Lymphocytes are the infection-fighting cells produced by the immune system and are carried around the body in the circulatory system.
Lymph nodes along with spleen produce lymphocytes. Lymphocytes are the defender cells that protect the body from being attacked by the invaders. There are generally two types of lymphocytes that help the immune system work efficiently. The two lymphocytes are known as T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes.
When the body recognizes any antigen that may affect the body, the immune system gets activated and starts functioning. B cells trigger the production of antibodies, also called immunoglobulins. These antibodies bind with the antigen and invade them. T cells help the B cells to invade the antigens. T cells also send signals to other cells like phagocytes to engulf the killed antigens.
Although lymphocytes are produced by the lymph nodes and spleen, they are introduced into the bloodstream of the body. The blood in the circulatory system then transfers these cells to different body organs. Here they recognize the antigens, if any, and start responding.
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Observation: I am in the lab seeing if adding sugar to water affects how long it takes the water to boil. In the first
test I boil 100 mL of water only in a beaker over a Bunsen burner and observe it takes 5:15 mins to boil. Next I add 2
grams of sugar to 100 mL of water and stir to dissolve, then boil making sure everything is the same. This time it
takes 7:05 mins to boil the sugar-water mix. Next I add 4 grams of sugar to 100 mL of water. This time it takes 10:35
mins to boil the sugar-water mix.
What could we infer about the effect sugar has on the boiling time of water?
We can infer that the effect sugar has on the boiling time of water is that it increases the boiling time of the water.
What can be conclude about the effect sugar on the boiling time of water?The boiling of a pure liquid such as water occurs at its boiling point.
The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the liquid boil. The boiling point of pure water is 100°C.
When solutes are added to a solvent, it usually have the effect of raising the boiling point of the solvent. This is known as colligative properties of solutions.
For example, when sugar or salt is added to water, the boiling point and boiling time of water is elevated.
Considering the observation when sugar was added to water ad the water was heated until it began boiling. It was observed that increasing the quantity of sugar increased the boiling time of the water.
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What short-term changes in cardiovascular function might best enable skeletal muscles to help an animal escape from a dangerous situation?
The supply of oxygen and nutrients to working muscles would be improved by raising blood pressure, heart rate, and stroke volume (cardiac output).
What are the cardiovascular system's primary duties?The body's cells and organs are supplied with oxygen, nutrition, hormones, and other vital chemicals through the cardiovascular system. It is crucial for the body to be able to fulfil the demands of stress, exercise, and activity. Among other things, it aids in regulating body temperature.
The heart, blood, arteries, veins, capillaries, and the circulatory system all make up the cardiovascular system.
Unhealthy food, inactivity, cigarette use, and alcohol abuse are the four biggest behavioural risk factors for heart disease and stroke.
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In humans, iron is a trace element required for the proper functioning of hemoglobin, the molecule that carries oxygen in red blood cells. What might be the effects of an iron deficiency?
Caracteristicile fierului :
Oligoelement abundent în corpul uman
În alimentație, facem distincție între sursele de fier hem și cele de fier non-hem.
Fierul hem din carne și pește este mai bine absorbit
Anemia feriprivă este foarte frecventă și poate fi cauzată de un aport scăzut de fier
Femeile de vârstă fertilă și femeile însărcinate au o nevoie crescută de fier
Cats are one biotic factor that affects the size of the bird population.
Which two of the following are biotic factors?
Food
Pathogens
Sunlight
Food and pathogens are biotic factors.
Biotic and Abiotic factors :Ecosystems are primarily made up of both biotic and abiotic components. Abiotic factors are non-living elements like water, soil, and atmosphere, whereas biotic factors are living things found in an ecosystem like plants, animals, and bacteria.
In an ecosystem, how these elements interact is crucial. Producers, consumers, herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, and decomposers are the five biotic, or living, factors present in all ecosystems. Abiotic factors are non-living components of an ecosystem that influence their surroundings. Examples could be light, water, and temperature in a terrestrial ecosystem.
Sunlight is a very significant abiotic factor because it is the primary source of energy on Earth.
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an ion channel in a cell membrane is an example of (select all that that apply) an atpase molecule a phospholipid bilayer an integral membrane protein a transmembrane protein
According to the research, the correct option is an integral membrane protein. An ion channel in a cell membrane is an example of an integral membrane protein.
What is an ion channel?They are integral membrane proteins that act as existing pores in the cell membrane through which ions circulate through the impermeable lipid cell membrane, selectively and in favor of a gradient.
In this sense, these channels made with integral proteins can be ligand-dependent or voltage-dependent, depending on whether their opening is determined by ligand binding or voltage changes.
Therefore, we can conclude that according to the research, the correct option is an integral membrane protein. An ion channel in a cell membrane is an example of an integral membrane protein.
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Estuarine mangrove systems are second only to the tropics in primary production. true or false
Estuarine mangrove systems are second only to the tropics in primary production. Thus, the give statement is true
What is primary production?Green plants and certain microbes can change over inorganic matter into biomass utilizing energy from sun based radiation or compound energy. They are the main connection in the well established pecking order and are subsequently called the essential makers (autotrophs).
Any remaining life relies upon the energy fixed by these essential makers. The course of osmosis and obsession of inorganic carbon and other inorganic supplements into natural matter via autotrophs is called essential creation. In estimations of the essential creation of an environment the synthetic energy source is typically left away.
The aggregate sum of energy fixed in living life forms is known as the Gross Essential Creation (GPP). Through metabolic exercises of the actual plants and by heat deficit, half or more to the Net Essential Creation lessens the GPP.
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From what you know about action potentials and synapses, propose two or three hypotheses for how various anesthetics might block pain.
Action potential and synapse are the part of the neuron. Anesthesia works by blocking signals in nervous system.
What are neurons?The neuron is a part of the brain. There are billions of neurons in a body. Neurons help in the transfer of impulses from one cell to another cell. The neuron is made up of a cell body, dendrites, and axons.
Neurons have chemical messengers and calcium ions help in the transfer of impulse. But during the time of anesthesia, the calcium ions are blocked and therefore it might block pain.
The nerve which transfers the message is called the presynaptic neuron and the nerve which receives the message is called the postsynaptic neuron. Various anesthetics might block pain, Membrane potential might decreases the permeability to calcium ions.
Therefore, Action potential and synapse are part of the neuron. Anesthesia works by blocking signals in nervous system.
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What scientific law explains why the moon orbits the earth
Answer:
Newton's law of gravitational attraction
Explanation:
Thi law states any particle of matter in the universe attracts with any other with a force varying directly as the product of the masses and inversely as the square of the distance between them.
Select the correct answer. Which term defines a well-tested, scientifically supported statement that describes how something happens? A. hypothesis B. law C. observation D. theory
Answer: theory
Explanation: theories are scientifically supported. They are the result of well tested hypotheses but they are supported by scientists.
shifting of activation center in the brain during muscle fatigue: an explanation of minimal central fatigue
Muscle fatigue is characterized by a decrease in the muscle's ability to generate force, which can increase the risk of injury and reduce quality of life and productivity.
Muscle fatigue can be classified as either central or peripheral in nature, with the majority of situations involving both. Although methods that relate to muscle fatigue have been extensively studied, the function of cortical centers in contributing to tiredness during voluntary motor tasks (e.g., if the brain is capable of producing constant descending commands) or modulating muscle fatigue remains largely unknown to all.
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Students raised two groups of the same type of bean plant. They gave both groups the same amount of water and sunlight. They treated one group with fertilizer. They observed that the fertilized plants, on average, were taller than the bean plants that had not been treated with fertilizer. How does this show that environmental factors influence growth?
Fertilizers can affect the growth of the bean plants. Fertilizers provides nutrients which are necessary for the growth and development of the plants.
What are fertilizers?Fertilizers are additional ingredients applied to crops to increase productivity. These are frequently used by farmers to increase agricultural output. These fertilizers contain nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus, three essential nutrients that plants require.
What detrimental consequences on plant development might fertilizer have?Excessive fertilization alters the soil by raising the salt content and may harm important soil bacteria. An abrupt development of the plant with insufficient roots that are unable to supply it with appropriate water and nutrients can be the outcome of over-fertilization.
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What is "descent with modification"
described as?
A. a structure that is the same in all organisms just with
small differences in its purpose
B. the way organisms descend from a common ancestor
just with slight modifications
C. how a structure has a similiar function but different
form
D. a type of structure that past ancestors used but no
longer has a purpose for current organisms
Descent with modification described as the way organisms descend from a common ancestor just with slight modifications.
Define descent with modification.When features from one organism's parent are passed on to its offspring, it is referred to as descent with modification. Heredity is the term for this trait transmission; the fundamental building block of heredity is the gene. As an organism's building blocks, genes include instructions for every aspect of its development, including its physiology, behavior, appearance, and reproduction.
Gene transmission is not always precise. Incorrect portions of the blueprints could be replicated, or in the case of creatures that reproduce sexually, the genes of one parent could be mixed with the genes of another parent. Children are not identical replicas of either of their parents, for this reason.
Three fundamental ideas are useful in elucidating the operation of descent with modification:
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Answer:
Its B
Explanation:
the way organisms descend from a common ancestor
just with slight modifications
The charge difference between the inside and outside of a cell that is not sending any impulses is known as its?
The charge difference between the inside and outside of a cell that is not sending any impulses is known as its resting potential.
Impulses are the electrical signals that travels throughout the length of a neuron in response to some stimulus. When the nerve cells are transmitting impulses, it is said to be the action potential of the cell. These impulses can between two neurons or between a tissue or some other cell and the neuron.
Resting potential is the difference in electrical gradient of the nerve cell membrane when the cell is not transmitting any impulses. The inside of the cell is usually negative than the outside. The value of resting potential is -70mV.
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in reproduction, genetic information comes from only one parent; whereas, in reproduction, genetic information from two parents unites to form an offspring.
In asexual reproduction, genetic information comes from only one parent; whereas, in sexual reproduction, genetic information from two parents to form an offspring.
What is asexual reproduction?Asexual reproduction is a type of mechanism by which only one parental organism may produce offspring and therefore it is not associated with the formation of gametes.
In sexual reproduction, the cells from different parents having half genetic material fuse to produce an egg that will develop into an adult organism by a process known as fertilization.
The different types of asexual reproduction in organisms include, among others, vegetative propagation, binary fission (bacteria), Budding, fragmentation division, reproduction by spores (sporogenesis), etc.
In conclusion, in asexual reproduction, genetic information comes from only one parent; whereas, in sexual reproduction, genetic information from two parents to form an offspring.
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Identify the theme or themes exemplified by
(c) A hummingbird using sugar to power its flight.
The theme behind the use of sugar to power its flight is the transfer and transformation of energy and matter is required for life.
Explain a humming bird.
Hummingbird metabolism is a marvel of evolutionary engineering. These tiny birds can power all of their energetic soaring flight by burning the sugar contained in the floral nectar of their diet.Hummingbirds need an incredible amount of energy to flap their wings 50 times or more per second to maintain hovering flight. In fact, if a hummingbird were the size of a human, it would use up energy more than 10 times faster than an Olympic marathon runner. They can do this by burning only the last sugar ingested in the muscles while avoiding the energy tax of the first conversion of sugar to fat.To learn more about humming bird, refer to:
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The carbon cycle wuiz carbon is an element that is ?
The carbon cycle is one that helps the element carbon to cycle itself through living and non living components of our planet.
What is Carbon cycle?This refers to a biogeochemical cycle which involves the circulation of carbon in various forms through nature. The different processes include the following below:
Carbon enters the atmosphere as Carbon dioxide.Carbon dioxide is absorbed and used by green plants for photosynthesis.Animals consume plants thereby leading to the presence of carbon in their body system.Animals and plants die and they decompose which result in the carbon being reabsorbed back into the atmosphere.The carbon cycle is responsible for living organisms being referred to as organic due to the presence of carbon atoms in their system as a result of different processes which occurs in the planet.
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What tool is used to determine the probabilities of different genetic outcomes from various crosses?
The percentages of phenotypes in a cross's progeny from known genotypes can be predicted using a Punnett square.
What is Punnett square in genetics?The Punnett square is a table that lists every conceivable result of a genetic cross between two people of known genotype.
The product rule, which asserts that the likelihood of two (or more) independent occurrences.
Occurring together may be determined by multiplying the individual probabilities of the events.
Therefore, Punnett square is used to determine the probabilities of different genetic outcomes from various crosses.
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Energy drinks tend to lack nutrients such as proteins, lipids, or carbohydrates, and instead contain ingredients that interact with metabolic pathways. these ingredients include?
Energy drinks tend to lack nutrients, and instead contain vitamins, minerals, and stimulants that interact with metabolic pathways to provide energy.
Metabolic pathways- A metabolic route is a series of activities or relationships between genes and associated byproducts that leads to the synthesis or modification of a system component that is necessary for a biological system to function properly.
Genes- The fundamental genetic component transferred from parent to child. Genes are composed of DNA sequences and are organized sequentially at specified sites on chromosomes inside the cell nucleus.
DNA- The molecule found inside cells that carries the genetic material necessary for an organism to grow and operate.
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groups of tissues combine to form organs, which work together to form , which function together to accomplish a common purpose
Groups of tissues combine to form organs, which work together to form organ system, which function together to accomplish a common purpose.
What are tissues?Tissue is made up of similar cells which work together to achieve a common purpose.
Examples of tissue found in the body systems include the following:
connective tissue, epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue.Organs are made up of similar tissues which also work together to achieve a common purpose.
Examples of organs found in the body include the following:
LungsHeart,Kidneys,Eye,Ear.The organ system is made up of organs that structurally function together to accomplish a goal.
Examples of organ system include the following;
respiratory system,digestive and excretory system, circulatory system, urinary system, integumentary system, skeletal system, muscular system, andendocrine system.Learn more about organ system here:
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The _________ of a neuron receive impulses from other neurons; the ________ transmits nerve impulses to other cells.
The dendrite of a neuron receives impulses from other neurons; the axon transmits nerve impulses to other cells.
We can define neurons as the basic part of the nervous system responsible for forming electrical signals in the body which are referred to as action potential.
Dendrites are tree-shaped projections of the neuron majorly involved in receiving impulses or information from other neurons. This information is then moved to the cell body of the neuron.
After receiving an impulse from the dendrites, the cell body analyzes it and forms an outgoing response.
This outgoing response is transferred from the axons to the dendrite of another cell.
Hence, dendrites are the parts of a neuron that receive an impulse whereas axons are the part that transmits nerve impulses to other cells.
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Heart rate, digestion, breathing, and perspiration are all controlled by which part of the peripheral nervous system? a. the sympathetic nervous system b. the autonomic nervous system c. the parasympathetic nervous system d. the somatic nervous system please select the best answer from the choices provided a b c d
Heart rate, digestion, breathing, and perspiration are all controlled by the autonomic nervous system.
The autonomic nervous system is a part of the peripheral nervous system and it controls different body functions like blood circulation, digestion, breathing, urination, heartbeat, etc.
It is given the name autonomic because it works without the voluntary efforts of a person. People don't have to put effort or think about it to make them function.
There are two types of Autonomic nervous system; the Sympathetic autonomic nervous and the Parasympathetic autonomic nervous system.
The sympathetic autonomic nervous system prepares the body to respond to environmental threats and the Parasympathetic autonomic nervous system maintains normal body functions.
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The most common allele of a gene in a population of fruit flies is called the ______ allele. '
The most common allele of a gene in a population of fruit flies is called the wild-type allele.
The phenotypic of a species' normal form as it appears in nature is known as the wild type (WT). The wild type was initially thought to result from the "regular" standard allele at a location, as opposed to a non-standard, "mutant" allele. If a population undergoes a genetic change, "mutant" alleles can vary greatly and may even turn into the wild type. Greater knowledge of how mutations happen and interact with other genes to modify phenotype has been made possible by ongoing developments in genomic mapping tools.
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Infer imagine that the rock on the outside of the mountain was much harder than the cooled magma. how might devils tower look today? explain your answer.
Devil's Tower rises above the surrounding grassland and ponderosa pine forests like a rocky sentinel.
Geologists have studied the formation since the late 1800s, and today still wonder how it formed. We are aware that the Tower is the greatest example of columnar jointing in the world and is composed of the uncommon igneous rock phonolite porphyry. We journey back through Earth's history to a period long before this special feature took shape to better comprehend the processes that shaped the Tower.
Although much of the Tower’s geologic story is agreed upon, theories differ on certain details. Protected in 1906 for its scientific value, Devil's Tower remains a place of scientific study and public wonderment.
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WRITE ABOUT A THEME: ORGANIZATION You have seen many examples of how form fits function all levels of the biological hierarchy. However, we can imagine forms that would function better than some forms actually found in nature. For example, if the wings of a bird were not formed from its forelimbs, such a hypothetical bird could fly yet also hold objects with its forelimbs. In a short essay (100-150 words), use the concept of "evolution as tinkering" to explain why there are limits to the functionality of forms in nature.
The "evolution as tinkering" indicates that adaptations occur via microevolution and these progressive changes might limit the emergence of better functionalities in an environment.
What does microevolution mean?The term microevolution makes reference to slow and small changes in the phenotypic characteristics that serve as adaptations and confer an evolutionary advantage, being therefore selected by natural selection.
This process (microevolution) involves a type of adaptive change that occurs "drop by drop" and therefore this also imposes limits on the emergence of the best phenotypic adaptations for a particular environment, which is associated with differential survival and reproduction of the fittest organisms.
In conclusion, the concept of "evolution as tinkering" states that trait change occurs via microevolution, and these progressive modifications have limited the emergence of better functionalities (i.e., better adaptative features to the particular environment) in nature.
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which of the following aid an example of a trade-off?
A) scientific information
B) scientific information put into policy
C) all the benefits that come from scientific endeavors
B) something sacrificed in order to gain something else
Answer:
c_all the benefits that comes from scientific endeavors
fecal microbiota transplantation after oral vancomycin for recurrent clostridium difficile infection
fecal microbiota transplantation after oral vancomycin for recurrent clostridium difficile infection, the statement is correct.
what are microbiota ?
A microbiota is defined as an ecological community of commensals, symbiotic and pathogenic microorganisms, it is found in and on all multicellular organisms.
A microbiota includes bacteria, archaea , protists, fungi and viruses crucial for immunologic, hormonal and metabolic homeostasis, where as another term microbiome are the collective genomes of the microorganisms that reside in an environmental niche.
In human beings, the microbiota seen On the skin, Inside the stomach, in alimentary canals, duodenum and in rectum, in oral and in saliva and in lungs etc.
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Viruses can progress to two possible scenarios after infecting the host cell. Which of the following is characteristic of the lysogenic cycle?
What is a virus? How do they spread? How do they make us sick?
a
Viruses enter the host cell, and rapidly make copies of the host DNA.
b
Viral DNA takes over the host cell, making new viruses that burst out of the cell.
c
Viral DNA is inserted into host DNA, and is replicated when the cell divides.
d
Viral RNA takes over the host cell, making new host cells.
Viral DNA is inserted into host DNA, and is replicated when the cell divides.
What is a virus?Virus is an infectious agent that cannot replicate on its own, but needs a host to do so. The virus has its own genes (DNA or RNA) surrounded by proteins. The virus then infects the cell and synthesizes its genes to form new viruses.
Viruses have three main parts: their genetic material, a protein coat that will protect this genetic material called a capsid, and a lipid bilayer that will surround the entire virus, which will be its envelope.
Therefore, we can confirm that viral DNA is inserted into host DNA, and is replicated when the cell divides.
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The rate of population growth in texas over the last decade can be characterized as?
The rate of population growth in Texas over the last decade can be characterized as Rapid.
When there are more births than deaths—a situation known as a natural increase—rapid population growth results. The spread of various diseases, the expansion of food production and distribution, and other factors all contribute to rapid population growth.
While rapid population growth can be ascribed to migration, a growing number of people are choosing to lead healthier lifestyles, which in turn has raised life expectancy rates. In New Zealand, migration is responsible for roughly two thirds of population growth. Some places see a decline in population because they send more migrants elsewhere than they receive.
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(a) Is a dark brown mouse on dark-colored soil more likely to escape predation under a full moon or with no moon?
Is a dark brown mouse on dark-colored soil more likely to escape predation under a full moon or with no moon?
On dark-colored soil; fewer dark brown mice were caught on dark soil than on light soil under a full moon.
What is mouse models with camouflage coloration?
This model simulates natural selection and adaptation in rock pocket mouse populations found primarily in rock outcrops in the deserts of the southwestern United States and Mexico. This model is based on a lesson plan designed by the [Howard Hughes Medical Institute]
The model simulates changes in coat color in a population of rock pocket mice due to predation. Mice that cannot camouflage have a higher chance of being predatory when predators are present. Users can examine how a population evolves through natural selection under different environmental conditions.
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Why would a scientist want to stain a specimen before observing it with a compound light microscope?.
Answer:
to get a better look at it
Explanation: