Answer:
Iran
Explanation:
Recent News. Iranian Revolution, also called Islamic Revolution, Persian Enqelāb-e Eslāmī, popular uprising in Iran in 1978–79 that resulted in the toppling of the monarchy on February 11, 1979, and led to the establishment of an Islamic republic.
prince klemens von metternich used the germanic confederation to
Prince Klemens von Metternich was a prominent figure in European politics during the early 19th century.
He played a significant role in shaping the political landscape of Europe and was instrumental in establishing the Germanic Confederation. The Germanic Confederation was a loose association of German states created in 1815 after the fall of Napoleon Bonaparte.
Metternich used the Germanic Confederation to maintain stability and order in Europe. He believed that the Confederation would provide a balance of power between the various German states and prevent any one state from becoming too dominant. Metternich also saw the Confederation as a way to prevent the rise of nationalism, which he believed was a threat to the established order.
Under Metternich's leadership, the Germanic Confederation became a powerful force in European politics. It helped to maintain peace and stability in Europe for many years, and provided a platform for cooperation between the various German states. Metternich's legacy lives on today, and the Germanic Confederation is still remembered as an important milestone in European history.
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the earliest known caddo chiefdom was found near _____.
A. Powhatan B. Caddo C. Wompanoag
D. Aleutian
B caddo
the caddos were a group of native Americans tribes who inhabited the southern great plains
The earliest known Caddo chiefdom was found near Caddo. The correct answer is option b.
The Caddo people were a Native American group primarily located in what is now the southern United States, particularly in present-day Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas.
The Caddo chiefdoms were complex societies with centralized political and religious leadership, and they flourished from around AD 900 to 1800. The Caddo were known for their advanced agriculture, mound-building practices, and extensive trade networks.
The archaeological remains of the Caddo chiefdoms have been discovered in various locations throughout their historical territory, including the Caddo Lake area in Texas and Louisiana, demonstrating the early presence and development of Caddo culture in those regions.
The correct answer is option b.
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how many were baptized on the day of pentecost
According to the Bible, around 3,000 people were baptized on the Day of Pentecost. This event occurred after the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ, when the Holy Spirit descended upon the disciples as they were gathered in Jerusalem for the Jewish festival of Pentecost.
The disciples began to speak in tongues, and many Jews who were in Jerusalem for the festival heard the message of the gospel in their own language and were baptized.
This event is seen as the birth of the Christian church, and the Day of Pentecost is celebrated by Christians around the world. It is believed that Holy Spirit descended upon the disciples. Large followers were baptized
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How did Rome fall. Explain 2 ways that contributed to the fall of the Western
Roman Empire.
The fall of the Western Roman Empire was a complex process that took place over several centuries, and it was caused by a combination of internal and external factors. Here are two ways that contributed to the fall of the Western Roman Empire:
1. Economic troubles: The Roman Empire was a vast and complex system that required a lot of resources to maintain. Over time, the empire became more and more expensive to run, and its economy became increasingly unstable. The government had to raise taxes to pay for its military campaigns and to support the lavish lifestyle of the ruling class. This led to widespread poverty and unrest among the common people, who were forced to pay more and more to support the empire. Additionally, the empire's reliance on slave labor made it difficult for small farmers to compete with large estates, which led to a decline in agricultural production and a decrease in the empire's food supply.
2. Military decline: The Roman Empire was built on its military might, but over time, the empire's military became less effective. The quality of soldiers declined as the empire relied more on mercenaries and less on citizen-soldiers. Additionally, the empire's borders were constantly under attack by barbarian tribes, who were able to take advantage of the empire's weakened military. The empire's inability to defend its borders led to a loss of territory and a decline in its power and prestige.
These are just two of the many factors that contributed to the fall of the Western Roman Empire. Other factors included political instability, social unrest, and the rise of Christianity.
Who was the highest official in ancient Egypt to serve the pharaoh (king) during the Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms.?
The highest official in ancient Egypt to serve the pharaoh (king) during the Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms was the Vizier.
The Vizier was responsible for overseeing the administration of the kingdom and acted as the Pharaoh's chief advisor. They were in charge of the treasury, the judiciary, and all governmental affairs. The Vizier was a highly respected and powerful position, and they were often depicted in ancient Egyptian art and literature.
The Vizier held a position of great authority and acted as the chief administrator and advisor to the pharaoh. They were responsible for overseeing the governance of the kingdom, including matters related to law, justice, taxation, agriculture, and general administration. The Vizier was essentially the second most powerful individual in the kingdom, directly reporting to the pharaoh and acting as their right-hand.
Throughout the Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms, the Vizier remained a central figure in the Egyptian administration, with their power and responsibilities evolving over time. However, it is worth noting that the precise title and organization of government officials could vary slightly between different periods and dynasties within ancient Egypt.
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what made the haitian revolution a landmark in history
The Haitian Revolution, which occurred between 1791 and 1804, is a landmark in history due to its unique nature, impact on the world, and its role in challenging existing social and political orders. As the first and only successful slave revolt in human history, it led to the establishment of Haiti as the first independent Black republic. This revolt demonstrated the strength and resilience of enslaved individuals, defying the widespread belief in the inferiority of Africans.
The Haitian Revolution was also instrumental in dismantling the Atlantic slave trade and had a profound influence on abolitionist movements worldwide. It struck fear into the hearts of slave-owning societies, such as the United States, and inspired oppressed people to seek freedom and equality.
Additionally, the revolution played a crucial role in disrupting the balance of power in the Caribbean, ultimately contributing to the decline of European colonial empires in the region. By successfully overthrowing French rule, Haiti set a precedent for other colonized nations to challenge their oppressors and fight for self-determination.
In summary, the Haitian Revolution is a landmark in history because it was a successful slave revolt, inspired other liberation movements, dismantled the Atlantic slave trade, and contributed to the decline of European colonial empires.
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new england colonies saw less wealth disparity than the chesapeake, carolina, or the caribbean colonies thanks to the success of a mixed economy in the region. group of answer choices true false
The statement "New England colonies saw less wealth disparity than the Chesapeake, Carolina, or the Caribbean colonies thanks to the success of a mixed economy in the region" is true. The correct option is A.
In a mixed economy, the allocation of resources, production, and distribution of goods and services are influenced by both market forces and government regulations.
This diverse economic base helped to create a more balanced distribution of wealth compared to other regions like the Chesapeake, Carolina, or the Caribbean colonies.
Thus, the ideal selection is option A.
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why in benin only the oba could commission works in
In Benin, the Oba, or king, was considered the ultimate authority and held immense power.
This included the ability to commission works of art and architecture. This was because these works were often intended to glorify and honor the Oba and his ancestors, who were seen as divine figures. Additionally, these works often served as symbols of the Oba's power and status, and were used to communicate important messages to the people. Therefore, it was important that only the Oba could commission these works, as they were closely tied to his authority and position as the leader of the kingdom.
By restricting art commissioning, the Oba emphasized the importance of art in showcasing the kingdom's power, wealth, and religious beliefs, further strengthening the dynasty's reign and influence over its subjects.
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bipedalism predates the evolution of larger brains in fossil hominins.T/F
The given statement "Bipedalism predates the evolution of larger brains in fossil hominins" is True.
Bipedalism, or the ability to walk on two legs, is thought to have evolved in early hominins around 6-7 million years ago, while larger brain size did not emerge until much later in the evolution of the hominin lineage. The earliest known bipedal hominins are the Sahelanthropus tchadensis, Orrorin tugenensis, and Ardipithecus ramidus, all of which lived between 4-7 million years ago. These hominins had small brains compared to later hominins, but their skeletons show adaptations for bipedalism, such as a forward-positioned foramen magnum and a curved lower spine.
While there is debate about the exact reasons why bipedalism evolved in early hominins, some theories suggest that it was a response to changes in the environment, such as the expansion of savanna grasslands. Bipedalism would have allowed hominins to cover longer distances more efficiently and to carry tools or food while walking. The development of a larger brain, on the other hand, is thought to be linked to social complexity, tool-making, and other cognitive abilities that emerged later in hominin evolution.
Overall, the evolution of bipedalism and larger brains in hominins represents two major shifts in our evolutionary history, with bipedalism coming first and serving as a foundation for later adaptations and innovations.
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what kind of government did the constitution of 1791 setup
The Constitution of 1791 established a constitutional monarchy as the form of government in France.
Under this system, the monarch held executive power but was limited by the constitution, which outlined the separation of powers among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. The National Assembly, consisting of representatives elected by the people, held legislative power and was responsible for making laws. The king, meanwhile, retained the power to appoint and dismiss ministers, as well as to veto legislation.
This system aimed to balance the authority of the monarchy with the principles of the Enlightenment, such as democracy and individual rights. However, the Constitution of 1791 did not last long, as escalating tensions and political instability eventually led to the rise of the radical Jacobins and the establishment of the French First Republic in 1792.
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the establishment of the german empire in 1871 happened because..
The establishment of the German Empire in 1871 happened because of the successful military campaigns led by Prussia under the leadership of Otto von Bismarck.
The establishment of the German Empire in 1871 marked the unification of various German-speaking states into a single nation-state. Otto von Bismarck, the Prussian chancellor, played a crucial role in achieving this unification through a series of strategic wars known as the Wars of German Unification.
Bismarck skillfully orchestrated these conflicts, including the Austro-Prussian War and the Franco-Prussian War, which resulted in Prussian victories and the subsequent consolidation of German territories. Bismarck's political acumen, diplomatic maneuvering, and adept handling of military affairs ultimately led to the formation of the German Empire, with Wilhelm I of Prussia being proclaimed as the Emperor of Germany in 1871.
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Complete Question:
the establishment of the german empire in 1871 happened because__?
canada became an important battleground in the war of 1812 because
Canada became an important battleground in the War of 1812 because it was a British colony.
The United States hoped to seize it as a means of forcing Britain to make concessions in other areas, such as trade and impressment of American sailors. Additionally, the Americans believed that the Canadian colonists were sympathetic to their cause and would support their invasion. The United States launched several invasions into Canada during the War of 1812, but ultimately failed to conquer and annex the territory. The war ended in a stalemate, with neither side gaining significant territory or concessions.
The War of 1812 helped to establish Canada as a distinct and separate entity from the United States, with its own national identity and sense of pride.
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why did china become one of the poorest nation's in the world by 1950? o their large population always diminished their ability to grow. o the trade protection policies of the 1500's prevented adoption of greater technology. o the communist regime of mao hampered economic growth. o the europeans, at the time of world exploration were the richest region on earth.
A combination of factors including a large population, trade protection policies, the communist regime of Mao, and historical events, all contributed to China's poverty by 1950.
Firstly, it is important to note that China's large population has been a factor in its economic development for centuries. This has often resulted in diminishing resources and limited opportunities for growth. Additionally, China's trade protection policies in the 1500s prevented them from adopting greater technology and advancements that could have boosted their economy.
Another significant factor that contributed to China's poverty was the communist regime of Mao Zedong. The policies of Mao's government, such as the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution, severely hampered economic growth and caused widespread famine and social upheaval. This led to a significant decline in living standards and a lack of access to basic necessities like food, shelter, and healthcare.
Finally, it is worth noting that at the time of world exploration, Europeans were the richest region on earth, and they often exploited China's resources and economic potential for their own benefit. This, along with other historical events, contributed to China's overall economic decline by 1950.
Overall, a combination of factors including a large population, trade protection policies, the communist regime of Mao, and historical events, all contributed to China's poverty by 1950.
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definition of monarchy
Answer:
Monarchy is a political system in which supreme authority is vested in the monarch, an individual ruler who functions as head of state.
Power is not separate; one person gets to make all the decisions.
the temple of edfu was dedicated to what falcon-headed god
The Temple of Edfu was dedicated to the falcon-headed god Horus. Horus was one of the most important deities in ancient Egyptian mythology, and he was often depicted with the head of a falcon.
The Temple of Edfu, which is located in Egypt, was dedicated to the falcon-headed god Horus. The Temple of Edfu was built during the Ptolemaic period between 237 and 57 BCE, and it is one of the best-preserved temples from ancient Egypt. The temple was dedicated to the worship of Horus, who was believed to be the god of the sky, war, and hunting.
In the temple, there were several depictions of Horus, and the walls were adorned with hieroglyphs that described his many attributes and the various myths associated with him. The Temple of Edfu was an important pilgrimage site for ancient Egyptians, and it continues to be an important archaeological site for scholars and visitors alike.
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West Africa had very little contact with the Mongols which resulted in war, Western Europe had limited contact, In West Asia Mongols had negative impact to Islamic societies for there area,
West Africa had very little contact with the Mongols which resulted in war, Western Europe had limited contact, In West Asia Mongols had negative impact to Islamic societies for there area is false.
What is the Mongols war about?West Africa had limited direct contact with the Mongols due to geographic distance. The Mongol Empire focused on Central and East Asia, parts of the Middle East and Eastern Europe. Western Europe had little contact with them. Western Europe avoided major Mongol attacks, but the Mongols had a harmful effect on Islamic societies in West Asia.
While the Mongol invasions in West Asia caused destruction and loss of life, their impact varied across regions and time periods. Despite destructive initial conquests, Mongol rulers facilitated a cultural exchange known as Pax Mongolica, adopting Islamic culture in Persia under the Ilkhanate.
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where are the monasteries called the meteoras of greece located?
The monasteries known as the Meteora of Greece are located in central Greece, specifically in the region of Thessaly near the town of Kalambaka.
The Meteora is a collection of six Eastern Orthodox monasteries that were built on top of natural sandstone rock pillars, some of which are over 400 meters high. The monasteries were constructed during the 14th and 15th centuries and were used by monks as a refuge from political turmoil and foreign invasions. Today, the Meteora is recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site and is a popular tourist destination, drawing visitors from all over the world to admire its unique architecture and stunning natural surroundings.
Thus, Meteoras of Greece are located mainly in central Greece.
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with his raid on harpers ferry, john brown hoped to?
A) make kanas a free territory
b) force the north and south to compromise on the slavery question
c) make a name for himself as a viable candidate
d) none of these
B. Force the North and South to compromise on the slavery question. With his raid on Harpers Ferry, John Brown hoped to incite a slave rebellion and spark a larger armed conflict against slavery.
His intention was to seize the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry in Virginia, distribute the captured weapons to slaves, and rally them to join in a revolt against their owners.
Brown believed that such a rebellion would intensify the debate over slavery, forcing the North and South to confront the issue directly and potentially leading to a compromise or resolution.
However, his raid was ultimately unsuccessful and led to his capture and execution, rather than achieving the desired outcome of a compromise on slavery.
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german submarine warfare pushed the united states toward war because
German submarine warfare pushed the United States toward war because it directly threatened American lives and interests.
German submarine warfare played a significant role in pushing the United States toward war during World War I. Here's how it influenced the U.S. entry into the war:
Sinking of American Ships: German submarines, also known as U-boats, conducted unrestricted submarine warfare, targeting both military and civilian vessels. In 1915, the sinking of the British passenger liner RMS Lusitania, which resulted in the deaths of 128 Americans among the nearly 1,200 passengers, created outrage in the United States. The sinking of American ships, including the Lusitania, increased anti-German sentiment and fueled calls for U.S. involvement in the war.Zimmerman Telegram: In 1917, the interception and publication of the Zimmerman Telegram further inflamed tensions between the United States and Germany. The telegram, sent by the German Foreign Secretary Arthur Zimmermann to the German ambassador in Mexico, proposed a military alliance between Germany and Mexico against the United States. The revelation of this message outraged the American public and contributed to a shift in public opinion in favor of entering the war against Germany.Economic Impact: German submarine warfare threatened American economic interests. The U-boats targeted merchant ships, disrupting international trade and threatening American exports. The United States, as a neutral country at the time, saw its economic interests undermined by German actions. The economic impact of submarine warfare on American businesses and industries played a role in pushing the United States closer to war.Wilson's Response and Public Opinion: President Woodrow Wilson initially sought to keep the United States out of the war and pursued a policy of neutrality. However, the escalation of German submarine attacks and the loss of American lives on the high seas gradually swayed public opinion. Wilson responded by delivering speeches condemning German aggression and asserting that the United States must make the world "safe for democracy." The sinking of American ships and German actions created a strong sense of indignation among the American people, and public sentiment increasingly favored intervention in the war.To learn more about German Warfare, visit:
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Dorothea Dix devoted much time to the crusade for the:Term____
Dorothea Dix dedicated her time and efforts to champion the cause of mental health reform.
She tirelessly advocated for improved conditions and treatment for individuals with mental illnesses. Recognizing the harsh and inhumane conditions in which the mentally ill were often kept, Dix campaigned for the establishment of mental asylums and pushed for governmental action and funding.
Her work was instrumental in raising awareness about the need for compassionate and effective care for the mentally ill. Through her crusade, Dix played a significant role in shaping the development of mental health institutions and policies, leaving a lasting impact on the treatment of those with mental illnesses.
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.Around the time of the Compromise of 1850, Democrats were
-anti-slavery.
-pro-slavery.
-at odds with irate southern Whigs.
-all of these
Around the time of the Compromise of 1850, Democrats were pro-slavery.
Democrats at this time were largely based in the South, and the party was united in its defense of slavery and support for states' rights. The party's pro-slavery stance would eventually lead to the split of the party in the 1860s, with Northern Democrats forming their own party. In addition, the Democratic Party's platform emphasized states' rights and the preservation of slavery in the South. Although there were some Democrats who opposed slavery and supported abolition, they were a minority within the party and did not have significant influence on party policy.
The Compromise of 1850, which included provisions such as the Fugitive Slave Act, was largely supported by Democrats as a means of preserving the Union and maintaining the status quo on slavery.
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help me please!!! What caused people in the South to move westward? Responses crowding in cities crowding in cities devastation from the Civil War devastation from the Civil War unhappiness with working in factories unhappiness with working in factories fast and easy travel by railroad from the cities
People in the South moved westward due to crowding in cities, Civil War devastation, dissatisfaction with factory work, and accessible railroads.
During the 19th century, many people in the South moved westward for various reasons.
Overcrowding in cities led to limited resources and opportunities, which pushed individuals to seek better living conditions elsewhere.
The devastation caused by the Civil War resulted in economic hardships, motivating people to search for new opportunities in the West.
Additionally, unhappiness with working conditions in factories encouraged people to look for alternative ways to make a living.
Finally, the expansion of railroads made it faster and easier for individuals to travel from cities to the West, facilitating this westward migration.
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Answer:its unhappines with working in factories
Explanation:
What was the significance of the Environmental Protection Agency? (SSUSH22b)
Group of answer choices
Decrease in taxes, increase in military spending, decrease in social programs
Conserved millions of acres of wilderness land such as the Grand Canyon and Yellowstone Park
Developed federal laws restricting immigrants from communist and socialist countries, Western Europe
Sets limits on pollution, to conduct environmental research, and to assist state and local governments in the clean-up of polluted sites
The significance of the Environmental Protection Agency is Sets limits on pollution, conducts environmental research, and assists state and local governments in the clean-up of polluted sites. Thus the correct option is D.
The Nixon administration created the EPA in 1970 in response to rising worries about environmental pollution and its effects on ecosystem health and human health.
By enforcing rules and standards pertaining to pesticides, air and water pollution, hazardous waste management, and other environmental concerns, its primary goal is to preserve human health and the environment.
Setting and enforcing pollution limits, creating and implementing environmental rules, and carrying out scientific research to better understand and manage environmental concerns are all important tasks that the EPA performs.
Therefore, option D is appropriate.
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at the beginning of the 20th century, how did america respond to the successes and failures of the industrial revolution?
America responded to the successes and failures of the Industrial Revolution in a variety of ways, including progressivism, labor unions, and laissez-faire capitalism. These responses reflected the different values and beliefs of Americans at the time and shaped the direction of the nation's economy and society for decades to come.
At the beginning of the 20th century, America had already experienced the effects of the Industrial Revolution for several decades. The nation had become a global economic power thanks to its advancements in manufacturing, transportation, and communication technologies. However, the Industrial Revolution also brought about significant social and economic challenges that needed to be addressed.
One response to the successes and failures of the Industrial Revolution was the rise of progressivism. Progressives believed that government intervention was necessary to regulate the excesses of capitalism and promote social justice. They advocated for reforms such as labor protections, consumer protections, and antitrust laws to prevent monopolies from dominating the market.
On the other hand, some Americans believed in laissez-faire capitalism, which opposed government regulation of the economy. They argued that the free market was the best way to allocate resources and promote economic growth. This perspective was especially prominent among business leaders who sought to maximize profits and resist government interference.
Despite these conflicting views, the government did take some action to address the challenges of the Industrial Revolution. For example, the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 was passed to prevent monopolies from dominating the market. The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 was also passed to regulate the safety of food and drugs.
In conclusion, America responded to the successes and failures of the Industrial Revolution in a variety of ways, including progressivism, labor unions, and laissez-faire capitalism. These responses reflected the different values and beliefs of Americans at the time and shaped the direction of the nation's economy and society for decades to come.
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How has the Mississippi River served as an important waterway for the United
States?
Answer:
It is also one of the world's most important commercial waterways and one of North America's great migration routes for both birds and fishes. Native Americans lived along its banks and used the river for sustenance and transportation.
Explanation:
In which year did the Inca Wayna Capac die of smallpox?
around 1527
around 1529
around 1530
around 1532
The Inca Wayna Capac died of smallpox around 1527
Who was Inca Wayna?Inca Wayna Capac was the eleventh Sapa Inca (emperor) of the Inca Empire. He ruled from approximately 1493 to 1527.
Wayna Capac was the son of the previous Inca ruler, Túpac Yupanqui, and he continued his father's expansionist policies. He undertook military campaigns to extend the Inca Empire and consolidate its control over various regions.
Wayna Capac's reign was cut short by the outbreak of smallpox, a devastating disease brought by the Spanish conquistadors, and he died around 1527.
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as president, lyndon b. johnson was a strong and proactive advocate for full civil rights for africa americans.
true or false
It is true that Lyndon B. Johnson was a strong and proactive advocate for full civil rights for African Americans during his presidency.
He signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which eliminated discriminatory voting practices that had been used to prevent African Americans from voting.
Johnson also created the Kerner Commission to investigate the causes of urban riots and recommend solutions to address racial inequality and poverty. Overall, Johnson's policies and actions had a significant impact on advancing civil rights for African Americans.
As president, Lyndon B. Johnson was a strong and proactive advocate for full civil rights for African Americans.
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To secure a land title from the Mexican government, Anglos had to promise that
a. They would employ only Mexicans, and not other Anglos on their farm.
b. They would pay double the taxes.
c. They would convert to Catholicism.
d. They would learn the Spanish language
The correct answer is c. They would convert to Catholicism. To secure a land title from the Mexican government during the colonial period, Anglos had to make various promises, including paying taxes, adhering to Spanish law, and converting to Catholicism.
This was known as the "reconquista" or "reconquest" of Mexico, as the Spanish sought to convert the indigenous people and the conquered indigenous tribes to Catholicism. During the Mexican-American War, the United States sought to annex a large portion of Mexico, including land that is now part of several western states. As part of the terms of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which ended the war in 1848, the United States agreed to recognize Mexican land titles in the newly acquired territory.
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this country on the southwest coast was colonized by portugal
The country on the southwest coast that was colonized by Portugal is Brazil.
Brazil's colonization by Portugal began in 1500 when Portuguese explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral arrived in the region. Initially considered a mere stopping point for Portuguese ships en route to India, Brazil eventually became a major colony within the Portuguese Empire.
Portugal established a system of colonial governance in Brazil, focusing primarily on extracting resources such as sugar, gold, and other valuable commodities. This led to the development of large-scale plantations and the importation of African slaves to work on them. Over time, Portuguese settlers and African slaves mixed with the indigenous populations, resulting in a rich and diverse cultural heritage.
During the colonial period, Brazil experienced significant social, economic, and cultural transformations under Portuguese rule. The territory expanded through expeditions and conflicts with other European powers and indigenous tribes. Portuguese influence left a lasting impact on the language, religion (primarily Catholicism), legal system, and overall cultural fabric of the country.
Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1822 when it declared independence and became the Empire of Brazil. The colonization period significantly shaped the nation's history and laid the foundations for its current societal, linguistic, and cultural characteristics.
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12. How did Constantine affect Christianity?
He placed even more bans on the religion
b. He made Christianity legal in 313 CE
a.
C.
He persecuted Christians in the Colosseum
d. He moved the capital of Rome to the Eastern Empire