The G proteins in the interstitial cells remain activated and continually activate adenylyl cyclase.
In order to react to environmental cues of any stress, such as the attachment of a pathogen, signal transduction pathways enable the binding of extracellular signaling molecules (like epinephrine) to the cells. As a defense against the disease-causing bacteria, the adrenal glands release adrenaline. These hormones stimulate a response by binding proteins such as G-proteins to receptors on the cell surface. This pathway is activated by disease-causing microorganisms in response to an attack.
Cholera in humans is brought on by the gram-negative bacterium Vibrio cholerae. Adenyl cyclase is stimulated by an active G-protein to produce cyclic AMP molecules. Chloride-ion channels are activated by cAMP by activating protein kinase A (PKA), which also inhibits sodium-hydrogen antiporters. This produces watery diarrhea by causing the loss of sodium chloride and water into the lumen of the digestive tract.
A straight forward columnar epithelium that is folded to create a variety of invaginations, or crypts, embedded in the connective tissue, lines the surface of the gastrointestinal system.
To know more about intestinal cells refer to: brainly.com/question/24843362
#SPJ4
How many electrons, protons, and neutrons are present in this atom of carbon
Answer: P=6 E=6 N=6
Explanation:
The process for finding Protons, Electrons, and Neutrons is quite simple. The atomic number (the number at the top of the element) is both your Proton and Electron count. You then round the atomic mass to the nearest number (12, in the Carbons case) and subtract the atomic number from that. ( 12-6=6) See APE MAN PEN.
Answer:
P=6 E=6 N=6
The process for finding Protons, Electrons, and Neutrons is quite simple. The atomic number (the number at the top of the element) is both your Proton and Electron count. You then round the atomic mass to the nearest number (12, in the Carbons case) and subtract the atomic number from that. ( 12-6=6) See APE MAN PEN.
Identify the four main threats to biodiversity and explain how each damages diversity.
1. Habitat destruction, which includes deforestation, channelization of rivers, or conversion of herbal ecosystems to agriculture or cities, deprives species of locations to live.
2. added species, that are transported via people to regions outdoor their native range, in which they're not managed via their herbal pathogens or predators, regularly lessen the populace sizes of local species via competition or predation.
3. Overharvesting has reduced the populations of flowers and animals or pushed them to extinction.
4. worldwide alternative is altering the environment to the extent that it reduces the potential of Earth to maintain life.
The principal direct purpose of biodiversity loss is land use alternate primarily for massive-scale food production which drives an envisioned thirty percent of biodiversity decline globally. second is overexploitation overfishing, overhunting, and overharvesting for such things as meals, medicines, and wood which drives around twenty percent.
Learn more about biodiversity here:-https://brainly.in/question/16903925
#SPJ4
What type of molecule should be able to pass through the cell membrane most easily?
Small and hydrophobic molecules should be able to pass through the cell membrane most easily.
The cell membrane is a selectively permeable membrane that separates the interior of a cell from the exterior of a cell.
The cell membrane is mainly made up of a phospholipid bilayer. The phospholipids are arranged in such a manner that the heads made of phosphate are pointing outwards and the tails made of lipids are pointing inwards.
The heads are hydrophilic whereas the tails are hydrophobic. Hence, molecules that are hydrophobic and small can easily pass through the cell membrane as they do not get trapped by the tails. On the other hand, hydrophilic molecules as well as large molecules will have difficulty passing through the cell membrane.
To learn more about hydrophobic molecules, click here:
https://brainly.com/question/11296446
#SPJ4
A good question to use for a scientific investigation should be testable, and it should be connected to science concepts. Casey wants to do a scientific investigation about light. Which of the following questions would be best to use to guide his scientific investigation? A. What color of light is the prettiest? B. Which type of light bulb burns the longest? C. Which type of light bulb is easiest to catch? D. Which type of light bulb is preferred by moms?
Answer:
Explanation:
hjyf, fyju,ju
Answer:
C. which type of light bulb burns the longest
Hope this helped ;)
Basic growth media must be formulated to meet the diverse nutritional requirements of routinely cultivated bacteria, which includes supplying sources of ____________ and nitrogen in various forms. If these nutrients are supplied in the form of animal extracts like peptone or beef extract, the growth medium is termed a _______________ medium.
Basic growth media for bacterial growth should have sources of carbon and nitrogen. The growth medium is termed a complex medium if the supply of these nutrients is in the form of animal extract.
For the growth of bacteria and other microorganisms, nutrient-rich mediums are used such as agar plates and nutrient broths.
These mediums are of immense importance as they support the growth of bacteria on a wide scale.
The most common mediums are soy agar, brain heart infusion agar, and nutrient agar which are required widely for bacterial growth, cell culture, and microorganisms growth.
Furthermore, additional serums and blood are also added to enhance the capability of the basic growth media.
If you need to learn more about bacterial growth click here:
https://brainly.com/question/27580258
#SPJ4
What is the genetic problem that leads on to defective hemoglobin and shape of the rbcs in sickle cell anemia?
SCD is caused by a faulty gene known as the sickle cell gene. Sickle cell disease patients are born with two sickle cell genes, one from each parent.
What is the aetiology of sickle cell anaemia?Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a hereditary illness caused by a mutation in both copies of the HBB gene in an individual. This gene encodes a component of haemoglobin, the protein that transports oxygen in red blood cells. Because of the mutation, haemoglobin molecules clump together, resulting in sickle-shaped red blood cells.
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a single-gene ailment caused by a single base-pair point mutation in the -globin gene that results in the amino acid valine being substituted for glutamic acid in the -globin chain.
learn more about Sickle cell disease refer
https://brainly.com/question/17063471
#SPJ4
some white blood cells function to digest bacteria in the body. these white blood cells would need to contain a large number of what organelle to perform this specific function?
Some white blood cells function to digest bacteria in the body. these white blood cells would need to contain a large number of this organelle to perform this specific function Lysosomes.
The phagocyte digests the ingested particle with hydrolytic enzymes, that are contained within membrane-enclosed sacs known as lysosomes found inside the cellular. White blood cells or leukocytes are specially composed of mobile organelles together with the nucleus nuclear lobes cytoplasm Lysosomes mitochondria, and vesicles.
A lysosome is a membrane-bound mobile organelle that includes digestive enzymes. Lysosomes are concerned approximately numerous mobile strategies. They destroy down extra or cell components. they'll be used to wreck invading viruses and microorganisms..
Learn more about A lysosome here:-https://brainly.com/question/18233754
#SPJ4
What two components contribute to species diversity? Explain how two communities with the same number of species can differ in species diversity.
The two main components of species diversity and these are;
species richnessspecies compositionWhat is specie diversity?The term species diversity has to do with the existence of several species in a habitat. We know that a given habitat could be home to so many species that exist together and depend on each other.
There are two main components of species diversity and these are;
species richnessspecies compositionWe know that a community is composed of different species of organisms. However, two communities differ in their species diversity depending on the suitability of the system to sustain many species.
Learn more about species diversity:https://brainly.com/question/13258090
#SPJ4
If a child were born without a thymus gland, what cells and functions of the immune system would be deficient? Explain.
Fat mostly takes the place of the thymus. Due to their profound T cell deficiency and increased susceptibility to infections, children with congenital anthemia are born without a thymus.
What exactly is a thymus?Your lymphatic system includes a little gland called the thymus. Tonsils, spleen, and appendix are just a few of the organs, tissues, and channels that make up your lymphatic system. A component of your immune system is the lymphatic system. It supports immunity to sickness and infection.
What is the main function of thymus?The thymus is a vital organ for the immune system, which acts as the body's first line of defense, monitoring and protecting it from a variety of viruses, tumors, antigens, and mediators of tissue damage.
To know more about Thymus visit:
https://brainly.com/question/9095567
#SPJ4
What country will soon become the first large industrial economy powered primarily by renewable energy?
Germany will soon become the first large industrial economy powered primarily by renewable energy
Renewable energy derives from sources that are infinite like the sun, wind, and water, or from sources that refill themselves naturally like geothermal and biomass. like Geothermal, Hydroelectric, Solar, wind.
Fuels that can NOT be reformed during a lifetime are said to be non renewable energy
Electricity that derives from renewable energy sources considered better for the planet because it emits little or no air pollution and will not run out.
We often call renewable energy technologies clean or "green" because they produce few if any pollutants
To know more about Renewable energy visit : https://brainly.com/question/17373437
#SPJ4
A process is illustrated in the diagram below.
Which process is illustrated in the diagram?
1. Gamete Formation
2. Facilitied Diffustion
3 bacterial conjunction
4 Viral reproduction
Describe the arrangement of the water molecule to molecule with one
another
Answer: At room temperature and as ice, water has a tetrahedral arrangement of molecules, which means every water molecule is bonded to four others in a rough pyramid shape. Researchers from the University of Bristol alnd the University of Tokyo used a supercomputer and computer modelling to make changes in this pyramid-like nature of water molecules.
Explanation:
due to less snowfall in an area white mice are eaten by predators more than dark mice this should lead to
Due to the less snowfall in the area white the mice are eaten by the predators more than the dark mice this should lead to direction selection
An example of the directional selection is the fossil records that has show that the size of the black of bears in the Europe and decreased during the interglacial periods of the ice ages, but it increased during each the glacial period. an Another example is the beak size in the population of the finches as directional selection is giraffe neck lengths. The environment was created as selection pressure which is favored by giraffes with longer necks who could be reach more food in the trees. At the same time, there was the selection pressure against the giraffes with shorter neck
To know more about direction selection visit:
https://brainly.com/question/12218101
#SPJ4
the posterior atrial wall is smooth, but the auricle and anterior wall exhibit obvious muscular ridges, called
The posterior atrial wall is smooth, but the auricle and anterior wall exhibit obvious muscular ridges, called right atrioventricular opening.
What is posterior wall isolation?The posterior wall isolation technique for atrial fibrillation ablation is based on the assumption that the posterior left atrium has an arrhythmogenic substrate. Posterior wall isolation techniques include box isolation, single ring isolation, and debulking ablation.
What is posterior atrium?The sinus venarum is the posterior section of the right atrium that encompasses most of the chamber's lateral wall. In comparison to the anterior section, it has a comparatively smooth surface. The crista terminalis connects the posterior and anterior walls.
To know more about muscular ridges visit :
https://brainly.com/question/2959819
#SPJ4
Hawaiian silverswords underwent a remarkable adaptive radiation after their ancestor reached Hawaii, while the islands were still young (see Figure 25.22). Would you expect the cattle egret to undergo a similar adaptive radiation in the Americas (see Figure 52.17 )? Explain.
The dispersion of people within a confined area is known as population distribution. People are disproportionately spread out throughout society.
Since it is how invasive species proliferate and how organisms track habitat variations brought on by climate change, the expansion of range is both a crucial applied and fundamental concern.Ecologists claim that a competitor can restrict or even prevent a species' range expansion. The necessity of dispersal is revealed when organisms reach a previously unoccupied area, known as a range extension.As the environment changes, organisms rapidly transform into new forms. Biotic interactions alter or new niches become available when the environment shifts and new resources become available.Hawaiian silverswords, a plant native to North America, is an excellent example of tarweed that spreads widely. Natural range expansions eloquently illustrate the impact of dispersal on distribution.Learn more about the Adaptive radiation with the help of the given link:
https://brainly.com/question/1349313
#SPJ4
In the term trace element, the adjective trace means that a. the element is required in very small amounts. b. the element can be used as a label to trace atoms through an organism's metabolism. c. the element is very rare on Earth. d. the element enhances health but is not essential for the organism's long-term survival.
In the term trace element, the adjective trace means that the element is required in very small amounts (Option a is correct).
What is a trace element?A trace element is any chemical substance that is required to be obtained from the diet but in small amounts, such as for example vitamins and minerals.
Trace elements are very useful as dietary supplements and therefore minerals (e.g. zinc) and vitamins (e.g. vitamin B12) are being increasingly used in nutrition.
In conclusion, in the term trace element, the adjective trace means that the element is required in very small amounts (Option a is correct).
Learn more about trace elements here:
https://brainly.com/question/13245785
#SPJ1
She forms a hypothesis that color reaches the flower through the stem. What should Maria do to confirm the hypothesis
Answer:
Maria should then put the cut stem into the red colour water. Once this is done,Maria should keep the jar in a shade,and give it time to obtain the result. Of the flower gets some red sheds then the hypothesis is hold.
Explanation:
did this helps
1) Unscramble the parts of the
Respiratory System.
A) otinirs
B) nyxrahp
C) alrxny
D) gunl
E) bohcsunr
F) aipgamrhd
G) rbhcio
H) nocelihorb
I) alevoll
J) otuhm
K) rthceaa
Answer:
.
Explanation:
A) nostril
B) pharynx
C) larynx
D) lung
E) bronchus
F) diaphragm
G) bronchi
H) bronchiole
I) alveoli
J) mouth
K) trachea
huntington's disease is caused by a dominant allele (h) at an autosomal gene. the disease causes neurodegeneration, and people that have it often die at a young age. you are studying a population and find that the frequency of genotype hh is 0.09. what change might you expect to see in this population over time?
The prevalence of homozygous recessive people will rise due to natural selection.
Does natural selection contribute to population growth?Natural selection can lead to microevolution (change in allele frequencies), with fitness-increasing alleles becoming more abundant in the population.Polygenic traits or features determined by various alleles of a same gene can be affected by natural selection (traits determined by many genes).Three different kinds of natural selection can take place on features that are influenced by several genes: stabilizing selection, directional selection, and disruptive selection.
Learn more about the natural selection with the help of the given link:
https://brainly.com/question/9830102
#SPJ4
which of the following is an advantage of electron microscopy? choose one: a. specimens can be observed at high resolution. b. the microscope is inexpensive and easy to use. c. living specimens can be observed. d. motile specimens can be observed.
The advantage of electron microscopy is that specimens can be observed at high resolution. Option A
What is electron microscopy?A microscope is a device that is used to obtain a very high resolution image of a specimen. The specimen could be biological or non biological. Hence, a microscope is used in various areas of science.
The first microscope was invented by Robert Hooke and was used in the study of cells. The electron microscope is very useful in science because it can show the images of specimen at a high magnification.
Thus, the advantage of electron microscopy is that specimens can be observed at high resolution. Option A
Learn more about microscope:https://brainly.com/question/18661784
#SPJ1
calmodulin kinase ii attenuation of gene transcription by preventing camp response element-binding protein (creb) dimerization and binding of the creb-binding protein
Calmodulin kinase ii attenuation of gene transcription by preventing camp response a effects of kinases on the transcription of CRE-containing genes.
What are genes?The building block of genes is DNA. Some genes serve as protein synthesis blueprints. Many genes, however, do not code for proteins. Human genes range in size from a few hundred to over 2 million DNA bases. For instance, if both of your parents have green eyes, you may inherit the characteristic from them.
What are genes vs DNA?Genes are DNA segments that encode for a specific protein that functions in one or more types of cells in the body. Chromosomes are cell structures that store an individual's genes. Chromosomes, which are found in the cell nucleus, contain genes.
To know more about chromosomes :
https://brainly.com/question/1596925
#SPJ4
A lung biopsy and magnetic resonance imaging have confirmed the presence of a benign lung tumor in a client. Which characteristic is associated with this client's neoplasm?
The characteristic that is associated with this client's neoplasm of a benign lung tumor is that the tumor grows but is encapsulated and therefore cannot continue with its development.
What is a benign lung tumor?A benign lung tumor is a group of cells in the lung that proliferate in an uncontrolled way but they have a limit to producing a mass that does not grow more until reach to a boundary.
A benign lung tumor may remain over years and it does not represent a harmful risk for life of the patient/client.
In conclusion, the characteristic that is associated with this client's neoplasm of a benign lung tumor is that the tumor grows but is encapsulated and therefore cannot continue with its development.
Learn more about benign tumors here:
https://brainly.com/question/14366025
#SPJ1
If a human female begins taking estradiol and progesterone immediately after the start of a new menstrual cycle, how will ovulation be affected? Explain.
If a human female begins taking estrogen and progesterone
Immediately after the start of a new menstrual cycle then increased concertation of progesterone and estrogen will negatively feedback back FSH and LH so no ovarian follicle mature and no ovulation is achieved
estrogen occurs when a mature egg is released from the ovary, pushed down the fallopian tube, and is available to be fertilized.ovulation Follicular Phase is the first phase where starts the first day of the last menstrual period (LMP) and estrogen continues until ovulation.Luteal Phase - phase is from the day of ovulation until the next period begins in ovulation Follicle Stimulating Hormone triggers a few of your follicles to develop into mature eggs.Luteinizing Hormone causes the egg to burst through the ovary wall within 24-36 hours and begin its journey down the fallopian tube for fertilization.To know more about ovulation visit : https://brainly.com/question/6748709
#SPJ4
Why could it be dangerous to drink a very large amount of water in a short period of time?
Drinking very large amount of water in a short period of time can result in water intoxication.
Water Intoxication also referred to as water poisoning, is a disruption of brain function brought on by excessive water consumption.
The amount of water in the blood rises as a result. This can dilute the electrolytes, notably sodium, in the blood.
Medics refer to the condition as hyponatremia if sodium levels are less than 135 mmol/l.
The balance of fluids inside and outside of cells is maintained in part by sodium. Increased water intake lowers sodium levels, which causes cells to expand as fluids move from the exterior to the interior of the body.
This can be hazardous and even fatal when it affects brain cells.
To learn more about Water intoxication, visit: https://brainly.com/question/26650266
#SPJ4
Approximately how long did it take for the frequency of the dominant allele to fall to half its starting value?
It takes approximately 34 months for the frequency of the dominant allele to fall to half its starting value.
When allele frequencies change over time, it's called allele frequency drift. And it turns out that the rate of drift is usually pretty slow: on average, it takes approximately 34 months for the frequency of the dominant allele to fall to half its starting value.
Why does this matter? Well, if you're tracking the frequencies of alleles in a population over time, you need to take drift into account. Otherwise, you might think that the alleles are disappearing when they're actually just drifting to lower frequencies.
So, next time you're looking at allele frequencies, remember to factor in drift! It might not seem like a big deal, but it can definitely make a difference in your interpretation of the data.
Learn more on allele here:
https://brainly.com/question/20724296
#SPJ4
In the soybean experiment, the _____ used more oxygen and the ___ produced more atp.
In the soybean experiment, the germinating seeds used more oxygen and the germinating seeds used more ATP.
The necessary resources and abilities for photosynthetic energy synthesis are not present in seeds. Soybean, also known as soja bean or soya bean, is an annual legume that belongs to the Fabaceae family and is grown for its edible seed. The soybean is the most significant bean commercially since it provides ingredients for hundreds of chemical goods and millions of people with vegetable protein.Germination is the process by which a mature seed goes through activation after a period of dormancy and sprouts the first little root and shoot of the plant.Early on in seed germination, adenosine triphosphate is created and serves as the source of energy for metabolism.To learn more about germinating seeds.
brainly.com/question/15976369
#SPJ4
An ancestor and all of its descendants are known as a monophyletic group or a(n) ________. a. apomorphy b. plesiomorphy c. synapomorphy d. clade
An ancestor and all of its descendants are known as a monophyletic group or a clade.
A monophyletic group, or clade, is a group of organisms that includes an ancestor and all of its descendants. This is in contrast to a paraphyletic group, which includes an ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendants.
There are many ways to define monophyly, but one common way is to use phylogenetic trees. A clade is a group of organisms that includes all the descendants of a common ancestor. If two groups are each other's closest relatives, they are said to be monophyletic.
Monophyletic groups tend to be more evolutionarily successful than paraphyletic ones, because they have all the genetic information of their ancestor. This is because they share a common ancestor, and so are more likely to have similar traits. They are also more morphologically and behaviorally homogeneous, and make it easier to study their evolution.
Learn more on clade here:
https://brainly.com/question/12464791
#SPJ4
groups of tissues combine to form organs, which work together to form , which function together to accomplish a common purpose
Groups of tissues combine to form organs, which work together to form organ systems, which function together to accomplish a common purpose.
We define biological organization as a system of organizing components of a living system from smallest to largest.
For living organisms, cells work together to form particular tissues. These tissues combine and work together to form organs. When multiple organs work together to accomplish a function, then this biological organization level is referred to as an organ system. For example, the circulatory system consists of blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), the heart, and blood. The function of the circulatory system is to transport blood to all parts of the body.
When all the organ systems of a body are combined, a living organism is formed.
To learn more about organ systems, click here:
https://brainly.com/question/868188
#SPJ4
Which type of noncovalent interaction can incolce either the polypeptide backbone or amino acid side chains?
Hydrogen bonds are the type of noncovalent interaction that can involve either the polypeptide backbone or amino acid side chains.
Hydrogen bonds are the non-covalent interactions formed between two molecules. It is the bonds between an electropositive atom of one molecule and another electronegative atom of another molecules. Hydrogen atoms are formed between the atoms in covalent bonds. These atoms are found in polypeptide backbone as well as amino acid side chains.
Amino acids are the molecules that form the proteins. This happens by the joining of amino acids together by peptide bonds. There are 22 amino acids that are involved in the protein making process.
To know more about hydrogen bonds, here
brainly.com/question/10904296
#SPJ4
the validity of research based on standard experimental procedures as opposed to claims that cannot be tested justify your inference
The validity of research based on standard experimental procedures as opposed to claims that cannot be tested because there is proof behind the results.
The scientific factors include questions related to endpoint selection, the only-size-suits-all criterion, and the want for a greater bendy approach, e.g., evaluation of the degree of similarity.
Clinical research is the neutral, systematic, deliberate, and a couple of-step process that makes use of previously observed information to improve expertise that doesn't exist in the literature.
Research is creative and systematic work undertaken to increase the stock of understanding. It entails the gathering, enterprise and evaluation of information to increase understanding of a subject or problem. A research task can be a spread on past paintings in the field.
Learn more about research here:- https://brainly.com/question/25257437
#SPJ9