False, The botulinum toxin doesn't achieves its deadly effects by blocking the release of dopamine at the neuromuscular junction.
Acetylcholine (ACh), a neurotransmitter that is found in both the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and the central nervous system (CNS), is blocked from being released and having its effects by the action of botulinum toxin at the neuromuscular junction (motor plaque) (SNP). Botulinum toxin disrupts the nervous impulse by preventing the release of acetylcholine, which results in a distinctive flaccid paralysis of the muscles. This effect is utilized to smooth out wrinkles on the chin and facial skin, as well as to treat a number of human disorders that are defined by hyperfunction of particular neuron terminals. Although they are uncommon, this treatment's side effects are typically caused by the drug's active ingredient or by misconduct in the medical field.
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Why isn't an automobile considered living? (So, which characteristics of life does it NOT possess?)
Answer: they dont grow, take in nutrients or reproduce
Explanation:
Give an example of each of the four types of cells signals described
what the state that best describes most enzymatic reaction reaction results observed in the biochemical testing of microbial specimens
Answer:its visualized through a color change
Explanation:
Help meeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee
Light waves are a. electric and soundlike b. magnetic and soundlike c. electric and magnetic d. electric only
Which of the following does "not" require a physical medium through
which to travel?
a. light
b. sound
c. both light and sound
d. neither light nor sound
Answer:
for the second question
a.light
Explanation:
i donot understand the first question can you please write it again.
Answer:
a. light
Explanation:
Light waves are transverse waves - they have undulations at right angles to the direction the wave is travelling in. Like waves in water, light waves do what to energy from one place to another.
the management of human resources must address many complicating factors; which of the following is not among them? question 21 options: all workers operate at approximately the same level of efficiency not all workers begin the project with the same degree of skill skill mixtures among the actual project workers seldom match the needs of the project plan. some tasks may require skills that are not available from resources on hand
All workers operating at approximately the same level of efficiency is not among the complicating factors that management of human resources must address.
In reality, workers have different levels of efficiency, skills, and experience. The management must take into account these variations to ensure that the project is completed on time, within budget, and with the desired quality. They must also consider the skill mixtures among the actual project workers and how they match the needs of the project plan. And also, some tasks may require skills that are not available from resources on hand, which management must consider and make arrangements for.
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during dna replication, the dna double helix unwinds and break, forming two daughter strands. the dna polymerase enzyme attaches a new complementary strand to each daughter strand, and new form.
The start of DNA replication happens in two steps. First, a protein known as an initiator unwinds a short length of the DNA double helix.
Then, an enzyme called helicase attaches to and breaks the hydrogen bonds between the bases on the DNA strands, causing the two strands to separate.
The two strands of the DNA double helix uncoil at a precise place known as the origin during separation. Several enzymes and proteins then collaborate to prime the strands for duplication. Finally, a specific enzyme known as DNA polymerase organizes the formation of new DNA strands.
The replication of DNA is semiconservative. Each strand of the double helix serves as a template for the formation of a new, complimentary strand.
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the epiphyseal plate is made of cartilage. when the epiphyseal plate ossifies and becomes bone it becomes the epiphyseal line and indicates that appositional growth of long bones is . there are 2 main hormones regulating calcium levels in the body: parathyroid hormone (pth) is secreted by the glands found on the posterior surface of the thyroid and is responsible for bone . is secreted by the gland and is responsible for bone . hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland stimulates bone growth. excessive growth hormone cau
The primary location for the long bones' longitudinal growth is the epiphyseal growth plate.
At this location, cells proliferate, enlarge, and produce the characteristic extracellular matrix, resulting in the formation of cartilage. Following formation, the cartilage is destroyed, hardened, and replaced by osseous tissue.
Despite fluctuations in intake and excretion, three key hormones—PTH, vitamin D, and calcitonin—interact to keep the concentration of calcium constant. The preservation of calcium homeostasis may also be aided by other hormones like glucagon, estrogens, thyroxine, somatotropin, and adrenal corticosteroids.
The parathyroid glands secrete the parathyroid hormone (PTH), which controls blood calcium levels. When blood calcium levels are low, PTH is released.
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why would moles be common location for a melanoma to originate
Moles are a common location for melanoma to originate due to UV rays. These rays' damage affects specific genes.
What is melanoma?The cells (melanocytes) that make melanin, the pigment responsible for your skin's color, grow into melanoma, the most dangerous type of skin cancer.
A confluence of variables, including genetic and environmental ones probably brings on melanoma.
Yet, according to medical professionals, the main contributor to melanoma is ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure from the sun, tanning beds, and tanning lamps.
Therefore, If affected genes no longer work properly, the affected cells may become cancer cells.
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Beginning with blood in the right atrium (at the top), arrange these parts of the heart according to the order in which blood passes through them.
To lungs then pulmonary capillaries, Left atrium, Pulmonary veins, Through AV/tricuspid valve to right ventricle, Through pulmonary semilunar valve, Into pulmonary trunk to pulmonary arteries
Blood first enters the right atrium of the heart. A muscular contraction pushes blood into the right ventricle via the tricuspid valve.
When the right ventricle contracts, blood flows into the pulmonary artery via the pulmonary semilunar valve. It then moves to the lungs. Blood flows from the body into the right atrium, then into the right ventricle, and finally into the pulmonary arteries in the lungs. After collecting up oxygen, blood returns to the heart via the pulmonary veins into the left atrium, then to the left ventricle, and finally to the body's tissues via the aorta.
1. Through AV/tricuspid valve to right ventricle
2. Through pulmonary semilunar valve
3. Into pulmonary trunk to pulmonary arteries
4. To lungs then pulmonary capillaries
5. Pulmonary veins
6. Left atrium
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the people of society x believe that the people of society y are inherently inferior to them biologically, and prevent them from gaining access to a high level of education and other resources. according to the text, this is an example of
If the people of society X believe that the people of society Y are inherently inferior to them biologically and prevent them from gaining access to a high level of education and other resources, so this is an example of racism.
Аll of us hаve difficulty with the ideа thаt аlthough we аre аll different we аll should be treаted the sаme. It seems ‘nаturаl’ to аscribe negаtive meаnings to differences, to аssociаte difference with the supposedly inferior or superior or the dаngerous. It is not, however, nаturаl.
Rаcism is to be found in аll pаrts of the world. It is present in the workplаce, in educаtion, in heаlth cаre аnd in the courts. It is to be found in the mediа аnd the internet. It is imbued in how mаjorities see аnd treаt ethnic minorities, immigrаnts аnd аsylum-seekers. It is often present in the stereotypes minority groups hold of mаjorities аs well.
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Which sentence from the section shows why scientists use DNA to group different species of animals?
Darwin cited fossil evidence, biogeographical evidence, and anatomical evidence to bolster his idea of evolution through natural selection.
What is DNA and where is it found?Every cell in our bodies has a nucleus that contains the DNA that determines heritable features. Adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine are the bases—pairs of building blocks—that connect the two tangled strands of DNA. The double-stranded structure of DNA resembles a ladder, and bases make up its rungs.
What is DNA composed of?Nucleotides are chemical building units that make up DNA. A phosphatase moiety, a sugar group, and a single of five separate dna nucleotides make up these building components. to create a DNA strand.
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Annelids
Characteristics
Annelids are the most advanced type of worms are known as
segmented worms. The segmented structure of annelids help them
move and survive predators. They can live in saltwater, freshwater,
and damp soill. Most of them are scavengers and burrow into soil or
sand.
What is a common feature of
ALL of Phylum Annelida?
A have a closed-circulatory system
B. scavenge for food
C. have a segmented body plan
D. contain anti-coagulant factors
Common feature of all of Phylum Annelida : C.) have a segmented body plan.
What are some characteristics of annelids?Phylum Annelida is also known as segmented worms. It is characterized by the presence of a segmented body plan which is a common feature among all members of this phylum. This segmentation allows them to move and survive predators, by having more flexible and complex body structure.
Some of them can live in different environments, such as freshwater, saltwater, and damp soil and most of them are scavengers and burrow into soil or sand. Other characteristics can vary among different species, such as having closed-circulatory system or anti-coagulant factors.
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body planes are surfaces along which the body or a structure is cut for anatomical or pathological study.
Anatomical planes are depictions of four nonexistent planes (middle, sagittal, coronal, level) going through the body in the physical position.
Anatomical Planes in a Human: There are three fundamental planes in zoological life structures: sagittal, coronal, and cross-over. A human in the physical position can be portrayed utilizing a direction framework with the Z-pivot heading from front to back, the X-hub going from left to right, and the Y-hub going from up to down.
There are three planes of the body: The coronal (front-facing) plane: isolates the front (foremost) and back (back) of the body. Sagittal (longitudinal) plane: isolates the left and right sides of the body.
The five districts of the body are the head, neck, middle, furthest points, and lower limits. The body is additionally partitioned by three nonexistent planes known as the sagittal plane, coronal plane, and cross-over plane. The sagittal plane runs upward and partitions the body into both ways segments.
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You will frequently be looking at the flat surface of a slice created by cutting through the body or a body portion when studying the body or organs. These portions are created along predetermined planes.
The transverse, sagittal, and frontal planes are well defined and are perpendicular to one another. Body planes are hypothetical surfaces that go through the body and divide it into various pieces (a plane is a flat, two-dimensional surface). Using the planes as anchor points within the anatomical position, we can discuss a specific area. The human body contains an endless number of planes that extend in all directions.
In an upright human, the transverse plane is parallel and the median and coronal planes are at right angles to it.
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assume that the two samples are independent simple random samples selected from normally distributed populations. do not assume that the population standard deviations are equal. refer to the accompanying data set. use a significance level to test the claim that women and men have the same mean diastolic blood pressure. Women Men Women Men71 69 63 6394 64 72 7981 69 56 9166 60 59 7971 64 79 8779 71 73 6357 59 69 7150 40 65 7871 67 66 7587 66 83 5768 83 54 6560 75 75 8471 53 75 711. Let μ1 be the mean diastolic blood pressure for women and let μ2 be the mean diastolic blood pressure for men. What are the null and alternative hypotheses?2. Calculate the test statistic.(Round to two decimal places as needed.)3. Find the P-value. (Round to three decimal places as needed.)4. Make a conclusion about the null hypothesis and a final conclusion that addresses the original claim.
A t-test is used to test the claim of whether there is a difference in the mean diastolic blood pressure between women and men with a null hypothesis as μ1-μ2 =0 and an alternative hypothesis as μ1-μ2 ≠ 0.
The null and alternative hypotheses are:
H0: μ1 - μ2 = 0 (there is no difference in the mean diastolic blood pressure between women and men)
Ha: μ1 - μ2 ≠ 0 (there is a difference in the mean diastolic blood pressure between women and men)
To calculate the test statistic, we need to find the mean, standard deviation, and sample size of each sample (women and men), and use the formula for t-test for independent samples:
t = (x1 - x2) - (μ1 - μ2) / √((s1² / n1) + (s2² / n2))
where x1 and x2 are the sample means of women and men, respectively, μ1 and μ2 are the population means, s1 and s2 are the sample standard deviations of women and men, respectively, and n1 and n2 are the sample sizes of women and men, respectively.
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9, 21, 24 1.5. describe the main differences between mesopotamian and egyptian civilizations. after reading the text, watch this video about various ways by which human societies have engineered nature and evaluate the statement below. even though flooding in the nile river valley was more predictable than flooding in the tigris-euphrates valleys, egyptians and mesopotamians developed very similar irrigation infrastructure.
Mesopotamia's people practiced polytheism. They worshiped elemental gods. Egyptian irrigation and agricultural were sophisticated. They also created buildings like the pyramids and Sphinx.
Egyptian civilisation grew near the Nile River in large part because the river's periodic floods provided consistent, rich soil for crop cultivation. The importance of the region's agricultural production and economic resources was demonstrated by repeated fights for political control of Egypt.
Egypt was developed on both banks of the Nile. Mesopotamia, on the other hand, was developed in a fertile location between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. This is the primary distinction between Mesopotamia and Egypt.
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which of these statements about science is incorrect? group of answer choices science influences culture and society. science reveals knowledge not attainable by other means. science is a fundamental way to understand the world around us. decisions involving scientific principles are often made by nonscientists. all of these are correct statements.
The correct answer is all of these. It's tested over time until it becomes a scientific law. Scientific propositions are testable and make prognostications.
They describe the cause of a particular natural miracle and are used to explain and prognosticate aspects of physical macrocosm or inquiry. The choice that isn't a part of the scientific propositions is( a) the proposition of reciprocity. The thesis, trial, data analysis and conclusion are in the scientific system.
Unlike art, gospel, religion and other ways of knowing, wisdom is grounded on empirical exploration. A scientist conducts this exploration to answer a question that she or he has about the natural world. Empirical exploration relies on methodical observation and trial, not opinions and passions.
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Which of the following questions will best direct an investigation of the mechanism of ATP synthase?
Is the phosphorylation of ADP by ATP synthase dependent on the formation of a proton gradient?
You require oxygen for your cells to utilize it during oxidative phosphorylation, the last phase of cellular respiration, in your body. The electron transport chain and chemiosmosis are the two closely related parts of oxidative phosphorylation. Electrons are transferred from one molecule to another in the electron transport chain, and the energy released during these electron transfers is utilized to create an electrochemical gradient. The energy held in the gradient is utilized in chemiosmosis to produce ATP.
The final link in the electron transport chain is oxygen, which receives electrons and picks up protons to create water. The electron transport chain will halt operating and ATP won't any longer be made via chemiosmosis if oxygen isn't there to receive electrons (for example, because a person isn't breathing in enough oxygen). Without enough ATP, cells cannot carry out the reactions required for their proper operation and, given a sufficient amount of time, may even perish.
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What is the term for the forward movement of food in the digestive system as a result of the contraction of a muscle ring behind the food mass?
The forward movement of food in the digestive system is known as peristaltic movement, which causes the contraction of a muscle ring behind the food mass.
What is the digestive system?Organs in the digestive system are crucial for breaking down both food and water. The mouth, pharynx (throat), oesophagus, stomach, large intestine, rectum, and anus are among them.
The digestive system's four essential processes are motility, digesting, absorption, and secretion. The digestive tract converts the food we eat into usable energy for our bodies.
Thus, food moves inside the digestive system by peristaltic movement.
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Which of these characteristics would disqualify a newly discovered biological structure from being called a cell?
Answer:
Which of these characteristics would disqualify a newly discovered biological structure from being called a cell? It cannot exchange materials with its environment.
identify whether each of the following is a component of the intracellular fluid or extracellular fluid by dragging the box into the appropriate compartment.
A neuron's cytoplasm or a red blood cell's cytosol are examples of intracellular fluid. Blood plasma is one example of extracellular fluid. Fluid found outside of cells, or extracellular fluid.
Blood, lymph, serous (moisture-exuding) membrane-lined body cavities, the brain and spinal cord's cavities and channels, as well as muscle and other body tissues, all contain it. It is distinct from intracellular fluid (fluid inside the cells) in that intracellular fluid typically contains a high concentration of potassium and a low concentration of sodium. To maintain a stable environment for biological functions, cells frequently release the fluid.
The complete Question:
Identify whether each of the following is a component of the intracellular fluid or extracellular fluid by matching the box with the appropriate compartment.
cytoplasm of a neuron
cytosol of a red blood cell
interstitial fluid
blood plasm.
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the body has lost 8.6 degree f how long did it take the body to lose 8.6 degree f forensics
The time required for this depends on a variety of factors including the ambient temperature, the temperature of the body, the rate of heat loss, and the insulation of the body.
What is temperature?Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles of a substance. It is measured in degrees on Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin scales. Temperature is a measure of the average motion of molecules in a material. Heat is the transfer of energy from one body to another due to a temperature difference. Temperature can increase or decrease due to the transfer of heat, or due to a change in the number of particles in the material or their arrangement.
Forensics is the scientific study and analysis of physical evidence, such as fingerprints, bloodstains, and DNA, to determine the facts of a criminal case. As such, forensics cannot provide an answer to this question, as it does not measure the amount of time it takes for a body to lose 8.6 degrees Fahrenheit. The time required for this depends on a variety of factors including the ambient temperature, the temperature of the body, the rate of heat loss, and the insulation of the body.
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question 15. given your answer to question 14, is the resemblance between timber wolves and tasmanian wolves the result of common ancestry or convergent evolution? your answer
Most likely, convergent evolution is to blame for the similarity between timber wolves and Tasmanian wolves. Convergent evolution is the process through which various species independently develop identical traits
Convergent evolution is the process through which various species independently acquire the same traits in response to comparable environmental stresses. This may occur when two species coexist in a habitat and encounter problems like predation or food seeking. Similar adaptations may develop through time in these animals to aid in their survival in these environments. There are some physical and behavioural similarities between timber wolves and tasmanian wolves, such as size, thick fur, and pack hunting techniques. They do not, however, have a common ancestor and are classified under distinct genera—Canis for timber wolves and Thylacinus for Tasmanian wolves.
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Hand washing should last a minimum of 15 second true or false
Answer: false research shows that hand washing should last a minimum of at least 20 seconds
I did a science experiment on hand washing last year and from what I found hand washing should at least last 20 seconds
In sexual reproduction, how do the
offspring compare to the parents?
A child inherits half of the genetic material from each parent.
classify each of the following groups of organisms as prokaryotes or eukaryotes by dragging the items into the correct category.
Prokaryotic cells: need layer-bound organelles, moderately little - ordinarily under 10 μm in size.
Both cell types: use ribosomes to orchestrate proteins containing DNA.
Eukaryotic cells: a total duplicate of DNA put away in different chromosomes.
Specifically, prokaryotic cells have no core and no layer-bound organelles, along these lines, their ribosomes float uninhibitedly intracellularly. Then again, eukaryotic cells have core and layer-bound organelles. Additionally, their DNA is bound to proteins and put away as chromosomes in the core.
An organic entity misses the mark on an unmistakable core and different organelles because of the absence of an interior layer. Microscopic organisms are quite possibly the most popular prokaryote.
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Prokaryotes (Archaea, Bacteria) Eukaryotes (Plants, Animals, Protists, Algae, Fungi) are the groups of organisms as prokaryotes or eukaryotes.
Prokaryotes can be either bacteria or archaea and are always unicellular creatures. Eukaryotes are made up of eukaryotic cells, which can be unicellular or multicellular and include plants, animals, fungi, and protists.
Other membrane-bound organelles like the mitochondria and Golgi apparatus are frequently seen in eukaryotic cells. Both plants and algae include chloroplasts. Primitive organelles may be present in prokaryotic cells. Eukaryotes contain numerous cell types that create various types of tissue and can be either unicellular or multicellular. Prokaryotes, in contrast, are typically unicellular. The most well-known eukaryotes are animals, plants, and fungus. Protists are the name for different eukaryotes.
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Plants can propagate, or reproduce themselves, by one of five different methods. Listed
and described below are five parts of plants out of which new plants are known to grow.
bud - a protuberance of a plant that can be cut off and planted, resulting in a new plant
seed - a grain or ripened ovule of a mature plant that, when planted in moist soil, sprouts
a new plant
stem cutting a section of a plant that, when placed in a moist environment, develops
roots and grows into a new plant
New peonies, perennial plants that produce showy flowers, can be propagated from the
parent plant by dividing corms that grow underground. This reproductive form described
most closely resembles which of the following?
A. bud
B. seed
C. runner
D. bulb
E. stem cutting
The reproductive form described as "New peonies, perennial plants that produce showy flowers, can be propagated from the parent plant by dividing corms that grow underground." is stem-cutting.
What is stem-cutting?A stem cutting consists of a piece of stem as well as any attached leaves or buds. As a result, the stem cutting only needs to form new roots to become a complete, self-contained plant. Because a leaf cutting only uses the leaf, new roots and stems must be formed to create a new plant. Stem cuttings are cuttings of a healthy young branch of a plant with leaf buds that are planted in moist soil. The cutting grows roots and becomes a new plant. Chameli, Bougainvillea, rose, and sugarcane are some examples.
Here,
"New peonies, perennial plants that produce showy flowers, can be propagated from the parent plant by dividing corms that grow underground." is the reproductive form described as stem-cutting.
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in guinea pigs, short coat is dominant to long. if a breeder wants to ensure that the short-haired guinea pig he has is homozygous for the hair length trait and could not afford genetic testing, which of the following plans would be the best possible choice to give him this information?
Breed this animal with a homozygous long hairless partner and look for offspring with short hair.
The gene favoring short hair is prevalent in guinea pigs. One of the breeds with a rough coat is the Rex guinea pig. Guard hairs provide their coat a fuzzy feel, but they lack guard hairs. The correct response is therefore to breed this animal with a homozygous long hairless partner and look for offspring with short hair. Despite having a dense coat, their hairs are only approximately 1 cm height at their longest. The Rex is renowned for its large head and enormous, drooping ears. Black coat colour in guinea pigs is a dominant characteristic, while white is a weak one. Importantly, both the slim and Robust guinea pigs exhibit hairlessness, which is a recessive feature for the purposes of this paper. For an animal to be hairless, the recessive gene must be inherited twice. There will always be more hairless guinea pigs produced when mating two hairless parents together.
(In guinea pigs, short coat is dominant to long. if a breeder wants to ensure that the short-haired guinea pig he has is homozygous for the hair length trait and could not afford genetic testing, which of the following plans would be the best possible choice to give him this information?
A. Breed the animal with one that is homozygous for long hairless and watch for long hair offspring.
B. Breed the animal with one that is heterozygous for short hair and watch for long hair offspring.
C. Breed the animal with one that is heterozygous for short hair and watch for short hair offspring.
D. Breed the animal with one that is homozygous for long hairless and watch for short hair offspring.)
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Which two substances does a thylakoid need in order to produce substances
that store chemical energy?
A. NADPH
B. ADP
C. NADP+
D. ATP
SUBMIT
Answer:
A. NADPH
B. ADP
Explanation:
Thylakoid needs NADPH and ADP to produce ATP and Oxygen as by products during the process of photosynthesis. NADPH carries the electrons that are generated during the light dependent reactions and ADP will be converted to ATP using these electrons.
while type i and type ii pkss exist as large protein complexes, evolutionary mechanisms of type iii pks divergence is considered, as are the biological functions and activities of each of the known and functionally divergent type iii pks enzyme families (currently twelve in plants and three in bacteria)
Along with the evolutionary mechanisms of type III PKS separation, the biological activities of the recognized and functionally varied type III PKS enzymic groups are taken into consideration.
The multifunctional enzymes known as polyketide synthases (PKSs) produce many of the organic foods that are currently used as antibiotics (such as erythromycin), anthelmintic treatments, fat medicines such as lovastatin, immunosuppressants, and medical oncology (e.g., epothilone). PKSs are categorized into three groups: Type I PKSs, large multifunctional proteins with a multitude of functional domains, are present in both bacteria and fungus. Bacteria generally manufacture Type II PKSs, which are synthesized by unique catalytic domains.
In assembly-line PKSs, up to 30 modules may be spread throughout several polypeptide chains. Together with Non ribosomal peptide synthetases, they make up two related categories of mega synthases that may reach sizes of several MDa and are in charge of the production of a number of secondary metabolites (NRPSs).
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Alongside the transformative instruments of type III PKS detachment, the natural exercises of the perceived and practically fluctuated type III PKS enzymic bunches are thought about.
The multifunctional catalysts known as polyketide synthases (PKSs) produce a significant number of the natural food varieties that are at present utilized as anti-infection agents (like erythromycin), anthelmintic therapies, fat prescriptions like lovastatin, immunosuppressants, and clinical oncology (e.g., epothilone). PKSs are classified into three gatherings: Type I PKSs, enormous multifunctional proteins with a large number of utilitarian spaces, are available in the two microscopic organisms and parasites. Microscopic organisms for the most part fabricate Type II PKSs, which are orchestrated by one-of-a-kind synergist spaces.
In sequential construction system PKSs, up to 30 modules might be spread all through a few polypeptide chains. Along with Non-ribosomal peptide synthetases, they make up two related classifications of mega synthases that might arrive at sizes of a few MDa and are responsible for the development of various optional metabolites (NRPSs).
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which statement about extracellular structures (plant cell walls and the extracellular matrix of animal cells) is correct? view available hint(s)for part a which statement about extracellular structures (plant cell walls and the extracellular matrix of animal cells) is correct? all extracellular structures form barriers to separate adjacent cells. proteins and lipids are common components of extracellular structures. information can be transmitted from these extracellular structures to the cytoplasm. extracellular structures store energy in the form of polysaccharides for subsequent metabolism by the cell.
"Proteins and lipids are common components of extracellular structures" is a correct statement about extracellular structures (plant cell walls and the extracellular matrix of animal cells). These structures are composed of various components, including carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins, that provide structural support and mediate cell-cell interactions.
Extracellular structures are the components of a cell that are located outside of the cell membrane and play important roles in cell-to-cell communication, tissue organization, and protection. Plant cell walls and the extracellular matrix (ECM) of animal cells are the major examples of extracellular structures. Plant cell walls are composed mainly of cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin, which provide structural support and protect the cell from the external environment. The ECM of animal cells is composed mainly of proteins such as collagen, glycoproteins and proteoglycans, which provide structural support, help to maintain tissue organization, and mediate cell-cell communication. Overall extracellular structures are essential for the proper functioning of the organism.
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