In this experiment, simple organic compounds as well as more sophisticated organic compounds including amino acids and hydrocarbons were created.
What is Stanley miller's experiment?
Stanley Miller, a scientist, carried out an experiment in 1953 that might shed light on what happened on the early Earth billions of years ago. In a flask containing a mixture of methane, ammonia, hydrogen, and water, he passed an electrical charge across it. Organic substances, such as amino acids, were produced as a result.
Based on the idea that life might have started from simple chemicals found on the early Earth, Miller conducted the renowned experiment in 1953.
To learn more about Stanley miller's experiment click the given link
https://brainly.com/question/515994
#SPJ4
what were the shortcomings of mendeleev's periodic table?
The covalent bonds linking distant cysteine amino acid residues in protien tertiary structures true or false?.
The assertion it is true that ' the covalent bonds linking distant cysteine amino acid residues in protein tertiary structures .
In the tertiary structure, a protein disulfide isomerase forms a disulfide link between the two -SH groups when two cysteines are placed near together . The disulfide bond can be regarded as a component of the polypeptide of amino acid , which makes up the fundamental structure of proteins , due to its nature .
Cysteine plays a clear role in the tertiary structure of protein s. These residues build disulfide bridges that connect the polypeptide chain fragments , some of which are situated widely apart from one another in terms of their fundamental structure .
learn about amino acid here .
https://brainly.com/question/14583479
#SPJ4
A 20-liter container contains 2.0 moles of oxygen at a pressure of 92 kpa. the average kinetic energy of translation of oxygen molecules in the gas is:______.
By ideal gas approximation, the temperature of methane gas is 110.71 K.
We need to know about the ideal gas theory to solve this problem. The ideal gas is assumed that there is no interaction between particles in a gas. It can be determined by the equation
P . V = n . R . T
where P is pressure, V is volume, n is the number of moles gas, R is the ideal gas constant (8.31 J/mol.K) and T is temperature.
From the question above, we know that
V = 20 L = 0.02 m³
P = 92 kPa = 92 x 10³ Pa
n = 2 moles
By substituting the following parameters, we get
P . V = n . R . T
92 x 10³ . 0.02 = 2 . 8.31 . T
16.62T = 1840
T = 110.71 K
Find more on ideal gas at: https://brainly.com/question/25290815
#SPJ4
Catalyzes the first step in preparing galactose for glycolysis.
a. galactose 1-phosphate
b. galactokinase
c. galactase
d. glucokinase
e. none of these
The correct answer is d) none of these. Hexokinase is catalyzed to produce glycolysis.
Glycolysis is the process by which glucose is broken down to produce energy. It produces water, NADH, ATP, and two pyruvate molecules. It affects both anaerobic and aerobic organisms (cell doesn't require oxygen for the process).As the initial step in getting galactose ready for glycolysis, galactokinase catalyses the conversion of galactose into galactose-1-phosphate.When glucose-1-phosphate and galactose-1-phosphate from UDP-glucose switch places, UDP-galactose is produced.When an epimerase converts UDPgalactose back into UDP-glucose, the cycle is over. On each cycle turn, one glucose-1-phosphate is released and one galactose-1-phosphate is ingested.When galactose conversion enzymes are inadequate, galactose builds up. When there is too much galactose present, the sugar alcohol galactitol is formed.Learn more about Cytoplasm here:
https://brainly.com/question/174023
#SPJ4
which of the following compounds is neither an acid or a base? group of answer choices sodium nitrate sodium hydroxide hclo3 ch4
Among the following compounds, Sodium nitrate and CH₄ are neither an acid nor a base.
Sodium nitrate is an alkali metal salt which is made from the neutralization of a strong base (NaOH) with a strong acid (HNO₃). It has a pH value equal to 7. Therefore, sodium nitrate is neutral.
CH₄ has a neutral pH, of around 7. If a substance is acidic in nature, it must contain in the form where that can be released into water. But CH₄ is not acidic or basic as all the four hydrogen are bound tightly to the carbon atom and cannot be released, i.e., CH₄ has all of its valence electrons in bonding pair and bonding pairs are too stable to donate under normal conditions.
To learn more about acids and bases,
https://brainly.com/question/28280725
#SPJ4
indicate whether each property of water is due to the cohesion of water molecules or the adhesion of water molecules.
Cohesion;
High specific heatWater readily dissolves table salt (NaCl)High heat of vaporization Water is a liquid rather than a gas at room temperatureAdhesion;
Water clings to the sides of a glass tubeSubstances made of polar molecules get wet when dipped in waterPaper towels readily absorbs water.What are the forces of adhesion and cohesion?We know that the forces of adhesion are the forces that hold molecules to the surface of the vessel that contains it while the forces of cohesion is the force that holds the molecules of the water together.
Let us now try to see the properties individually;
Cohesion;
High specific heatWater readily dissolves table salt (NaCl)High heat of vaporization Water is a liquid rather than a gas at room temperatureAdhesion;
Water clings to the sides of a glass tubeSubstances made of polar molecules get wet when dipped in waterPaper towels readily absorbs water.Learn more about properties of water:https://brainly.com/question/2602094
#SPJ1
HELP ME PLEASEE!! I’m giving brainlest!!!
(a) When electrons are in their lowest energy state, we say that they are in _________.
(b) Sometimes, when ________ energy such as ________ or electricity is applied to the atom, the electrons absorb energy and transition to an _________ state.
(c) The electrons can not sustain this higher energy state for so long, so eventually ________ occurs.
(d) As a result, the electrons release energy in the form of a ______ and return back to ____.
(e) The jump between the high energy state to a lower energy state is called a _________.
(a) Ground State
(b) higher energy , excited state
(c) unstability
(d) light , ground state
(e) excited state absorption
To know more about electrons here :
https://brainly.com/question/1255220?referrer=searchResults
#SPJ1
why is getting a new haircut considered as physical change?
Answer:
Explanation:
You aren't truly changing your hair, after all. It will regrow, and it is still hair; nothing has changed. Without changing the actual identity, a physical change can modify one or more physical properties. Therefore, getting a haircut is a physical change
If the solute concentration for a particular molecule inside of the cell is 100mm and the concentration for this same molecule is 10mm, water will move?
If the solute concentration for a particular molecule inside of the cell is 100mm and the concentration for this same molecule is 10mm, water will move into the cell.
What is osmosis?
Osmosis is the naturally occurring net movement or diffusion of solvent molecules over a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water potential to a region of low water potential, in a manner that attempts to balance the solute concentrations on the two sides.
Both osmosis and diffusion are passive transport processes, which means they don't need any additional energy to take place. Particles transfer from a region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration through osmosis and diffusion, respectively.
To learn more about osmosis click the given link
https://brainly.com/question/11534932
#SPJ4
You have a pcr template sample containing 100 molecules of dsdna. if you ran 5 pcr cycles, what is the highest number of molecules you could have?
Answer:
500
Explanation:
because it is
What is the charge on oxygen (O) when it forms an ion? a 1+ b 1− c 2+ d 2−
Answer:
d. 2-
when it forms an ion.
Explanation:
Explain how the polarity of the eluent affects the movement of a compound on a tlc plate.
This is because the eluting strength of a solvent polarity is essentially connected to how firmly it adsorbs onto the adsorbent.
What is tlc plate?
A TLC plate is a piece of glass, metal, or plastic that has been lightly covered with a solid adsorbent (usually silica or alumina). The bottom of this plate has a little space where the combination to be tested will be placed.
Thin Layer Chromatography TLC is a method that is frequently employed in synthetic chemistry to identify compounds, assess their purity, and monitor the course of a reaction. Additionally, it enables the optimization of the solvent system for a specific separation issue.
To learn more about TLC plate click the given link
https://brainly.com/question/17562109
#SPJ4
a 71.5 gram sample of cocl2 6 h2o was heated thoroughly in a porcelain crucible, until its weight remained constant. after heating, how many grams of the anhydrous compound remained?
After heating 57.2 grams of the anhydrous compound remained.
First, we convert 66.4 grams of Ba(ClO₄)₂·3H₂O into moles, using its molar mass:
Molar mass of Ba(ClO₄)₂·3H₂O = Molar mass of Ba(ClO₄)₂ + (Molar Mass of H₂O)*3
Molar mass of Ba(ClO₄)₂·3H₂O = 390.23 g/mol
66.4 g ÷ 390.23 g/mol = 0.170 mol Ba(ClO₄)₂·3H₂O
0.170 moles of Ba(ClO₄)₂·3H₂O would produce 0.170 moles of Ba(ClO₄)₂. Meaning we now convert 0.170 moles of Ba(ClO₄)₂ into grams, using the molar mass of Ba(ClO₄)₂:
0.170 mol * 336.23 g/mol = 57.2 g
To know more about porcelain crucible go to the given link:
https://brainly.com/question/21798593
#SPJ4
once fermentation completed, a hydrometer of a stout indicated a specific gravity of 1.15. what is the liquid's specific weight? express your answer in si units.
Once fermentation completed, a hydrometer of a stout indicated a specific gravity of 1.15.
Specific gravity = density of liquid/ density of water at 4°C
= mass of liquid/(volume*density of water)
specific weight = mass = 1150 kg.
What is specific gravity?
The ratio of a substance's density to that of water at a certain temperature is what is known as specific gravity, which is also sometimes known as relative gravity, which is a dimensionless quantity (has no unit). Since water has the maximum density at 4°C, 1000 kg/m3, in SI system. this temperature is frequently used as a benchmark.
The ratio of weight to volume is referred to as specific weight. In addition, the relationship between density and gravitational acceleration can be used to define specific weight. Contrary to density, specific weight depends on the gravitational acceleration (g), whose magnitude changes with altitude and latitude.
Specific gravity = density of liquid/ density of water at 4°C
= mass of liquid/(volume*density of water)
Thus specific weight = mass = 1150 kg.
To learn more about specific gravity from the given link below,
https://brainly.com/question/9895615
#SPJ4
Carbon is a group 4a element. how many covalent bonds are there in methane, ch4?
4 covalent bonds will be formed by Group 4A elements. One carbon atom forms a connection with four hydrogen atoms to create the methane molecule (CH4).
What are covalent bonds?When two atoms exchange one or more pairs of electrons, a covalent connection is created. These electrons are being drawn to the two atomic nuclei at the same time.
When the difference between the electronegativities of two atoms is too tiny for an electron transfer to take place to create ions, a covalent bond is formed.
Atoms join together in a covalent bond by exchanging electrons. Nonmetals typically form covalent connections with one another. For instance, each hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) atom in water (H2O) shares a pair of electrons to form the molecule of two single-bonded hydrogen atoms and one single-bonded oxygen atom.
To learn more about covalent bonds from the given link:
brainly.com/question/19382448
#SPJ4
The endocrine system is controlled by two types of feedback, _______ feedback_____ and_______ feedback.
Answer:
positive and negative
Explanation:
Which row shows correct statements about the speed at which a gas diffuses?
effect of temperature
diffusion is faster at higher temperatures
diffusion is faster at lower temperatures
diffusion is faster at higher temperatures
diffusion is faster at lower temperatures
ABCD
А
В
с
effect of molecular mass
higher molecular mass diffuses faster
higher molecular mass diffuses faster
lower molecular mass diffuses faster
lower molecular mass diffuses faster
The speed of diffusion of gases is faster at a higher temperature and when the molecular mass of the gas is lower.
Transport that is done passively is called diffusion. Unless the concentration is uniform throughout a space, a single material goes from an area of high concentration to one of low concentration.
Because thermal energy is a function of temperature, molecules move randomly and continuously based on their mass, their surroundings, and their internal energy. This motion takes into consideration the diffusion of molecules across the medium in which they are situated. A material moves into any place that is open to it until it fills the entire area equally.
Molecules will continue to move about in a region after a material has entirely diffused across it, eliminating the gradient of concentration. However, there will not be any net molecule movement from one location to another. We refer to this absence of a gradient of concentration where there is no net movement of the material as dynamic equilibrium. Although diffusion will continue when a substance's concentration gradient is present, a number of things influence the diffusion rate:
(i) Molecular mass: Since heavier molecules travel more slowly, they diffuse more slowly as a result. For lighter molecules, diffusion occurs quicker.
(ii) Temperature: Higher temperatures boost energy, which in turn causes molecules to move more quickly and speed up the diffusion process. Lower temperatures reduce the energy of the molecules, which lowers the diffusion rate.
Learn more about Diffusion, effects of temperature and molecular mass here:
https://brainly.com/question/14644918
#SPJ9
If a reaction takes several days to occur without an enzyme how quickly can it occur with an enzyme.
If a reaction takes several days to occur without an enzyme it can occur in a few seconds with an enzyme.
What are enzymes?Enzymes are proteins that hasten chemical reactions and act as biological catalysts. The substances which are known as substrates that interact with enzymes, and the enzyme changes the substrates into products, which are other molecules. The majority of cellular metabolic activities must use enzyme catalysis to go forward at rates fast enough to sustain life. An enzyme is a type of biological catalyst that is typically always a protein. It quickens or fastens the particular certain chemical process in the cell. During this reaction, the enzyme is continuously used and is not destroyed.Thus, If a reaction takes several days to occur without an enzyme it can occur in a few seconds with an enzyme.
Learn more about enzymes,
brainly.com/question/11272747
#SPJ4
What is the uninterrupted passage of insolation through the atmosphere or water?
Transmission is referred to as the uninterrupted passage of insolation through the atmosphere or water.
What is Insolation?This can be defined as the process in which solar energy is incident onto objects which are usually in the form of waves. This is made possible through the process of heat transfer which is referred to as radiation in a medium such as air, water etc.
This is transmitted to the environment as it serves as a source of energy for the organisms which are present in the ecosystem. It is usually uninterrupted and are absorbed by plants during the process of photosynthesis.
Read more about Transmission here https://brainly.com/question/2023401
#SPJ4
There is a relationship between force , mass , and speed true or false
Answer:
True.
Explanation:
According to this, an object's rate of change in velocity is directly proportional to the force used and moves in the direction of the applied force. The following formula encapsulates it: force (N) = mass (kg) x acceleration (m/s2). A constant mass item will therefore accelerate in direct proportion to the force exerted.
Answer:
true, I am pretty sure it's true
hydrogen chloride gas and oxygen react to form water vapor and chlorine gas. what volume of chlorine would be produced by this reaction if of hydrogen chloride were consumed?
Hydrogen chloride gas and oxygen react to form water vapor and chlorine gas.
What is Hydrogen chloride?
A hydrogen halide is the substance hydrogen chloride, which has the chemical formula HCl. It is a colourless gas at room temperature that reacts with water vapour in the air to produce white fumes of hydrochloric acid. In technology and industry, hydrochloric acid and hydrogen chloride gas are crucial. The formula HCl is also frequently used to refer to hydrochloric acid, an aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride.
4.75 litres of water would be created as a result of this process.
Given: HCl gas volume = 9.5 L
The chemical process will be balanced if:
4HCl + O2 → 2H2O + 2Cl2
As we are aware, 1 mole of gas at STP occupies 22.4 L of gas.
According to the stoichiometry, 4 litres of HCl gas react to produce 2 litres of chlorine.
As a result, 9.5 litres of HCl gas react to produce 9.5*2/4 litres of Cl.
Therefore, 4.75 litres of Cl would be created by this process.
To learn more about Hydrogen chloride from the given link below,
https://brainly.com/question/24304956
#SPJ4
The reaction of a(n) _____ with an alcohol cannot be used to prepare an ester. group of answer choices acid halide carboxylic acid acid anhydride amide
The reaction of an amide with alcohol cannot be used to prepare an ester.
Ester can be defined as a compound that is achieved by the reaction of ternary acid with a chemical compound having -OH(hydroxide) as the functional group.
The amides generally do not react with alcohol because the amides have poor leaving group properties so the preparation of esters is not possible.
The acid halides undergo a nucleophilic substitution reaction with alcohol which results in the formation of the ester with HCL as the by-product.
Fischer esterification is a process that uses an acid catalyst to prepare esters from the reaction of carboxylic acid and alcohol. The hydroxide bond of carboxylic acid and the hydrogen bond of the alcohol is broken and react to form water resulting in esterification.
To learn more about amides, click here:
https://brainly.com/question/11622057
#SPJ4
the reaction a(g) ⇌ b(g) has an equilibrium constant that is less than one. what can you conclude about ∆g° for the reaction?
For this reaction: ΔG⁰>0.
Balanced chemical reaction A(g) ⇌ (g)
ΔG° indicates that all reactants and products are in their standard states.
ΔG° = R·T·lnK.
ΔG° is Gibbs free energy
T is the temperature on the Kelvin scale
R is the ideal gas constant
The equilibrium constant (K) is the ratio of the partial pressures or the concentrations of products to reactants.
Gibbs free energy (G) determines if reaction will proceed spontaneously, nonspontaneously or in equilibrium processes.
If K < 1, than ΔG° > 0.
Reactants (in this example A) are favored over products (in this example B) at equilibrium.
More about equilibrium: brainly.com/question/25651917:
#SPJ4
At what temperature will water change from a liquid to a solid (freeze)?
Answer:
32 degrees
Explanation:
Answer:
Water changes to Ice at 0 degree celcius
Explanation:
Hope it helps!!!
;}
Hydrogen bonds do not form between two hydrogen atoms. where do hydrogen bonds form?
Hydrogen bonds do not form between two hydrogen atoms. where do hydrogen bonds form?
hydrogen bonds act between adjacent molecules and between atoms of the same molecule. hydrogen bonds form between a slight positive change on the hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond.
What is molecules?
According to the context, the term may or may not include ions that meet this requirement. A molecule is a collection of two or more atoms held together by the attractive forces known as chemical bonds.
Therefore,
Hydrogen bonds do not form between two hydrogen atoms. where do hydrogen bonds form?
hydrogen bonds act between adjacent molecules and between atoms of the same molecule. hydrogen bonds form between a slight positive change on the hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond and a slight negative charge on an oxygen atom of another polar covalent bond.
To learn more about molecules from the given link:
https://brainly.com/question/26044300
#SPJ4
Hat is s for one mole of crystalline n2o at 0 k if each molecule can exist in only one of two possible orientations? arrangements with same energy (microstates): nno and onn.
The entropy (S) for one mole of crystalline N₂O at 0 K is 3.28 × 10⁻²² J/K.
What is Entropy (S) ?The quantity of thermal energy per unit of temperature in a system that cannot be utilized to carry out meaningful work is termed as entropy.It is denoted by S. Since work is generated by ordered molecular movement, entropy also acts as a substitute for a system's molecular disorder or unpredictability. Entropy theory offers deep insights into how frequently common events spontaneously change.Boltzmann's entropy formula that gives the relation between the absolute entropy S of a thermodynamic system and the number of possible microstates is given as follows :S = k logW , Where K is Boltzmann's constant.
From the given question,
S = (1.38 × 10⁻²³) (6.022 × 10⁻²²)
S = 3.28 × 10⁻²² J/K
Learn more about entropy with the given link
https://brainly.com/question/13135498
#SPJ4
Why is it so difficult to control the alkylation of primary amines in an sn2-type reaction manifold? select the best answer.
The products of the first and second alkylation event are still very active alkylation agents.
What is meant by Amine alkylation?An organic reaction between an alkyl halide and an amine or ammonia is known as amine alkylation (amino-dehalogenation). A higher substituted amine is the reaction's end product, and the reaction is known as nucleophilic aliphatic substitution (of the halide).A tertiary alkyl cation is added to an olefin in a conventional paraffin (alkane)-olefin (alkene) alkylation, which is an acid-catalyzed process. It is produced from an isoalkane (through hydride abstraction). The isobutane-ethylene alkylation reaction, which results in 2,3-dimethylbutane, is an illustration of such a reaction.The term "Friedel-Crafts Alkylation" describes the substitution of an alkyl group for an aromatic proton. This is accomplished by using a carbocation to conduct an electrophilic assault on the aromatic ring. Alkyl halides are used as reactants in the Friedel-Crafts alkylation process, which produces alkylbenzenes.The primary amine produced can also interact with the alkyl halide to produce a disubstituted amine, which can then interact with another substance to produce a trisubstituted amine. Alkylation of ammonia results in a variety of compounds as a result.Why is it so difficult to control the alkylation of primary amines in an sn2-type reaction manifold?
The products of the first and second alkylation event are still very active alkylation agents.
Primary and secondary formed amines by alkylation have more nucleophilic N (+I of alkyl group) which can further react with alkyl halide to give alkylation. Thus the reaction gives tertiary and quaternary amines.
Explanation:
The alkylation of ammonia during the manufacture of amine prevents the synthesis of secondary and tertiary amine. The Carbyl Amine Test is used to test it.
Because they react with alcoholic KOH, secondary and tertiary amine production fails to pass the carbylamine test.
The carbbylamine test is a test for identifying primary amines.
In this heating, an amine is present while the substance is being heated with chloroform in a basic solution.
It can be detected by the isocyanide's distinctively bad odor.
A positive carbylamine test will be produced by primary amines such isopropyl amine.
To learn more about Amine alkylation, refer to:
https://brainly.com/question/9631835
#SPJ4
a p orbital has regions or lobes of high electron probability, on either side of the nucleus. each principal quantum level from n
A "p" orbital has two regions or lobes of high electron probability, on either side of the nucleus. This gives the orbital a dum---bbell shape with a nodal plane or region of zero electron density at the nucleus.
What is an orbital?The term orbital refers to a region of electron density. It is the region where it is possible to find an electron in the nucleus. Note that the atom is composed of electrons, protons and neutrons. The electrons are found in the shells while the protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus.
The quantum numbers are describe the position of an electron in an atom. There are flour sets of quantum numbers and one of them is the orbital quantum numbers which describes the orbital where the electron is found. Various orbitals. have various shapes and appearances which determines the number of electrons that they can contain.
A "p" orbital has two regions or lobes of high electron probability, on either side of the nucleus. This gives the orbital a dum--bbell shape with a nodal plane or region of zero electron density at the nucleus.
Learn more about orbitals; https://brainly.com/question/13533019
#SPJ4
Missing parts;
A "p" orbital has _______ regions or lobes of high electron probability, on either side of the nucleus. This gives the orbital a dum--+bbell shape with a(n) _______ or region of zero electron density at the nucleus.
Molecular chaperones can work by creating an ""isolation chamber. "" what is the purpose of this chamber?.
The purpose of this "isolation chamber" until protein folding is complete, this chamber prevents unfolded proteins from interacting with other proteins in the cytosol.
What is Isolation chamber?
For limited environmental stimulation therapy, a sensory deprivation tank—also known as an isolation tank or a flotation tank—is employed (REST). A foot or less of salt water is contained within the tank, which is dark and silent.
Heat shock protein chaperones are divided into Hsp60, Hsp70, Hsp90, Hsp104, and tiny Hsps based on their measured molecular weights. Heat shock protein chaperones are proteins expressed in response to elevated temperatures or other cellular stressors. The Hsp60 family of protein chaperones, also known as chaperonins, are present in mitochondria, the cytosol of eukaryotes, and the cytoplasm of prokaryotes. They are distinguished by a stacked double-ring structure.
To learn more about Isolation chamber click the given link
https://brainly.com/question/24014078https://brainly.com/question/24014078
#SPJ4
Melting is a phase change in which the molecules involved experience _ in kinetic energy and _ on potential energy.
a) no change; no change
b) no change; an increase
c) a decrease; no change
Answer:
b) no change; an increase
Explanation:
Kinetic energy does not change but potential energy increases at melting point.