the dominant control in global sea surface temperature is quizlet

The Crab Nebula pulsar is unusual among other pulsars because its period is much less regular than other pulsars.

Pulsars are highly magnetized rotating neutron stars that emit beams of electromagnetic radiation, which are observed as regular pulses of radiation as they rotate. Most pulsars exhibit remarkable regularity in their pulse periods, meaning the time interval between successive pulses is extremely consistent.

However, the Crab Nebula pulsar, also known as the Crab Pulsar or PSR B0531+21, shows a significant departure from this regularity. Its period is known to change over time, and the intervals between its pulses can vary. This irregular behavior sets it apart from other pulsars that exhibit more consistent and predictable pulse periods.

The Crab Nebula pulsar is a remnant of a supernova explosion that occurred in the year 1054 AD. It is located at the center of the Crab Nebula, a cloud of expanding gas and dust resulting from the supernova event. The pulsar's irregular period is thought to be influenced by its interaction with the surrounding nebula and its complex magnetic field structure.

While the Crab Nebula pulsar is not the fastest spinning, the most magnetically intense (magnetar), or the oldest known pulsar, its irregular pulse period makes it distinctive and scientifically intriguing among other pulsars.

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Based on our current best estimate of the present mass density and real observations, astronomers believe that the universe is finite in extent and will expand forever (choice c).

This conclusion is primarily drawn from the observation of the cosmic microwave background radiation, which suggests a uniform and isotropic universe. Additionally, the discovery of dark energy, which causes the expansion of the universe to accelerate, supports this idea.

Measurements of the universe's mass density, along with the observed expansion rate, indicate that the universe's total energy is very close to the critical density needed for a flat, geometrically Euclidean universe. In this scenario, the universe will continue expanding indefinitely, although at an ever-decreasing rate.

To summarize, based on current observations and our understanding of the universe's mass density, it is believed to be finite in extent and will expand forever. This is supported by evidence from the cosmic microwave background radiation and the presence of dark energy. Hence, c is the correct option.

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If we sent one of our current spacecraft to a nearby star, the trip would take about thousands of years. The reason is that our current spacecraft such as Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 have reached the edges of our solar system. However, they are traveling very slowly compared to the speed required to reach the nearby star.

In terms of distance, the nearest star to us is Proxima Centauri which is 4.24 light-years away from Earth. This means that it would take light, the fastest thing we know, 4.24 years to travel to that star. The speed of light is about 300,000 kilometers per second, which equates to 9.46 trillion kilometers per year. So, the distance to the nearest star can be calculated as follows:4.24 light-years x 9.46 trillion kilometers per year = 40 trillion kilometersHowever, spacecraft such as Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 are traveling at speeds of around 17 kilometers per second. At that speed, they would take around 75,000 years to travel to Proxima Centauri, which is far longer than a human lifetime.Hence, to reach the nearby star with our current technology, we would need to develop spacecraft that can travel at a much faster speed such as the light speed or close to the light speed to reach the nearby star within a reasonable time frame.

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The sedimentary rock type that contains angular cobble-sized clasts is known as a conglomerate.

Conglomerates are characterized by the presence of rounded to subangular clasts that are larger than 2 millimeters in diameter. These clasts can be made up of various rock types and are typically cemented together by finer-grained matrix material.

In the case of conglomerates with angular clasts, the clasts have not undergone significant rounding or transportation, indicating that they were likely deposited close to their source and have experienced minimal weathering or transport processes.

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A magnitude 9 earthquake is approximately 1,000,000 times more energetic than a magnitude 5 earthquake.

The energy release of an earthquake is measured on the moment magnitude scale (Mw). The magnitude scale is logarithmic, which means that each whole number increase represents a tenfold increase in amplitude and approximately 31.6 times more energy release.

Therefore, a magnitude 9 earthquake releases approximately [tex](31.6)^4 or 1,000,000 t[/tex]times more energy than a magnitude 5 earthquake.

A magnitude 9 earthquake is significantly more energetic than a magnitude 5 earthquake. The magnitude scale used to measure earthquakes is logarithmic, meaning that each whole number increase represents a tenfold increase in amplitude and roughly 31.6 times more energy release.

Therefore, the difference in energy between a magnitude 9 and magnitude 5 earthquake is substantial. In fact, a magnitude 9 earthquake releases approximatelyA magnitude 9 earthquake is significantly more energetic than a magnitude 5 earthquake. The magnitude scale used to measure earthquakes is logarithmic, meaning that each whole number increase represents a tenfold increase in amplitude and roughly 31.6 times more energy release.

Therefore, the difference in energy between a magnitude 9 and magnitude 5 earthquake is substantial. In fact, a magnitude 9 earthquake releases approximately[tex](31.6)^4 or 1,000,000 t[/tex]imes more energy than a magnitude 5 earthquake. This vast disparity in energy levels highlights the immense destructive potential of higher magnitude earthquakes, capable of causing severe damage, widespread devastation, and significant loss of life compared to smaller magnitude events.

times more energy than a magnitude 5 earthquake. This vast disparity in energy levels highlights the immense destructive potential of higher magnitude earthquakes, capable of causing severe damage, widespread devastation, and significant loss of life compared to smaller magnitude events.

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The following group is least likely to have communal land ownership due to the high value placed on land as a productive resource: agriculturalists.

Agricultural societies rely heavily on cultivating crops and producing food for consumption and trade. As a result, agriculturalists view land as a valuable resource that is essential to their livelihood and economic success.

Therefore, they are more likely to practice individual land ownership and private property rights rather than communal land ownership. In contrast, foragers, horticulturalists, and pastoralists tend to rely on a more nomadic or subsistence lifestyle and may have communal land ownership as a way to ensure access to resources for all members of the group.

However, it is important to note that the specific cultural and historical contexts of each group can influence their practices and beliefs regarding land ownership.

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The largest magnitude historic earthquake in the fifty United States occurred in 1964.

This earthquake, known as the Great Alaska Earthquake or the Good Friday Earthquake, had a magnitude of 9.2. It struck the southern coast of Alaska on March 27, 1964, and is considered one of the most powerful earthquakes ever recorded. The earthquake caused widespread damage and resulted in numerous landslides, tsunamis, and ground fissures. The effects of the earthquake were felt across a large area, including parts of Alaska, British Columbia, and the contiguous United States. The Great Alaska Earthquake serves as a significant event in the study of seismic activity and has had a lasting impact on earthquake preparedness and engineering practices in the region.

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C. General circulation models (GCMs) of the atmosphere are based on statistical three-dimensional boxes that characterize portions of the atmosphere and ocean in terms of climate-related variables.

They are used to simulate and understand the complex interactions between the atmosphere, ocean, land, and ice in the Earth's climate system.

GCMs are different from models used in forecasting weather, as they are designed to make long-term predictions about climate patterns and trends rather than short-term weather events.

While GCMs have limitations and uncertainties, they are currently the best tools available for studying the potential impacts of climate change and developing strategies to mitigate its effects.

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The given statement is true. Tropical storms and hurricanes are known for their heavy rainfall and can drop as much rain in just a few days as the Bay Area receives during the entire winter season.

This can lead to flooding, landslides, and other weather-related hazards. It is important to be prepared and stay informed during these types of weather events. It is possible that tropical storms and hurricanes can drop as much rain in just 2–3 days, which is more than what the Bay Area sees for an entire winter.

Tropical storms and hurricanes have the potential to produce extremely high rainfall amounts in a short period of time due to their warm cores and high moisture content. In contrast, the Bay Area typically experiences a Mediterranean climate with relatively lower rainfall during the winter months.

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The mantle is a layer of the Earth's interior located between the crust and the core. It is predominantly solid, but it exhibits a plastic-like behavior due to high temperatures and pressures.

Predominantly means something that is mostly or primarily present or prevalent in a given situation, context, or group. It implies that a particular quality, characteristic, or feature is the most significant or influential factor among others.

When something is described as predominantly, it suggests that it occupies a larger portion or majority of the observed or discussed subject matter. For example, if a region is said to be predominantly agricultural, it means that agriculture is the main economic activity or land use in that area. The term predominantly is often used to convey the dominant nature or prevailing tendency of something. It emphasizes the most common or widely observed condition, behavior, opinion, or outcome within a specific setting.

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Global population began to spike upward during the Industrial Revolution, which occurred in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.

The Industrial Revolution was a period of rapid industrialization, technological advancements, and urbanization in many parts of the world, particularly in Europe and North America. This era brought significant improvements in agriculture, manufacturing, and healthcare, leading to increased food production, reduced mortality rates, and improved living conditions. These factors contributed to a substantial population growth as birth rates exceeded death rates, resulting in a significant upward trajectory in global population. The Industrial Revolution marked a pivotal point in history when population growth rates accelerated, setting the stage for the continued population growth observed in subsequent centuries.

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Approximately thousands other planetary systems have been discovered to date. The correct option is A.

As of September 2021, more than 4,400 exoplanets in over 3,200 planetary systems have been discovered by astronomers using a variety of methods. These planetary systems vary in size, composition, and distance from their host stars. Some of the most exciting discoveries include potentially habitable exoplanets, which are planets that could have conditions suitable for life as we know it. While the number of exoplanets discovered so far is in the thousands, it is important to note that there are likely many more out there waiting to be found.

To find exoplanets, astronomers use a variety of methods, including the transit method, which measures a dip in brightness as a planet passes in front of its host star, and the radial velocity method, which detects a wobble in a star's position caused by the gravitational pull of an orbiting planet. More recently, astronomers have also been able to directly image some exoplanets using advanced telescopes and techniques.

The study of exoplanets is a rapidly growing field, and new discoveries are being made all the time. While we have only scratched the surface of what is out there, the search for exoplanets continues to provide valuable insights into the formation and evolution of planetary systems beyond our own.

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True. A violent volcanic eruption in a tropical location can affect more of the earth's ecosystems than a violent eruption in a high-latitude area.

A violent volcanic eruption in a tropical location can indeed affect more of the earth's ecosystems than a violent eruption in a high latitude area. This is because tropical regions are home to a greater variety of ecosystems and a higher density of species compared to high latitude areas, which tend to have less diverse ecosystems and fewer species. Additionally, volcanic eruptions in tropical regions can also have a greater impact on human populations and their infrastructure, further exacerbating the effects on the local and global ecosystems.

The main reason is that tropical regions host a higher biodiversity and density of species, making the impact more widespread. Additionally, tropical eruptions can inject particles into the atmosphere, which can have global consequences on climate and ecosystems.

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The type of farming that eliminates plowing altogether and instead leaves crop residues to cover the soil throughout the year is called no-till farming.

No-till farming is a sustainable agricultural practice that helps to preserve soil health and prevent soil erosion. By leaving crop residues on the soil surface, no-till farming helps to improve soil structure and increase soil fertility, which can lead to higher crop yields and reduced fertilizer use.

No-till farming also helps to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and conserve water, making it an environmentally-friendly farming method. Overall, no-till farming is a sustainable agricultural practice that promotes soil health, reduces erosion, enhances fertility, conserves water, reduces greenhouse gas emissions, and supports higher crop yields.

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The passage discusses the historical events surrounding the Congo during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It starts by mentioning King Leopold II's treatment of the Congo as his personal possession and his exploitation of its resources and people for slave labor, rubber, and ivory.

As international awareness of the atrocities committed in the Congo grew, pressure mounted on the Belgian government to intervene and end King Leopold II's rule. The passage notes that in 1908, the Belgian Congo was established, indicating a shift from direct personal rule to colonial administration under the Belgian government. This transition was prompted by the international community's pressure and condemnation of King Leopold II's actions.

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To place stones under a downspout and divert water to the sides for watering plants, you will need to create a shallow trench about 2-3 feet long and 6-8 inches deep alongside the downspout. This will ensure that the water does not pool and instead flows to the side.

Fill the trench with a layer of large stones, followed by a layer of smaller stones. This will help slow down the water flow and prevent erosion. Next, add a layer of soil on top of the stones and plant some water-loving plants that can absorb the moisture.

Make sure to choose plants that can handle the amount of water they will receive and that can thrive in your climate. Some good options include ferns, hostas, and moss. Finally, make sure to monitor the area during heavy rainfall to ensure that the water is being properly diverted and not causing any damage.

By following these steps, you can create an attractive and functional solution for diverting water from your downspout and watering your plants.

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Milestones can add significant value to project scheduling because they:

1. Provide clear goals: Milestones break down the project into smaller, manageable tasks, allowing team members to focus on specific objectives and understand their role in achieving them.

2. Enable progress tracking: Milestones serve as checkpoints to assess the project's progress, helping to identify any delays or deviations from the initial plan and take corrective action if necessary.

3. Improve communication: By highlighting crucial deadlines, and milestones help in keeping team members, stakeholders, and clients informed about the project's progress, fostering collaboration and accountability.

4. Enhance motivation: Reaching a milestone is a sign of progress and accomplishment, which can boost team morale and motivate members to continue working diligently toward the project's completion.

5. Facilitate resource allocation: With milestones in place, project managers can better allocate resources, such as time, budget, and personnel, to ensure that each task is completed efficiently and effectively.

In summary, milestones contribute to the overall success of a project by providing clear goals, enabling progress tracking, improving communication, enhancing motivation, and facilitating resource allocation.

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There are several primary factors that determine the nature of volcanic eruptions. These include the type of magma being erupted, the amount of gas dissolved in the magma, and the characteristics of the volcanic vent.

The viscosity of the magma is also an important factor, as more viscous magma is more likely to produce explosive eruptions. Other factors, such as the size and depth of the magma chamber and the tectonic setting of the volcano, can also influence the nature of volcanic eruptions. Overall, the interplay of these primary factors can result in a wide range of volcanic eruptions, from gentle effusive flows to violent explosive eruptions.

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Option (1), The quartz grains added to the fracking fluid are used to keep the fractures open once the fracking is done.

The quartz grains, also known as proppants, are added to the fluid to prop open the fractures created in the rock during the fracking process. Without the proppants, the fractures would close back up and the oil or gas would not be able to flow out. The proppants help to maintain the permeability of the rock and allow for the oil or gas to be extracted. The other options listed, such as increasing the density or pressure of the fluid or adding abrasive force, may also be important factors in the fracking process, but the primary role of the quartz grains is to keep the fractures open.

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A primary way by which surface waters become groundwater is through a process called infiltration or percolation.

Infiltration refers to the movement of water from the surface into the subsurface, where it becomes groundwater.

When precipitation such as rain or snow falls on the Earth's surface, some of it is absorbed into the ground. The water seeps into the soil and underlying rocks, moving through the pore spaces or fractures in the subsurface materials. This process is influenced by various factors such as soil type, permeability of the rocks, vegetation cover, slope of the land, and precipitation intensity.

As the water infiltrates the ground, it undergoes a series of processes. Initially, it may fill up the pore spaces in the soil and form what is called soil moisture. If the soil becomes saturated, with the pore spaces filled with water, the excess water continues to move downward under the influence of gravity. It percolates through the unsaturated zone, also known as the vadose zone, until it reaches the water table.

The water table is the underground boundary between the saturated zone (where the pore spaces are filled with water) and the unsaturated zone (where the pore spaces contain both air and water). Once the infiltrated water reaches the water table, it becomes part of the groundwater system.

From there, groundwater continues to flow, driven by the force of gravity, along underground pathways such as permeable rock layers, fractures, or porous sediments. It may eventually discharge into springs, streams, lakes, or oceans, completing the hydrological cycle.

It's important to note that not all infiltrated water becomes groundwater. Some of it may be taken up by plant roots, evaporate back into the atmosphere, or contribute to surface runoff and flow directly into rivers or other surface water bodies. The amount of water that becomes groundwater versus surface runoff depends on various factors, including the characteristics of the terrain and the presence of impermeable layers that hinder infiltration.

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Answer: Oil, Natural Gas and Minerals

Explanation: Oil, Natural Gas and Minerals

An enormous amount of oil and natural gas is hidden beneath the Sahara Desert

An enormous wealth of natural resources is hidden beneath the Sahara Desert. Principal among these riches are huge amounts of oil and natural gas, particularly in territory belonging to Algeria and Libya. Algeria and Mauritania have large reserves of iron ore, and large quantities of phosphates are in Morocco.

The Sahara held rich deposits of fossil fuels, particularly oil and natural gas.

While the Sahara is mostly known for its vast desert expanse, it also contains significant hydrocarbon reserves beneath its surface. Exploration and extraction activities have revealed substantial oil and gas reserves in countries such as Algeria, Libya, and Egypt, among others. These resources have played a crucial role in the economic development and energy production of the region and have been highly valued commodities both domestically and internationally. The presence of these fossil fuel deposits has had a significant impact on the economies and geopolitics of the countries in the Sahara region.

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The Mayas developed an accurate solar calendar so they could track the movements of the sun and accurately predict seasonal changes and important agricultural events, such as planting and harvesting.

Mayas developed an accurate solar calendar so they could track and predict celestial events, particularly the movements of the Sun. The solar calendar allowed them to determine the precise timing of solstices, equinoxes, and other significant astronomical events. By observing and understanding these celestial patterns, the Mayas could align their agricultural activities, religious ceremonies, and societal events with the cycles of the Sun. Additionally, the solar calendar played a crucial role in the Mayas' cultural and religious beliefs, as it helped them establish a connection between the celestial realm and the earthly realm. It provided them with a means to organize their daily lives, mark important dates, and maintain a harmonious relationship with the natural world.

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The surface of Earth is notable for many geologic features, including various divisions.

1. Mountains: Earth is home to numerous mountain ranges, formed through processes such as plate tectonics, volcanic activity, and erosion. These majestic features are found on every continent and can reach great heights, such as the Himalayas and the Andes.

2. Plains: Plains are vast, relatively flat areas that make up a significant portion of Earth's surface. They are formed through processes like deposition, erosion, and the leveling of land over time. Plains provide fertile soils for agriculture and are often densely populated.

3. Plateaus: Plateaus are elevated flatlands or tablelands, characterized by steep cliffs or slopes on one or more sides. They are formed through various geologic processes, such as uplift, volcanic activity, and erosion. Plateaus can be found across the globe, including the Colorado Plateau in the United States and the Deccan Plateau in India.

4. Valleys: Valleys are elongated lowland areas often carved out by rivers or glaciers. They can take different forms, including V-shaped valleys formed by rivers or U-shaped valleys created by glaciers. Valleys provide important routes for water drainage and can be picturesque landscapes.

5. Canyons: Canyons are deep, narrow valleys with steep sides, often carved by rivers over millions of years. They can be found in various geologic settings, such as the Grand Canyon in the United States, which was formed by the erosion of the Colorado River.

6. Coastlines: Earth's coastlines are where land meets the sea, and they exhibit diverse features such as cliffs, beaches, dunes, and estuaries. Coastal areas are shaped by processes like erosion, sediment deposition, and tides, creating unique landscapes and habitats.

These are just a few examples of the geologic features that make Earth's surface diverse and fascinating. The planet's dynamic geology, driven by plate tectonics, erosion, weathering, and other processes, continually shapes and transforms the surface over geological timescales.

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Yes, xylene is more volatile than trichloroethane (TCA) because it has a benzene ring. This is because benzene rings have a high degree of aromaticity, which makes them highly stable and less reactive.

This means that they have a lower boiling point and higher vapor pressure than TCA, which makes them more volatile. Additionally, the molecular weight of xylene is lower than that of TCA, which also contributes to its higher volatility. The lower molecular weight means that xylene has fewer intermolecular forces holding it together, which allows it to evaporate more easily.

Overall, the combination of the benzene ring and lower molecular weight make xylene more volatile than TCA. This means that it evaporates more quickly and can be more easily inhaled, which makes it important to use proper safety precautions when handling this chemical.

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A regular kitchen sponge has high porosity but low permeability.

Porosity refers to the amount of empty space or voids within a material. A regular kitchen sponge has high porosity because it contains numerous small air pockets or pores that can hold and absorb water or other liquids.

Permeability, on the other hand, refers to the ability of a material to allow fluids or gases to pass through it. In the case of a kitchen sponge, the permeability is low because the absorbed liquid does not easily flow through the sponge. While the sponge can absorb and hold water well due to its high porosity, it does not readily allow the water to pass through or permeate it.

Therefore, a regular kitchen sponge has high porosity (lots of empty space) but low permeability (difficult for fluids to flow through).

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Surface features that may result from tectonics include mountain ranges, volcanoes, earthquakes, and rift valleys.

Tectonic processes, such as plate movement, cause these features to form. Mountain ranges are created when two tectonic plates collide, causing the crust to uplift and fold.

Volcanoes form when one tectonic plate is pushed beneath another, leading to melting and the formation of magma chambers.

Earthquakes occur due to the movement and release of stress along fault lines between tectonic plates. Rift valleys are formed when two tectonic plates move apart, causing the crust to thin and eventually form a depression.

These surface features are all important in shaping the Earth's landscape and can greatly influence the environment and human activity.

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In the event of an emergency during a spacewalk, the exact time it takes to return to the International Space Station (ISS) and remove the spacesuit can vary depending on several factors.

However, there are established procedures and protocols in place to ensure the safety and efficiency of astronauts.

During a spacewalk, astronauts are always connected to the ISS via a tether, which allows them to safely move outside the spacecraft. In the event of an emergency, the astronaut can be quickly reeled back to the airlock using the tether system. Once back inside the airlock, it takes approximately 30 minutes to repressurize the airlock and remove the spacesuit.

It is important to note that emergency scenarios are rare and astronauts undergo extensive training to handle such situations. The exact time required for an emergency return and suit removal can vary depending on the specific circumstances and the promptness of the response from the astronaut and the ground control team.

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The nuclear family structure dominates Middle and South America.

The nuclear family structure is the most common and prevalent family arrangement in Middle and South America. It typically consists of a married couple and their children living together as a single household unit. This family structure is characterized by a focus on the immediate family members and their close relationships.

While variations exist, such as extended family households or multi-generational households, the nuclear family remains the primary family structure in this region. It reflects a cultural emphasis on the core family unit and the values of independence, autonomy, and self-sufficiency.

It's important to note that family structures can vary across different countries and communities within Middle and South America, and there may be cultural and regional differences in family dynamics. However, the nuclear family structure is generally the most prevalent and dominant family form in the region.

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Among the options provided, the conditions that make a site more suitable for a dam are A. 1, a deep canyon and D. 4, fractured rocks next to a fault.

A deep canyon: A deep canyon provides a natural location for the construction of a dam. The steep sides of the canyon offer stability and containment for the reservoir created by the dam. The depth of the canyon allows for a greater volume of water to be stored and potentially generate more hydropower.

Fractured rocks next to a fault: Fractured rocks near a fault can enhance the stability and sealing capacity of a dam. The presence of fractures can help with water retention, as the fractures can be filled with impermeable materials or grout, reducing the risk of water leakage. Additionally, the fault can provide a natural plane of weakness, allowing for controlled release of pressure and reducing the likelihood of catastrophic failure.

The other options, permeable rocks in the abutment (B), permeable rocks in the floor of the reservoir (C), and soft rocks that can mold to the dam (E), are generally undesirable for dam construction as they may result in water leakage and structural instability.

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No, the above statement is false. Transform faults are characterized by horizontal displacement rather than vertical displacement.

Transform faults occur at the boundaries of tectonic plates where they slide past each other horizontally in a shearing motion. This movement can occur in opposite directions or in the same direction but at different rates, causing the rocks on either side of the fault to move horizontally past each other.

The horizontal displacement along transform faults can result in significant geological features such as offset streams, roads, and other linear features on the Earth's surface. Vertical displacement, on the other hand, is more commonly associated with other types of faults, such as normal faults and reverse faults, where rocks move up or down relative to each other along inclined fault planes.

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