since the advent of the digital age, the demand for in-person telephone operators has fallen dramatically. which factor would account for this development? group of answer choices an increase in the number of automated answering services a decrease in the quality of the technology associated with phone equipment an increase in the supply of phone operators higher prices for long-distance service

Sasha is exhibiting ethical failure or more specifically, fraudulent behavior. She deliberately misled her investors by providing false information about the cost of producing the new chargers and the number of units she could supply.

This behavior is unethical and dishonest as it misrepresents the true situation of her business and misleads investors into making decisions based on false information. Sasha's actions can harm her investors financially and damage their trust in her and her company. Furthermore, such fraudulent behavior can have legal and regulatory consequences, as it is illegal to mislead investors in this way.

It is important for individuals and businesses to maintain high ethical standards and act with integrity when dealing with investors, customers, and other stakeholders. Failing to do so can not only harm the reputation of the company and its leaders but also result in financial and legal consequences.

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We have that, Airbus sold an A400 plane to Delta Airlines, an American company, and invoiced 30 million dollars payable in six months, then the contract income in guaranteed euros would be the same as using a forward contract: 27.27 million euro.

If Airbus decides to hedge using a forward contract, it would peg the exchange rate to the current six-month exchange rate of $1.10/euro. Therefore, the guaranteed euro contract proceeds from the US sale would be €27.27 million ($30 million divided by $1.10/euro). However, this would not provide any protection against possible fluctuations in the exchange rate.

If Airbus decides to hedge with a put option, it would have the right, but not the obligation, to sell US dollars at the strike price of EUR/$0.95. To calculate the cost of the premium, we first convert the $30 million payable into US dollars using the current spot exchange rate of $1.05/euro. This gives us $31.43 million. The put option premium would be €0.02 per US dollar, so the total cost of the premium would be €628,600 (€0.02 x US$31.43 million).

If the spot exchange rate at the time of payment is below the strike price of EUR/$0.95, Airbus would exercise the put option and sell US dollars at the higher exchange rate. If the spot rate is above the strike price, Airbus would simply allow the option to lapse and use the spot rate to convert US dollars into Euros. Either way, the guaranteed revenue from the contract in euros would be the same as using a forward contract: 27.27 million euros.

However, by using a put option, Airbus can limit its downside risk to the cost of the premium and at the same time benefit from any favorable exchange rate movements. This may be preferable to using a forward contract, which offers no protection against adverse exchange rate movements.

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The effective annual yield is determined using the formula (1+r/n)n-1. Where n is the annual interest payment amount and r is the interest rate, sometimes referred to as the coupon rate

What is Effective Annual Yield?

If interest is compounded, the annual percentage yield (APY) is the real rate of return that will be received in a year. Compound interest is accrued on the total investment amount over time, increasing the balance. Each interest payment will be more expensive due to the increased debt.

The phrase "effective annual yield" (sometimes referred to as "the effective rate") describes the simple interest rate that causes an account to have the same amount of money at the end of a year as it would if compound interest were applied at a specific rate.

There is a simple formula that may be used to compute compound interest. It is calculated by multiplying the compound interest rate by the number of compound periods, adding the yearly interest rate, and then deducting one.

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The return on equity (ROE) for Adam Ventures (AV) is closest to 27% (Option B).

To calculate the ROE, follow these steps:

1. Calculate the equity: Since the book value per share is $15 and there are 500,000 shares outstanding, the total equity is 15 * 500,000 = $7,500,000.

2. Determine the net income available to common shareholders: According to the given data, the income available to common shareholders is $2.0 million.

3. Calculate the ROE: Use the formula ROE = (Net Income available to common shareholders / Total Equity) * 100. So, the ROE = (2,000,000 / 7,500,000) * 100 = 26.67%.

Therefore, the return on equity for Adam Ventures is closest to 27%.

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Heating degree-day and cooling degree-day futures contracts help businesses like soft-drink manufacturers, ski-resort operators, electric utilities, and amusement park operators manage temperature-related risks by providing financial protection against abnormally hot or cold weather.


a. Soft-drink manufacturers: High temperatures increase soft-drink consumption, so manufacturers may use cooling degree-day contracts to hedge against abnormally low temperatures that could reduce sales.

b. Ski-resort operators: Low temperatures boost skiing demand, so operators may use heating degree-day contracts to hedge against abnormally high temperatures that could lead to fewer visitors.

c. Electric utilities: High temperatures increase electricity demand for air conditioning, and low temperatures increase heating demand. Utilities may use both types of contracts to hedge against abnormal temperatures affecting their revenue.

d. Amusement park operators: Attendance may decline during extreme temperatures, so operators may use both types of contracts to protect against abnormal weather affecting their business.

For question 1.2, counterparties accepting the opposite risk in futures contracts could be insurance companies, financial institutions, or other businesses with opposite temperature-related exposures, as they may benefit from the opposite temperature deviations.

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As a type of retailer, category specialists offer d. a limited, but complementary merchandise assortment.

Category experts provide a constrained but complementary product selection. Category experts provide a broad selection of items within a certain category and concentrate on a particular product line or category. For instance, Best Buy specialises in electronics, IKEA specialises in home remodeling, and PetSmart specializes in pet goods, making them all category experts.

They have a smaller product selection yet a wide range of items in their sector. Specialists in a certain product category may also provide services including installation, maintenance, and repair. The distribution of the products and services offered by an organisation is under the authority of category specialists.

Complete Question:

As a type of retailer, category specialists offer

a. a broad assortment of merchandise.

b. highly trained personnel throughout the stores.

c. high prices and high-end merchandise.

d. a limited, but complementary merchandise assortment.

e. predominantly a self-service approach with a narrow, deep assortment.

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The total return for this bond over the 3-year investment horizon is 2.7% when the yield to maturity is 15%.

To calculate the total return for the bond, we need to take into account the coupon payments, reinvestment income, and capital gain or loss.

First, let's calculate the annual coupon payment. The coupon rate is 10%, so the annual coupon payment is:

$1,000 x 10% = $100

The bond has a 10-year maturity, but the investor only plans to hold it for 3 years. At the end of the third year, there will be 7 years left until maturity.

Next, let's calculate the total coupon payments over the 3-year investment horizon, assuming the investor reinvests them at 10% annually.

- Year 1: $100 coupon payment, reinvested at 10%, gives $110 at the end of the year

- Year 2: $100 coupon payment, reinvested at 10%, gives $121 at the end of the year

- Year 3: $100 coupon payment, reinvested at 10%, gives $133.10 at the end of the year

So the total reinvestment income at the end of the 3-year horizon is $110 + $121 + $133.10 = $364.10

Next, let's calculate the capital gain or loss when the investor sells the bond at the end of the third year. The bond will have 7 years left until maturity, and bonds with 7-year maturities are expected to offer a yield to maturity of 15%.

Using a bond calculator, we can find that the price of a 7-year bond with a 15% yield to maturity and a par value of $1,000 is:

PV = $1,000 / (1 + 0.15) = $386.48

So if the investor sells the bond at the end of the third year, they will receive $386.48.

Since the investor bought the bond for $1,000, the capital loss is:

Capital loss = $1,000 - $386.48 = $613.52

Finally, let's calculate the total return:

Total return = reinvestment income + captal gain or loss / initial investment

Total return = $364.10 + ($613.52) / $1,000 = 0.027 = 2.7%

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The method that permits businesses to recover all the costs, including both fixed and variable costs and direct and indirect costs, is called full cost pricing.

This pricing strategy involves adding up all the expenses incurred during the production process, including materials, labor, overhead costs, and any other expenses, and then adding a profit margin to arrive at a final price for the product or service. Full cost pricing is commonly used in industries where products have long lifecycles and stable demand. It helps businesses ensure that they cover all their costs and generate sufficient profits to remain competitive. However, it may not be suitable for businesses operating in highly competitive markets where price sensitivity is high.

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The statement which is true regarding price is a. it should be based on the value that the customer perceives.

Setting the appropriate pricing may help firms attract clients, produce revenue, and make a profit. Pricing is a crucial component of marketing strategy. Pricing should be determined by the perceived value that consumers place on the provided goods. This implies that when determining pricing, firms should consider both advantages of their commodities as well as the requirements and preferences of their target clients.

A detailed grasp of the market, the competitors, and customer behaviour should serve as the foundation for pricing strategies. Pricing decisions can have a detrimental effect on sales and earnings. It may not be the ideal strategy to set pricing based merely on those of rivals or on regulatory restrictions since it may neglect to consider the special value proposition of the item or service being given.

Complete Question:

Which of the following is true regarding price?

a. it should be based on the value that the customer perceives.

b. it should be as high as legally allowed.

c. it should always be based on competitors' prices.

d. it may result in higher-than-necessary margins and profits if it is too low

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Felicia cannot retain her health insurance but some some businesses offer group insurance to their staff and cover all or a portion of the payment.

The Group Insurance Plan offered by your employer often expires on the employee's final day of employment. Yet, some businesses in the nation offer group insurance for their staff and cover the cost in full or in part. After completing the necessary paperwork, an employee can switch the group coverage to an individual health insurance plan from the same insurance provider.

Having said that, the insurance company has complete authority to determine the specifics of the new policy. Just a select number of insurance providers and corporations provide the option to move from group insurance to individual insurance.

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The annualized forward premium of the Yen is 41.51%.

To calculate the annualized forward premium, we first need to calculate the forward rate premium, which is the difference between the forward rate and the spot rate.

Forward rate premium = Forward rate - Spot rate

= $0.01500 - $0.01060

= $0.00440

Next, we need to annualize the forward rate premium by dividing it by the spot rate and multiplying by 365/30 (assuming a 360-day year).

Annualized forward premium = (Forward rate premium / Spot rate) x (365/30)

= ($0.00440 / $0.01060) x (365/30)

= 0.4151 or 41.51%

Therefore, the annualized forward premium of the Yen is 41.51%.

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The company's expected total cash receipts in August is $45,920.. So, the correct answer is A.

Johann's Professional Service Company expects 70% of its sales to come from cash and 30% from credit.

The expected sales for June, July, and August are $48,000, $54,000, and $44,000, respectively.

In August, the cash sales will be 70% of $44,000, which equals $30,800.

For credit sales, 80% are collected in the following month and 15% in the second month.

So, in August, the company will collect:

- 80% of July's credit sales (30% of $54,000):

0.8 x (0.3 x $54,000) = $12,960 - 15% of June's credit sales (30% of $48,000): 0.15 x (0.3 x $48,000) = $2,160

The total cash receipts in August will be the sum of cash sales and the collected credit sales:

$30,800 (cash sales) + $12,960 (July's credit) + $2,160 (June's credit) = $45,920

The correct answer is A. $45,920.

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The model is important because it helps economists and policymakers understand how different sectors of the economy are connected and how changes in one sector can affect other sectors.

The circular flow model is an economic model that illustrates the flow of goods and services, income, and resources in an economy. It shows how households, businesses, and government interact with one another in a circular flow of economic activity.

In the model, households provide labor and resources to businesses in exchange for income, which they use to purchase goods and services from businesses. Businesses use the income to pay for labor and resources, and also invest in capital goods and technology.

The government collects taxes from households and businesses, and uses the revenue to provide public goods and services. The circular flow model is useful in understanding how changes in government policies, such as changes in tax rates or government spending, can affect the economy as a whole.

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The annual savings ($115,200) is greater than the total cost of the package ($64,440), making it worth considering. The net annual saving is $115,200 - $64,440 = $50,760.

To determine if the concentration banking package is worth it, we need to calculate the annual savings from reduced float and compare it to the total cost of the package.2. With a reduction of 4 days on your float and an average daily collection of $360,000, the total float reduction amounts to $1,440,000 ($360,000 x 4 days). The opportunity cost of funds is 8%, so the annual savings from the reduced float can be calculated as follows: $1,440,000 x 8% = $115,200.Now, let's calculate the total cost of the package.

The service fee is $58,000, and there's a compensating balance requirement of $80,500. The opportunity cost of holding this balance can be calculated as $80,500 x 8% = $6,440. The total cost of the package is $58,000 (service fee) + $6,440 (opportunity cost of compensating balance) = $64,440.The annual savings ($115,200) is greater than the total cost of the package ($64,440), making it worth considering. The net annual saving is $115,200 - $64,440 = $50,760.

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A limited liability company (LLC) can be thought of as a cross between a corporation and a partnership

LLC combines the limited liability protection of a corporation, where owners are not personally responsible for the company's debts and liabilities, with the pass-through taxation benefits and operational flexibility of a partnership.

A business arrangement where several people share ownership is a partnership. This can be one, two, or more people who decide they wish to start a business and proceed legally. A corporation is a separate entity with a distinct legal and financial framework.

How the owners are kept apart from the firm is the key distinction between a corporation and a partnership. Contrary to corporations, which are distinct from their owners, partnerships allow owners to share in the risks and profits of the business. When two or more people want to run a business together, they create a partnership.

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Using the extended DuPont identity, the return on assets (ROA) for Wildhorse, Inc. is 11.20% and the return on equity (ROE) is 23.52%.

To find the return on assets (ROA) and return on equity (ROE) for Wildhorse, Inc., using the extended DuPont identity, we need to calculate the profit margin, and total assets turnover, and then apply these values to find ROA and ROE.

1. Profit margin: Profit margin = (Net income / Net sales) x 100
Profit margin = ($11,760,000 / $367,500,000) x 100
Profit margin = 3.20%

2. Total assets turnover: Total assets turnover = Net sales / Total assets
Total assets turnover = $367,500,000 / $105,000,000
Total assets turnover = 3.5 times

3. ROA: ROA = Profit margin x Total assets turnover
ROA = 3.20% x 3.5
ROA = 11.20%

4. ROE: ROE = ROA x (Total assets / Stockholders' equity)
ROE = 11.20% x ($105,000,000 / $50,000,000)
ROE = 11.20% x 2.1
ROE = 23.52%.

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Approximately Paul needs 8 years to repay the loan.

Correct option is 8 years.

We can use the formula for the present value of an annuity to calculate the number of years it will take for Paul to repay the loan:

[tex]PV = PMT * [(1 - (1 + r)^{-n} / r][/tex]

where:

PV = present value of the loan

PMT = payment per period

r = interest rate per period

n = total number of periods

In this case, we have:

PV = $5,000 (the amount borrowed)

PMT = $800 (the equal annual payments)

r = 8% (the annual interest rate)

n = the number of years

We can solve for n by plugging in the values and using algebra:

[tex]5,000 = $800 * [(1 - (1 + 0.08^{-n}) / 0.08][/tex]

[tex]5,000 = $800 * [(1 - 1.08^{-n}) / 0.08][/tex]

[tex]$6.25 = 1 - 1.08^{-n}[/tex]

[tex]1.08^{-n} = 0.75[/tex]

[tex]-n * ln(1.08) = ln(0.75)[/tex]

[tex]n = ln(0.75) / ln(1.08)[/tex]

n ≈ 8.36

Therefore, it will take approximately 8 years for Paul to repay the loan. So the closest answer is 8 years. The correct answer is: 8 years.

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Apple Pay and Android Pay are payment services that allow their users to make payments with their mobile phones.

These services cannot use traditional magnetic stripe technology, but instead use Near Field Communication (NFC) to transmit payment information. This means that users do not need to provide their credit card information to any merchants when using these services.

Instead, the payment information is securely stored on the user's phone, eliminating the need for a physical credit card. Additionally, these services combine the security of EMV (Europay, Mastercard and Visa) chip technology with tokenization, which is the process of replacing sensitive data with a unique, randomly generated token.

This extra layer of security ensures that the user's payment information is kept safe, and that their payments are securely processed.

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The GDP will eventually increase by $30.3 billion.

When the marginal propensity to save (MPS) is equal to 0.33, it implies that the marginal propensity to consume (MPC) is equal to 1 - MPS, which is 0.67. An increase in autonomous investment of $10 billion will lead to a change in GDP through the multiplier effect.

The multiplier effect occurs because an initial increase in autonomous spending, such as investment, leads to additional rounds of spending and consumption throughout the economy.

The size of the multiplier can be calculated using the formula:

Multiplier = 1 / (1 - MPC)

In this case, the multiplier would be:

Multiplier = 1 / (1 - 0.67) = 1 / 0.33 ≈ 3.03

Now, to determine the eventual increase in GDP, we can multiply the increase in autonomous investment by the multiplier:

GDP increase = Autonomous investment increase × Multiplier

GDP increase = $10 billion × 3.03 ≈ $30.3 billion

So, with a marginal propensity to save of 0.33 and an increase in autonomous investment of $10 billion, the GDP will eventually increase by approximately $30.3 billion. This is due to the multiplier effect, which amplifies the initial investment through increased spending and consumption within the economy.

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Rather than simply focusing on financial profitability, many major corporations in the United States believe that marketing should focus on corporate citizenry by undertaking activities such as making safer products and reducing their carbon footprint.

The correct option is b.

Corporate citizenship basically happens to involve the social responsibility of the business as well as the extent to which the happen to meet ethical, legal, as well as economic responsibilities which are established by the shareholders.

Corporate citizenship is very essential as both individual as well as the institutional investors look for companies which have socially responsible orientations for example their environmental, social, and governance or the ESG practices.

Hence, the correct option is option b.

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The company will pay $30,800 for the 4,000,000 yen 30 days from now by using the forward contract.

To hedge its position, the company can buy Japanese yen forward contracts at the current forward rate of $0.0077 per yen. Therefore, the cost of buying 4,000,000 yen forward would be:

4,000,000 yen x $0.0077/yen = $30,800

In 30 days, the company will have to convert the 4,000,000 yen into dollars at the prevailing spot rate. Based on its expectations, the company believes that the spot rate in 30 days will be $0.0094 per yen. Therefore, the cost of converting 4,000,000 yen into dollars would be:

4,000,000 yen x $0.0094/yen = $37,600

However, the company has already locked in the forward rate of $0.0077 per yen, so it will pay:

4,000,000 yen x $0.0077/yen = $30,800

by using the forward contract. This represents a savings of:

$37,600 - $30,800 = $6,800.

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In direct terms, the cross exchange rate in Zurich is 2.3008 to 98. the correct option is d.

To calculate the cross exchange rate in Zurich in direct terms:
1. Identify the bid and ask rates for both currencies:
  - Pound sterling: $1.4419 (bid) and $1.4436 (ask)
  - Swiss franc: $0.6250 (bid) and $0.6267 (ask)
2. Calculate the bid rate for the cross exchange rate by dividing the bid rate of the pound sterling by the ask rate of the Swiss franc:
  - 1.4419 / 0.6267 = 2.3018
3. Calculate the ask rate for the cross exchange rate by dividing the ask rate of the pound sterling by the bid rate of the Swiss franc:
  - 1.4436 / 0.6250 = 2.3098
4. Write the cross-exchange rate in direct terms:
  - 2.3018-98
The correct answer is D. 2.3008–98.

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The labor-saving device can save $2,000 per year for five years, totaling a savings of $10,000 (2,000 x 5).

It can be installed at a cost of $3,000. To evaluate this investment, we need to determine its rate of return. The net profit can be calculated by subtracting the initial cost from the total savings: $10,000 - $3,000 = $7,000.

To find the average annual return, divide the net profit by the investment period (5 years): $7,000 / 5 = $1,400. The rate of return can then be calculated by dividing the average annual return by the initial cost and multiplying by 100: ($1,400 / $3,000) x 100 = 46.67%.

Comparing this rate of return (46.67%) to the given options (12.36%, 10.36%, 10%, and 9.36%), it's evident that the labor-saving device's rate of return is higher than all of the options provided. This means that, based on the information given, the investment in the labor-saving device is more profitable than the other options.

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The required rate of return on LRW stock is 15.8%.

To calculate the required rate of return on LRW stock, we can use the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) formula. The CAPM formula is:

Required Rate of Return = Risk-Free Rate + Beta * (Market Return - Risk-Free Rate)

Given that LRW Corporation has a beta of 1.6, the risk-free rate of interest is 0.03, and the expected return on the stock market overall is 0.11, we can plug in these values into the formula:

Required Rate of Return = 0.03 + 1.6 * (0.11 - 0.03)

Hence,

1. Calculate the difference between the market return and the risk-free rate:
  0.11 - 0.03 = 0.08

2. Multiply this difference by LRW's beta:
  1.6 * 0.08 = 0.128

3. Add the risk-free rate to the result from step 2:
  0.03 + 0.128 = 0.158

So, the required rate of return on LRW stock is 0.158 or 15.8%.

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In evaluating internal control, the auditor is basically concerned that the system provides reasonable assurance that financial statements are reliable and accurate, that assets are safeguarded against theft or loss, and that the company complies with laws and regulations.

The auditor's job is to assess the effectiveness of internal controls by testing and examining the controls that are in place, identifying any weaknesses or deficiencies, and making recommendations for improvement.

Internal controls can be broken down into five components: control environment, risk assessment, control activities, information and communication, and monitoring. The auditor will evaluate each of these components to determine how effective they are in mitigating risk and achieving the company's objectives.

The control environment refers to the tone at the top of the organization and how it influences the control consciousness of its employees. The auditor will assess whether management is committed to ethical values, whether there are adequate policies and procedures in place, and whether employees are properly trained.

Risk assessment involves identifying and assessing risks that could impact the achievement of the company's objectives. The auditor will evaluate whether the company has identified and assessed its risks, and whether it has implemented appropriate controls to mitigate those risks.

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Marginal benefit minus price equals A. consumer surplus.

What is meant by consumer surplus?

Consumer surplus is the difference between the maximum price a consumer is willing to pay for a good or service (i.e., marginal benefit) and the actual price they pay. Therefore, marginal benefit minus price equals consumer surplus.

Marginal benefit represents the additional benefit a consumer receives from consuming an additional unit of a good or service, while price represents the cost of that unit. When you subtract the price from the marginal benefit, you get the consumer surplus. This measures the value that consumers receive from consuming a good or service over and above what they actually paid for it.

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Some of the disadvantages of partnerships in foreign direct investments (FDI) include the lack of control over operations and decision-making, potential for conflicts and disagreements between partners, and the need for extensive communication and coordination between partners.

Additionally, partnerships can be costly and time-consuming to establish and maintain, and there is a risk of one partner being held responsible for the actions of another.

Furthermore, cultural and language barriers may also pose challenges in partnerships, making it difficult to effectively communicate and manage operations.

Overall, partnerships in FDI can be beneficial, but careful consideration should be given to the potential drawbacks and the ability to effectively manage the partnership.

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a. The after-tax cost of debt on the bond is 5.27%.

b. The cost of external common equity is 15.95%.

c. The cost of internal common equity is 19.05%.

d. The cost of capital for the preferred stock is 5.26%.

e. The after-tax cost of debt on the bond is 8.82%.

a. The calculation for after-tax cost of debt on the bond is as follows:

First, we need to calculate the current market value of the bond:

Market value = Par value + (Par value x Coupon rate x (1-Flotation cost))

Market value = $1,000 + ($1,000 x 8% x (1-9%))

Market value = $928.00

Next, we need to calculate the after-tax cost of debt:

After-tax cost of debt = Coupon rate x (1 - Tax rate)

After-tax cost of debt = 8% x (1 - 30%)

After-tax cost of debt = 5.60%

Finally, we adjust for flotation costs:

After-tax cost of debt = [(Coupon payment x (1 - Tax rate)) / Net proceeds] + Flotation cost

After-tax cost of debt = [(80 x 70%) / $928] + 9%

After-tax cost of debt = 5.27%

b. The calculation for cost of external common equity is as follows:

First, we need to calculate the expected dividend for next year:

Dividend = Dividend per share x (1 + Growth rate)

Dividend = $1.70 x (1 + 11%)

Dividend = $1.89

Next, we need to calculate the cost of external common equity:

Cost of external common equity = (Dividend / Net proceeds) + Growth rate + Flotation cost

Cost of external common equity = ($1.89 / $31) + 11% + 8%

Cost of external common equity = 15.95%

c. The calculation for cost of internal common equity is as follows:

First, we need to calculate the expected dividend for next year:

Dividend = Dividend per share x (1 + Growth rate)

Dividend = $3.30 x (1 + 12%)

Dividend = $3.70

Next, we need to calculate the cost of internal common equity:

Cost of internal common equity = (Dividend / Current stock price) + Growth rate

Cost of internal common equity = ($3.70 / $46) + 12%

Cost of internal common equity = 19.05%

d. The calculation for cost of capital for the preferred stock is as follows:

First, we need to calculate the current market value of the preferred stock:

Market value = Par value / Current price

Market value = $100 / $169

Market value = $0.59

Next, we adjust for flotation costs:

Cost of capital for preferred stock = (Dividend / Net proceeds) + Flotation cost

Cost of capital for preferred stock = (9% x $100 x (1 - 37%)) / ($169 x (1 - 13%)) + 13%

Cost of capital for preferred stock = 5.26%

e. The calculation for after-tax cost of debt on the bond is as follows:

First, we need to adjust for the marginal corporate tax rate:

After-tax cost of debt = Pre-tax cost x (1 - Tax rate)

After-tax cost of debt = 14% x (1 - 37%)

After-tax cost of debt = 8.82%

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Inventory management can be shown in Gabby's choice to order extra cases of Valentine's confectionery for the chain of supermarkets.

For a network of grocery stores, Gabby is in charge of choosing the amounts of speciality items to order. Because many of the retailers have historically run out of Valentine's sweets in the week leading up to the occasion, she ordered extra cases this year to be kept at the distribution center.

Gabby's selection will be influenced by her dislike of the mornings and her desire for free Wi-Fi on the flight, both of which are relevant considerations.

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The salary and reward system should be in line with the overall strategy and goals of the firm.

However, in general, any system that incentivizes activities that are inconsistent with the company's principles or that may lead to unethical practices should be avoided. A system that primarily pays salespeople based on the number of sales they generate, for example, may push them to use aggressive or dishonest tactics to complete deals.

As a result, it is critical to carefully analyze the incentive system's design and ensure that it promotes behaviors that support the company's vision and goal.

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