the dna from one source forms a double-stranded region with the dna from another source during what process?

Answer:

The second one

Explanation:

The answer is the second branch.

Reasoning (you can skip this if you want):

Fish are just fish. Fish have evolved from fish and separated into mammals. Scientists can tell this because they all have backbones or just similar bones. Anyways, since fish went one way and mammals went the other, over many years they have evolved into many different species. And sometime, this guy down below evolved into cetaceans (over many, many of years). Cetaceans like dolphins or orcas are all mammals, so it had to have evolved from mammals.

Hope it helped! :>

Damage to the anterior pituitary gland would affect the secretion of growth hormone (GH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH).

The anterior pituitary gland, also known as the adenohypophysis, is located at the base of the brain and secretes six hormones. These hormones are growth hormone (GH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and prolactin. Each of these hormones is important for different processes in the body.

Growth hormone (GH) is important for stimulating growth, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) helps regulate the thyroid gland, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) helps regulate the adrenal glands, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) helps regulate fertility, luteinizing hormone (LH) helps regulate ovulation, and prolactin helps regulate lactation.

If the anterior pituitary gland is damaged, it can cause a disruption in the production of these hormones, resulting in a variety of health complications. Damage to the anterior pituitary gland would therefore affect the secretion of growth hormone (GH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH).

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In order for the process of translation to begin, a strand of messenger RNA (mRNA) must be produced through the process of transcription, where a gene in DNA is copied into a complementary RNA sequence.

This mRNA molecule contains the genetic code for a specific protein, which is read by ribosomes during translation. The ribosome reads the mRNA in groups of three nucleotides called codons, which correspond to specific amino acids. Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules then bring the corresponding amino acids to the ribosome, where they are assembled into a protein chain. This process continues until the ribosome reaches a stop codon on the mRNA, signaling the end of translation and the completion of protein synthesis.

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Based on the values provided, the apex predators have a biomass of 5,689 9 m².

An ecosystem is a complex community of living organisms and their non-living environment, in which they interact with each other and with the physical and chemical factors of their surroundings. It includes all living things, such as plants, animals, microorganisms, and their physical surroundings, such as air, water, soil, sunlight, and nutrients. Ecosystems can range in size from small ponds to vast forests or oceans. They can be found in various environments, including terrestrial, freshwater, and marine environments.

Here,

To calculate the average biomass of the apex predators, we first need to identify which trophic level represents the apex predators in the ecosystem. The apex predators are usually at the top of the food chain and consume other predators, so we can assume that the highest value in the list corresponds to the apex predators.

To double-check, we can also calculate the average biomass of all the trophic levels and see if the highest value matches that average. The average biomass is calculated by adding up all the values and dividing by the total number of values:

(5,689 + 12,561 + 999 + 9 + 292,635 + 9) / 6 = 49,900.33 9 m²

As we can see, the highest value (292,635 9 m²) is significantly higher than the average biomass (49,900.33 9 m²). Therefore, we can conclude that the average biomass of the apex predators in this ecosystem is 292,635 9 m².

Therefore, the average biomass of the apex predators in this ecosystem is 5,689 9 m², which means that on average, each individual apex predator in this ecosystem has a biomass of 5,689 kilograms per 9 square meters.

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All these parts of living things work together to carry out necessary functions and maintain balance within an organism's environment. They cannot work alone because each level of organization depends on the lower level for support and function

Cells: Cells are the basic unit of life and the smallest level of organization for living things. They carry out all the necessary functions of life, including energy production, reproduction, and response to stimuli.

Tissues: Tissues are groups of similar cells that work together to carry out a specific function, such as muscle tissue, nerve tissue, and epithelial tissue.

Organs: Organs are made up of multiple tissues that work together to perform a specific function, such as the heart, lungs, and liver.

Organ systems: Organ systems are groups of organs that work together to perform a specific function, such as the digestive system, respiratory system, and circulatory system.

Organisms: Organisms are individual living things, such as plants, animals, and bacteria, that are made up of multiple organ systems working together.

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In DNA, the base pairs adenine (A) always pairs with thymine (T), and guanine (G) always pairs with cytosine (C). This means that A, T, G, and C percentages in a DNA strand will always add up to 100%. The expected proportion of guanine (G) in the sample of double-stranded DNA with a thymine (T) content of 27% is 46% divided by 2, which is 23%.

If the thymine (T) content is 27%, we can assume that the adenine (A) content is also 27% due to their complementary pairing. The combined percentage of adenine (A) and thymine (T) is 27% + 27% = 54%.

Since the percentages of A, T, G, and C must add up to 100%, the combined rate of guanine (G) and cytosine (C) is 100% - 54% = 46%.

Since G always pairs with C, the guanine (G) proportion in the DNA strand is half of the combined percentage of G and C.

Therefore, the expected proportion of guanine (G) in the sample of double-stranded DNA with a thymine (T) content of 27% is 46% divided by 2, which is 23%.

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During the Embryonic Stage, the zygote continues to divide and its cells begin to differentiate.

This is the stage of prenatal development that occurs from Week 3 to Week 8 of pregnancy. During this stage, the embryo will undergo rapid development and will form the major organs and body structures.

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The release of gastrin is usually regulated by two hormones, cholecystokinin (CCK) and secretin, which are both produced in response to food entering the small intestine. The release of gastrin is then inhibited.

Gastrin is a peptide hormone produced in the gastrointestinal tract by G cells. The release of this hormone is stimulated by a variety of stimuli, including the presence of peptides, amino acids, and stomach distension. The primary function of gastrin is to increase the secretion of gastric acid in the stomach, which aids in the digestion of food. Regulation of Gastrin and Gastrin secretion is controlled by a negative feedback mechanism that regulates the secretion of acid. When gastric acid is produced, it stimulates the secretion of somatostatin, which, in turn, inhibits gastrin release. This is accomplished by inhibiting G cell activity, which leads to reduced gastrin secretion.

A decrease in pH, however, activates the secretion of gastrin by the G cells. As a result, it increases the production of acid in the stomach. In the antrum, an increase in pH slows the secretion of gastrin. This feedback mechanism regulates the pH and acid secretion of the stomach. When the pH is too low, gastrin is secreted, and acid is produced. When the pH is too high, gastrin is not secreted, and acid secretion decreases.ConclusionIn summary, the release of gastrin is usually regulated by negative feedback mechanisms that inhibit G cell activity and reduce gastrin secretion. Gastrin secretion is stimulated by an increase in pH, which activates the G cells to release the hormone.

However, in Mr. Akin's case, this regulation does not work due to a rare condition known as gastrinoma, which is a tumor that secretes gastrin uncontrollably, resulting in hypergastrinemia. This leads to increased gastric acid production and can cause peptic ulcers.

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If the right AV valve does not close completely and allows blood to pass through when it should be shut, then one can expect that the blood will backflow into the right atrium during the ventricular systole.

The AV valve is a valve found in the heart. It is responsible for regulating the flow of blood from the atria to the ventricles. The tricuspid valve is the right AV valve, and the mitral valve is the left AV valve. During the ventricular systole, the right and left AV valves shut to prevent the backflow of blood into the atria.

Several reasons can lead to the improper closing of the right AV valve, including certain heart diseases like mitral valve prolapse and aortic stenosis. The most common cause of an insufficient AV valve is the fibrosis or damage to the valve's leaflets. Rheumatic fever, heart attack, bacterial endocarditis, and heart surgery are all conditions that can lead to valve damage. Atrial fibrillation can also cause the valve to become leaky because the atria contract irregularly, allowing blood to backflow.

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The percentage of cytosine, C, in a DNA sample that is 15% Thymine, T, is 35%. Thus Option B is correct.

DNA stands for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid. It is a genetic material found in cells and holds the genetic instructions for the growth, development, functioning, and reproduction of all living organisms.

There are four nitrogenous bases in DNA: Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), and Guanine (G). Each base pairs with another base (A pairs with T, and C pairs with G).

Therefore, if 15% of the DNA sample is made up of Thymine (T), then the other half of the base pairing is Cytosine (C).

Since the percentage of Cytosine (C) is equal to the percentage of Thymine (T) and the percentage of Adenine (A) is equal to the percentage of Guanine (G).

Therefore, the correct option is B. 35%.

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A person who suffers from emphysema can exhibit signs of a) respiratory acidosis .Thus, correct answer is a) respiratory acidosis.

Emphysema is a long-term lung condition that causes difficulty breathing. The air sacs in the lungs are damaged in people with emphysema. This harm makes it difficult for the lungs to exchange air correctly. Respiratory acidosis is a medical condition in which too much carbon dioxide accumulates in the body due to a breathing issue or a problem with the lungs. Carbon dioxide is acidic, and too much of it in the blood can cause the blood's pH level to drop below the normal range.

In metabolic acidosis, there is an increased amount of acid in the body's blood or a loss of bicarbonate. Metabolic acidosis has a variety of causes, including kidney disease, uncontrolled diabetes, and certain drugs.

However , Respiratory acidosis is the sign a person who suffers from emphysema. Hence option a) is correct .

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 Using authentic Environment,  similar as a podcast, can be  salutary for English Language Learners( ELLs) in several ways   Real- world connections.

Authentic  environment provides Penthouses with a connection to real- world situations, which can help them make sense of the language and  generalities being presented. When  scholars can see how the language and  generalities are used in real life, they're more likely to flash back  and understand them.   Increased engagement Authentic  environment can be more engaging for Penthouses than traditional accoutrements  because it provides them with a window into the world outside of the classroom.

This can help them connect with the material and stay motivated to learn.   Exposure to natural language Authentic  environment exposes Penthouses to natural language use, which can help them develop their language chops. They can hear how native speakers use the language, including private expressions and colloquialisms, which can be  delicate to learn from handbooks.  

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A mutation in the gene encoding the integrase enzyme would render the protein non-functional, which would affect the HIV infection cycle. This would prevent the integration of the HIV viral genome into the host genome, which is necessary for the virus to reproduce.

HIV is a virus that attacks the immune system, resulting in the development of AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) over time. HIV infects and destroys the CD4 T-cells that are essential for maintaining a healthy immune system. The virus causes an ongoing infection that can be transmitted from person to person via blood, semen, vaginal secretions, and breast milk.

The HIV life cycle includes the following stages:

1. Attachment The virus attaches to the host cell by using its envelope glycoproteins to interact with the host cell receptors.

2. Fusion The viral envelope fuses with the host cell membrane, allowing the viral core to enter the host cell.

3. Reverse transcription The viral RNA is reverse transcribed into DNA by the reverse transcriptase enzyme.

4. Integration The viral DNA is integrated into the host cell genome by the integrase enzyme.

5. Replication The integrated viral DNA is transcribed into RNA and is then used to produce viral proteins and genomic RNA.

6. Assembly The viral proteins and RNA come together to form new virus particles.

7. Budding The virus particles bud off from the host cell, releasing new virions into the bloodstream.

The mutation in the gene encoding the integrase enzyme would affect the HIV infection cycle by preventing the integration of the viral genome into the host genome. The virus would be unable to reproduce, which would prevent the development of a productive infection. The mutation would not affect the earlier stages of the infection cycle, such as attachment and fusion.

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For the children of 6 and 7: Individual 8: Affected female, so genotype is HH or Hh. We don't know which one, but we can assume HH for simplicity.

Individual 9: Affected male, so genotype is HH or Hh. We don't know which one, but we can assume HH for simplicity.

Individual 10: Affected female, so genotype is HH or Hh. We don't know which one, but we can assume HH for simplicity.

Individual 11: Healthy female, so genotype is hh.

Huntington's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects the brain and causes a range of physical, cognitive, and emotional symptoms. The following are some of the most common symptoms of Huntington's disease:

Emotional changes: People with Huntington's disease may experience, , irritability, and mood swings.

Decline in motor skills: As the disease progresses, people may have difficulty with balance, coordination, and walking.

Speech problems: Huntington's disease can affect a person's ability to speak clearly and may cause slurred or hesitant speech.

The possible genotypes for each individual are:

Individual 1: HH

Individual 2: hh

Individual 3: hh

Individual 4: HH

Individual 5: hh

Individual 6: HH or Hh

Individual 7: HH or Hh

Individual 8: HH or Hh

Individual 9: HH or Hh

Individual 10: HH or Hh

Individual 11: hh

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Answer: The genetic evidence suggests that modern humans descended from a population that evolved in Africa. The nature of this evidence is that various genetic studies have shown that the genetic variation among humans is greatest among Africans, and the diversity decreases as one moves away from Africa.

The nature of this evidence is that various genetic studies have shown that the genetic variation among humans is greatest among Africans, and the diversity decreases as one moves away from Africa. Genetic evidence suggests modern humans descended from a population that evolved in Africa.

What is DNA?

DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid. It is a long, thread-like molecule made up of nucleotides, which are the building blocks of life. DNA holds the genetic information that determines the traits and characteristics of living organisms. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, and each chromosome contains a unique sequence of DNA. The complete set of DNA in an organism is known as its genome.



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None of the given options match the possible anticodons for serine, so the answer is none of the above.

The genetic code is the set of rules that specify the relationship between the sequence of nucleotides in DNA or RNA and the sequence of amino acids in a protein. In the genetic code, each amino acid is specified by a sequence of three nucleotides, called a codon. For example, the codon "AGU" specifies the amino acid serine.

In the process of translation, the codon in the mRNA is recognized by a complementary sequence of three nucleotides in a transfer RNA (tRNA) molecule, called an anticodon. The anticodon of the tRNA pairs with the codon of the mRNA through base-pairing rules, with adenine (A) pairing with uracil (U) and guanine (G) pairing with cytosine (C).

Based on this, we can determine the possible anticodons that could bind to the codon for serine ("AGU") by applying the base-pairing rules. The possible anticodons are 5-UCU-3, 5-CCU-3, 5-UCG-3, and 5-CCG-3.

None of the given options match the possible anticodons for serine, so the answer is none of the above.

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A parent species can still exist when a new "daughter" species evolves because the process of speciation, or the formation of new species, does not necessarily require the extinction of the parent species.

A daughter species is a new species that has evolved from a parent species. The term is commonly used in the context of speciation, which is the process by which new species arise. Speciation occurs when a population of a species becomes isolated from other populations of the same species and evolves independently.

Speciation can occur in a variety of ways, but it generally involves a population of a species becoming geographically or reproductively isolated from other populations of the same species. Over time, the isolated population may accumulate genetic differences and adaptations that distinguish it from the parent population, eventually leading to the formation of a new species.

However, the parent species may still persist and continue to evolve separately from the daughter species. This can happen because the isolated population that gives rise to the daughter species may only represent a small subset of the parent species' total genetic diversity.

Alternatively, the isolated population may eventually reunite with the parent population and exchange genetic material, which can lead to continued evolution in both populations.

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The relationship between the number of colonies observed and the likely mutation rate of the strain is an inverse one. As the number of colonies observed increases, the likely mutation rate decreases, and vice versa. This is because the more colonies that are observed, the more likely it is that the strain has experienced a selection pressure, which makes it less likely that it has undergone mutations.

Conversely, a strain with fewer colonies is more likely to have experienced mutations due to the decreased selection pressure.
It is important to note that the number of colonies observed is not the only factor in determining the mutation rate of a strain.

Other factors, such as the specific environment in which the strain was grown, the strain’s genetic makeup, and the presence of additional agents, may all play a role in influencing the mutation rate of a given strain.

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Defects in cell signaling are the result of a mutation or abnormality in one or more genes that regulate cell division and growth which leads to a cancerous cell.

A cancerous cell is a cell that grows and divides uncontrollably due to defects in cell signaling. A mutation or abnormality in one or more genes that regulate cell division and growth can lead to the development of cancerous cells. As a result of these abnormalities, cells begin to divide and grow uncontrollably, leading to the development of tumors and cancer.

In normal cells, cell signaling pathways control the cell cycle and ensure that cells divide and grow in a regulated manner. These pathways include numerous signaling molecules and proteins that communicate with each other to control cell growth, division, differentiation, and survival.

In cancerous cells, defects in these signaling pathways cause uncontrolled cell division and growth, leading to the development of tumors and cancer.

The types of defects in cell signaling that can lead to cancerous cells include mutations in oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes, alterations in the expression of signaling molecules, and changes in the activity of signaling proteins. These defects can be caused by genetic factors, environmental factors, or a combination of both.

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The clotting proteins are where plasma and serum differ most quite the liquid portion of the blood that is produced after the blood is let to clot is called the serum. As a result, it lacks the gelling protein fibrinogen.

Although the liquid portion of the blood that remains after the cells have been removed is the source of both serum and plasma, their similarities end there. After the blood has clumped, the liquid that remains is known as serum. Plasma is the liquid that remains after an anticoagulant is added to prevent clotting.

Except for those proteins that are utilized in clot formation, such as fibrinogen and the clotting factors, the total serum protein (TP) concentration includes all plasma proteins. The ratio of plasma protein to serum protein is about 3–5 g/L higher.

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The number of telomere repeats is regulated by the enzyme telomerase, which adds repeats to the ends of chromosomes. The reason telomerase does not add infinitely many repeats is that there are mechanisms in place to limit telomerase activity.

What are telomeres? Telomeres are the protective end caps on chromosomes that shorten as cells divide. Telomerase is an enzyme that adds telomere repeats to the ends of chromosomes, slowing down telomere shortening and allowing cells to divide more times.

The number of telomere repeats added by telomerase is regulated by a complex network of proteins and signaling pathways. Telomerase is not able to add an unlimited number of telomere repeats because there are mechanisms in place to regulate telomerase activity.

One of these mechanisms is called telomere length homeostasis. This is a process in which cells sense their telomere length and adjust their telomerase activity accordingly. If telomeres become too short, telomerase activity increases, but if telomeres become too long, telomerase activity decreases.

Another mechanism that limits telomerase activity is called telomere replication timing. Telomeres are replicated last during cell division, which means that they are the last part of the chromosome to be copied. This limits the number of telomeres repeats that can be added in a single cell cycle.

Overall, telomere length is tightly regulated by a complex network of mechanisms that limit telomerase activity and prevent the addition of too many telomere repeats.

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In the question a. Flower bud maturation represents plant development, b. Growth represents plant growth, c. Shoot meristems begin forming flowers represents plant development and d. Cells begin producing chloroplast represents plant growth.

Growth is the irreversible increase in size, weight, volume, and cell number of plant cells and organs that results from cell division and cell expansion, which is fueled by photosynthetic activity. Plants' ultimate size and form are determined by the interplay of these fundamental processes. Plant growth is unlimited.

Plant development refers to the morphogenesis of a plant, which involves the coordinated expansion, growth, and differentiation of its cells and tissues, as well as the formation of new organs and structures. The interactions between gene expression, cell differentiation, and environmental and hormonal stimuli control plant growth and development.

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In the absence of chromosomal rearrangements, a newborn baby with 47 chromosomes will have a karyotype of 47,XX,+21 and a newborn baby with 45 chromosomes will have a karyotype of 45,X.

Karyotype is the number and appearance of chromosomes in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell. The term is also used for the entire complement of chromosomes in a cell or an organism.

Karyotyping is the process of pairing and ordering all the chromosomes of an organism, thus providing a comprehensive picture of its karyotype. Chromosomal rearrangements occur when parts of a chromosome are lost, duplicated, or rearranged within or between chromosomes.

In the absence of chromosomal rearrangements, the most likely karyotype of a newborn baby with 47 chromosomes is 47,XX,+21. 47,XX,+21 is a chromosomal disorder that occurs when a baby is born with an extra chromosome 21. It is also known as Down syndrome.

In the absence of chromosomal rearrangements, the most likely karyotype of a newborn baby with 45 chromosomes is 45,X. 45,X is a chromosomal disorder that occurs when a baby is born with only one sex chromosome. It is also known as Turner syndrome.

Hence, in the absence of chromosomal rearrangements, a newborn baby with 47 chromosomes and 45 chromosomes will have karyotypes of 47,XX,+21 and 45,X respectively.

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Many industries can benefit from biotechnology, such as agriculture, medicine, energy, and environmental science.

Biotechnology involves the use of living organisms or their products to improve/ develop processes and products in various industries. Many industries can benefit from biotechnology like agriculture, medicine, energy, and environmental science.

One industry that may not benefit as much from biotechnology is the mining industry. The primary goal of the mining industry is to extract natural resources from earth, such as minerals, metals, and fossil fuels. Biotechnology may not have many direct applications in this industry, as the focus is more on geology, chemistry and engineering.

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The protein observed exclusively in association with eukaryotic DNA replication is telomerase.

Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein enzyme that is usually found in eukaryotic cells. This protein is found exclusively in association with eukaryotic DNA replication. In humans, telomerase comprises of a RNA molecule (TERC) and a protein (TERT). DNA replication is the process of duplicating a DNA molecule. This process takes place in all living organisms and is the foundation of biological inheritance. It is the biological process of creating two identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule.

The process of DNA replication begins when the enzyme helicase unwinds the DNA molecule from its double-stranded form. Then, the DNA polymerase enzyme reads the exposed nucleotides and creates a new complementary strand by bonding them together.

The replication of DNA is essential to the process of cell division. During cell division, the replicated DNA molecules are segregated to form two daughter cells, each containing an identical copy of the original DNA molecule. This is important because it ensures that the genetic information is accurately transmitted from one generation to the next. Without DNA replication, the information that defines a particular organism would be lost over time.

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Answer is : convergence

DNA codes for proteins through the process of transcription to mRNA and the translation of mRNA to proteins.

The structure of DNA codes for proteins through a two-step process called transcription and translation.

In the first step, the DNA sequence is transcribed into RNA by an enzyme called RNA polymerase, which occurs in the nucleus. The RNA molecule that is produced is called messenger RNA (mRNA) and it carries the genetic information from the DNA out of the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm.

In the second step, translation, the ribosomes use the information in the mRNA to synthesize a protein. Each group of three nucleotides on the mRNA, called a codon, codes for a specific amino acid. Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules, which have an anticodon that is complementary to the codon on the mRNA, bring the correct amino acid to the ribosome.

The ribosome then joins the amino acids together in the order specified by the mRNA sequence, forming a polypeptide chain, which will eventually fold into a functional protein.

The DNA sequence provided in the example, AGA CGG TAC CTC CGG TGG GTG CTT GTC TGT ATC CTT CTC AGT ATC, would be transcribed into mRNA (UCU GCC AUG GAG GCC ACC CAC GAA CAG ACA UAG AAG AGA UAG UAG) and translated into a polypeptide chain with the sequence Ser-Ala-Met-Glu-Ala-Thr-His-Glu-Gln-Thr-Stop-Stop-Arg-Stop.

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Yes, ligand-gated ion channels are found in the postsynaptic neuron's cell membrane and they are critical to how synapses communicate information.

Ligand-gated ion channels allow ions such as sodium and calcium to flow across the cell membrane, leading to changes in membrane potential, which can lead to an action potential. This action potential travels along the neuron and when it reaches the synapse, it triggers the release of neurotransmitters.

The neurotransmitters then bind to the receptors in the postsynaptic neuron, which activate ligand-gated ion channels.

This then leads to the flow of ions, resulting in an excitatory or inhibitory postsynaptic potential (EPSP or IPSP). The overall result is that information is communicated from one neuron to another across a synapse.

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The pair of traits can the same organisms have is thermophile; facultative anaerobe.

A thermophile is an organism that grows best at high temperatures, usually above 50°C. A facultative anaerobe is an organism that can live and grow with or without oxygen. Therefore, the same organism can have both of these traits, as it can be adapted to both high temperatures and the presence or absence of oxygen.

These organisms usually have metabolic pathways that can operate with or without oxygen and are capable of switching from aerobic respiration to fermentation or anaerobic respiration.

This allows them to survive in environments where the availability of oxygen is variable. Additionally, thermophiles have proteins and other molecules that can maintain their structure and function at high temperatures, enabling them to survive and even thrive in those temperatures.

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