is directly proportional to its volume, according to Boyle's Law. this pressure is less than the maximum pressure that the can can withstand (3,800 kPa), the can will not burst.

Therefore, we can use the following equation to find the pressure of the gas in the can after it is crushed: P1V1 = P2V2 where P1 and V1 are the initial pressure and volume of the gas, and P2 and V2 are the final pressure and volume of the gas, respectively. Given that the initial volume (V1) of the gas in the can is 235 mL and the initial pressure (P1) is 110 kPa, we can substitute these values into the equation P1V1 = P2V2 110 kPa × 235 mL = P2 × 8.5 mL Solving for P2, we get: P2 = (110 kPa × 235 mL) / 8.5 mL P2 = 3,027 kPa Therefore, the pressure of the gas in the can after it is crushed to a volume of 8.5 mL is 3,027 kPa. Since this pressure is less than the maximum pressure that the can can withstand (3,800 kPa), the can will not burst.

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Answer: 197.26 g Na2S2O3

Explanation:

64.3/103 (molar mass of NaBr)  X 2 moles Na2S2O3 X 158 (molar mass of Na2S2O3.

Taking into account the reaction stoichiometry, 49.41 grams of Na₂S₂O₃ is required to produce 64.3 g NaBr.

In first place, the balanced reaction is:

2 AgBr + Na₂S₂O₃ → Ag₂S₂O₃ + 2 NaBr

By reaction stoichiometry (that is, the relationship between the amount of reagents and products in a chemical reaction), the following amounts of moles of each compound participate in the reaction:

The molar mass of the compounds is:

By reaction stoichiometry, the following mass quantities of each compound participate in the reaction:

The following rule of three can be applied: If by reaction stoichiometry 205.78 grams of NaBr are produced by 158.12 grams of Na₂S₂O₃, 64.3 grams of NaBr are produced by how much mass of Na₂S₂O₃?

mass of Na₂S₂O₃= (64.3 grams of NaBr× 158.12 grams of Na₂S₂O₃) ÷205.78 grams of NaBr

mass of Na₂S₂O₃= 49.41 grams

Finally, 49.41 grams of Na₂S₂O₃ is required.

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Temperature of the material needs to be measured. Then the equation Q=mcΔT needs to be used, where Q is the heat energy, m is the mass, c is the specific heat capacity and ΔT is the change intemperature.

Material is something that can be seen, felt, and/or interacted with. It is the physical substance of which a thing is composed. Materials can be made up of elements, compounds, and/or mixtures of these. Examples of materials include metals, plastics, rubber, wood, paper, cloth, glass, and water. Each material has unique properties such as strength, weight, color, texture, and durability. The choice of material used in a design or product is important as it affects the cost, performance, and overall success of the item.

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in H2C=CCl2: σ bonds = 3, π bonds = 1, in HOOC−COOH: π bonds = 0, σ bonds = 14, FHC=C=CHF: σ bonds= 7, π bonds = 2.

H2C=CCl2:

Number of σ bonds: 3 (2 C-H bonds and 1 C-Cl bond)

Number of π bonds: 1 (C=C double bond)

HOOC−COOH:

Number of σ bonds: 14 (8 C-H bonds, 4 C-O bonds, and 2 O-H bonds)

Number of π bonds: 0

FHC=C=CHF:

Number of σ bonds: 7 (4 C-H bonds, 2 C-F bonds, and 1 C-C bond)

Number of π bonds: 2 (2 C=C double bonds in the carbon ring)

In the molecule H2C=CCl2, there are three sigma bonds and one pi bond. The sigma bonds are formed due to the overlap of orbitals between the carbon atoms and hydrogen and chlorine atoms. The pi bond is formed by the sideways overlap of unhybridized p orbitals on the two carbon atoms in the double bond.

In the molecule HOOC−COOH, there are 14 sigma bonds and no pi bonds. The sigma bonds are formed due to the overlap of orbitals between the carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. This molecule is an example of a carboxylic acid, and the two carboxyl functional groups are connected by a carbon-carbon single bond.

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The fοrce that keeps a satellite in Earth’s οrbit is directed always away frοm the center οf Earth, sο, οptiοn (b) is cοrrect.

Distance is an οbject's οverall mοvement, regardless οf directiοn. Distance refers tο the length οf an οbject's real rοute as a whοle. The displacement οf an οbject between twο pοints is defined as the straight line distance (shοrtest distance), measured frοm οne pοsitiοn tο the οther.

A bοdy can change its state οf rest οr mοtiοn when an external fοrce acts οn it. It is directed and has a magnitude.

Therefοre, fοrce that keeps a satellite in Earth’s οrbit is directed always away frοm the center οf Earth, sο, οptiοn (b) is cοrrect.

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Tertiary or intermediate colors can be created from color mixing.

In a particular color system like RGB, CMYK (more modern), or RYB[2], a tertiary color or intermediate color is created by combining complete intensity of one primary color with half saturation of another primary color and none of a third primary color (traditional).

For the RGB color wheel and the RYB color wheel, tertiary hues have generic names that vary slightly. The following titles are displayed. Another meaning of tertiary color is offered by color theorists like Moses Harris  and Josef Albers , who propose that tertiary colors are produced by combining complimentary colors or sets of secondary colors, such as orange-green, green-purple, and purple-orange.

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The mass of rust that will be produced would be 32,438 g or 32.44 kg.

The molecular weight of Fe2O3 is 159.69 g/mol.

The balanced equation for the rusting of iron is:

4Fe + 3O2 → 2Fe2O3

From the equation, 4 moles of iron react with 3 moles of oxygen to produce 2 moles of Fe2O3.

The weight of iron in 50 lb is:

50 lb = 22.68 kg = 22,680 g

One mole of Fe has a mass of 55.85 g, so 22,680 g of iron is:

22,680 g / 55.85 g/mol = 406.1 mol of Fe

From the balanced equation, 2 moles of Fe2O3 are produced for every 4 moles of Fe that reacts. So, the number of moles of Fe2O3 produced is:

(2/4) x 406.1 mol = 203.1 mol

The mass of Fe2O3 produced is:

203.1 mol x 159.69 g/mol = 32,438 g

Therefore, the weight of rust produced is 32,438 g or 32.44 kg.

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