Answer:
Explanation:
From the information given:
a.
Using the equipartition theorem, the average energy of a molecule dor each degree of freedom is:
[tex]U = \dfrac{1}{2}k_BT[/tex]
[tex]U = \dfrac{1}{2}nRT[/tex]
For s degree of freedom
[tex]U = \dfrac{1}{2}snRT[/tex]
However, the molar specific heat [tex]C_v = \dfrac{1}{n} \dfrac{dU}{dT}[/tex]
Therefore, in terms of R and s;
[tex]C_v = \dfrac{1}{n} \dfrac{d}{dT} \begin{pmatrix} \dfrac{1}{2} snRT \end {pmatrix}[/tex]
[tex]C_v = \dfrac{Rs}{2}[/tex]
b.
Given that:
Cv=70.6Jmol⋅K and R=8.314Jmol⋅K
Then; using the formula [tex]C_v = \dfrac{Rs}{2}[/tex]
[tex]70.6 \ J/mol.K = \dfrac{(8.314 \ J/mol.K)\times s}{2}[/tex]
[tex]70.6 \ J/mol.K \times 2= (8.314 \ J/mol.K)\times s[/tex]
[tex]s= \dfrac{70.6 \ J/mol.K \times 2}{ (8.314 \ J/mol.K) }[/tex]
s = 16.983
s [tex]\simeq[/tex] 17
James is planning on registering for a course in electrical engineering. Which of the following sub-disciplines could he opt for?
Instrumentation engineering
Prosthetics
Plant design
Signal processing
Answer:
I hope this helps
Explanation:
Instrmentation engineering
Answer:
Instrumentation engineering
Explanation:
6. Question
Which statements are true about routers? Check all that apply.
A router can only send data to another computer that's on the same network.
A router is a set of components that makes up computer networking.
A router connects devices together and helps direct network traffic.
A router utilizes network protocols to help determine where to send data packets.
7.
Question
Answer:
Check the 2nd, 3rd and 4th statements.
Explanation:
The router provides two basic functions traffic management between these networks through the transmission of data packets to the designated IP address, and the use of the same Internet connection by many devices.
A networking device is a router that transmits data packets between computer nets. Traffic control functions are executed on the internet via routers. Data sent via the internet are in data packets, for example, a web page or email.A router is a device connecting two or more packets or subnetworks. It is used to sets the components from the networking of your computer.Therefore, the final answer is "the second choice".
Learn more:
brainly.com/question/2162586
PLZ HELP A person hired by a pharmaceutical company to streamline the company’s drug production process would most likely be an electrical engineer? True or False
Answer:
False
Explanation:
False, though they could do it.
It's most likely and Industrial Engineer, it could also be a Chemical Engineer.
What must be done before you change the polarity on a welding machine?
ur answer
Answer:
Usually it can be changed by flipping a switch. If your machine does not have one, then you just need to exchange the cables to the electrode holder and ground clamp.
Explanation:
The things that must be done before you change the polarity on a welding machine are coarse and fine adjustment.
What is a welding machine?The heated tool assembly, with two exposed surfaces, and two fixtures for holding the component parts to be welded. The tooling is for bringing the component parts into contact with the heated tool and bringing the molten joint surfaces together to form the weld. And displacement stops on the platen and holding fixtures make up a heated tool welding machine.
Polarity refers to the fact that the electrical circuit formed when you turn on the welder contains a negative and a positive pole. When welding, polarity is crucial, since the weld's strength and quality are affected by the choice of polarity.
Therefore, before changing the polarity of welding equipment, coarse and fine adjustments must be made.
To learn more about welding machines, refer to the link:
https://brainly.com/question/14272269
#SPJ2
What makes a particular sector of the residential construction market dependent on globalization?
its need for innovation to spur growth
its embrace of renewable and sustainable technology
its commitment to multiculturalism
its requirement of labor or materials from far-flung sources
Answer:
its requirement of labor or materials from far-flung sources
Explanation:
"Globalization" generally means having or creating sources of supply in foreign countries, usually those with lower labor or material costs. If some industry sector is dependent upon that, then it's probably because it depends on labor or materials from low-cost sources.
Large wind turbines with blade span diameters of over 100 m are available for electric power generation. Consider a wind turbine with a blade span diameter of 100 m installed at a site subjected to steady winds at 8 m/s. Taking the overall efficiency of the wind turbine to be 32 percent and the air density to be 1.25 kg/m3 , determine the electric power generated by this wind turbine. Also, assuming steady winds of 8 m/s during a 24-hour period, determine the amount of electric energy and the revenue generated per day for a unit price of $0.09/kWh for electricity
Answer:
The wind turbine generates [tex]19297.222[/tex] kilowatt-hours of electricity daily.
The wind turbine makes a daily revenue of 1736.75 US dollars.
Explanation:
First, we have to determine the stored energy of wind ([tex]E_{wind}[/tex]), measured in Joules, by means of definition of Kinetic Energy:
[tex]E_{wind} = \frac{1}{2}\cdot \dot m_{wind}\cdot \Delta t \cdot v_{wind}^{2}[/tex] (Eq. 1)
Where:
[tex]\dot m_{wind}[/tex] - Mass flow of wind, measured in kilograms per second.
[tex]\Delta t[/tex] - Time in which wind acts in a day, measured in seconds.
[tex]v_{wind}[/tex] - Steady wind speed, measured in meters per second.
By assuming constant mass flow and volume flows and using definitions of mass and volume flows, we expand the expression above:
[tex]E_{wind} = \frac{1}{2}\cdot \rho_{air}\cdot \dot V_{air} \cdot \Delta t \cdot v_{wind}^{2}[/tex] (Eq. 1b)
Where:
[tex]\rho_{air}[/tex] - Density of air, measured in kilograms per cubic meter.
[tex]\dot V_{air}[/tex] - Volume flow of air through wind turbine, measured in cubic meters per second.
[tex]E_{wind} = \frac{1}{2}\cdot \rho_{air}\cdot A_{c}\cdot \Delta t\cdot v_{wind}^{3}[/tex] (Eq. 2)
Where [tex]A_{c}[/tex] is the area of the wind flow crossing the turbine, measured in square meters. This area is determined by the following equation:
[tex]A_{c} = \frac{\pi}{4}\cdot D^{2}[/tex] (Eq. 3)
Where [tex]D[/tex] is the diameter of the wind turbine blade, measured in meters.
If we know that [tex]\rho_{air} = 1.25\,\frac{kg}{m^{3}}[/tex], [tex]D = 100\,m[/tex], [tex]\Delta t = 86400\,s[/tex] and [tex]v_{wind} = 8\,\frac{m}{s}[/tex], the stored energy of the wind in a day is:
[tex]A_{c} = \frac{\pi}{4}\cdot (100\,m)^{2}[/tex]
[tex]A_{c} \approx 7853.982\,m^{2}[/tex]
[tex]E_{wind} = \frac{1}{2}\cdot \left(1.25\,\frac{kg}{m^{3}} \right) \cdot (7853.982\,m^{2})\cdot (86400\,s)\cdot \left(8\,\frac{m}{s} \right)^{3}[/tex]
[tex]E_{wind} = 2.171\times 10^{11}\,J[/tex]
Now, we proceed to determine the quantity of energy from wind being used by the wind turbine in a day ([tex]E_{turbine}[/tex]), measured in joules, with the help of the definition of efficiency:
[tex]E_{turbine} = \eta\cdot E_{wind}[/tex] (Eq. 4)
Where [tex]\eta[/tex] is the overall efficiency of the wind turbine, dimensionless.
If we get that [tex]E_{wind} = 2.171\times 10^{11}\,J[/tex] and [tex]\eta = 0.32[/tex], then the energy is:
[tex]E_{turbine} = 0.32\cdot (2.171\times 10^{11}\,J)[/tex]
[tex]E_{turbine} = 6.947\times 10^{10}\,J[/tex]
The wind turbine generates [tex]6.947\times 10^{10}[/tex] joules of electricity daily.
A kilowatt-hours equals 3.6 million joules. We calculate the equivalent amount of energy generated by wind turbine in kilowatt-hours:
[tex]E_{turbine} = 6.947\times 10^{10}\,J\times\frac{1\,kWh}{3.6\times 10^{6}\,J}[/tex]
[tex]E_{turbine} = 19297.222\,kWh[/tex]
The wind turbine generates [tex]19297.222[/tex] kilowatt-hours of electricity daily.
Lastly, the revenue generated per day can be found by employing the following:
[tex]C_{rev} = c\cdot E_{turbine}[/tex] (Eq. 5)
Where:
[tex]c[/tex] - Unit price, measured in US dollars per kilowatt-hour.
[tex]C_{rev}[/tex] - Revenue generated by the wind turbine in a day, measured in US dollars.
If we know that [tex]c = 0.09\,\frac{USD}{kWh}[/tex] and [tex]E_{turbine} = 19297.222\,kWh[/tex], then the revenue is:
[tex]C_{rev} = \left(0.09\,\frac{USD}{kWh} \right)\cdot (19297.222\,kWh)[/tex]
[tex]C_{rev} = 1736.75\,USD[/tex]
The wind turbine makes a daily revenue of 1736.75 US dollars.
Complete the sentence using the correct term.
are made without yeast and are often savory or sweet.
Answer:
Quick Breads
Explanation:
I think this is correct. I am not for sure i just looked it up and it says word for word that this is the answer.
Answer:
Quick Breads
Explanation:
I got it right on my Plato test
what is the IMA of a fixed pulley
Answer:
Not sure
Explanation:
Looking now
Type your response in the box. Most novels include at least one important symbol. Identify at least one symbol in the novel you just finished. In 125 to 150 words, identify the symbol. State the type of symbol it is (universal or contextual), and describe its meaning. Be sure to include specific details from the story to support your answer.
Answer:
Symbols in The Secret Garden:
The secret garden: The garden seems to be a symbol for Mary’s transformation. She changes from a sickly child to a healthy one. It is a contextual symbol.
The robin: The robin symbolizes the kindness and compassion of nature. The robin is a contextual symbol.
Spring: The spring season is a symbol for change and new life. It represents these ideas in each of the characters at the end of the story. It is a universal symbol.
Symbols in The Hunger Games:
Katniss’s mockingjay pin: It might stand for rebellion and resistance against the Capitol. It is a contextual symbol.
The mockingjay: The bird itself is a symbol for resistance against the Capitol. It is a contextual symbol.
Bread: It is a symbol for the connection between Katniss and Peeta. It is a contextual symbol.
Symbols in Hatchet:
The hatchet: The hatchet symbolizes survival and self-reliance. The hatchet is a contextual symbol.
The moose and the tornado: Both symbolize confusion and the power nature has over people. They are contextual symbols. However, a tornado can also be a universal symbol for destruction.
The plane: The plane symbolizes the changes in Brian’s life. It represents how Brian moves from one stage of his life to another. It is a contextual symbol.
Symbols in The Red Badge of Courage:
The dead soldier: The dead soldier symbolizes how all things will eventually end. It expresses the idea that accomplishments may mean very little. It is a universal symbol for an end.
Henry’s wound: For Henry, a wound symbolizes a soldier’s bravery at war. It is a contextual symbol.
Flag: A flag symbolizes the values and identity of a state or nation. It also represents the reason why two opposing sides of a war are fighting. A flag is a universal symbol.
Explanation:
These are the answers for Plato, these are the answers from each novel.
I hope this helps you!
Will give correct answer brainliest!!
Fill in the blank.
_________ are engineers who help to develop products and projects by creating technical drawings
Answer:
Design engineer
Explanation:
...........................................................................................................
Given int variables k and total that have already been declared, use a do...while loop to compute the sum of the squares of the first 50 counting numbers, and store this value in total. Thus your code should put 1*1 + 2*2 + 3*3 +... + 49*49 + 50*50 into total. Use no variables other than k and total.
Answer:
k-1000
Explanation:
Answer:
k = 1;
total = 0;
do {
total = total + (k*k);
k++;
} while (k <= 50);
Explanation:
answer using Java
Design a U-tube manometer that can measure gage pressures up to 69 kPa of air. You will want to choose a manometer fluid with good static sensitivity but will not result in an unreasonably tall manometer. Further, the manometer fluid should be mostly immiscible with the air. The two design parameters you should consider are manometer fluid (impacts manometer fluid density) as well as the manometer height.
Required:
Compute the static sensitivity, K, in mmHg/Pa
Answer:
The answer "K = 0.0075"
Explanation:
If we try to measure up to 69 kPa of air, find mercury or fluid for gauge.
While mercury was its largest liquid with a density of 13600 kg / m3 at normal room temperature.
Let's all measure for 69 kPa that height of the mercury liquid column.
[tex]\to P = 69 \ kPa[/tex]
[tex]= 69000 Pa \\\\[/tex]
[tex]\to \rho = 13600 \ \ \frac{kg}{m^3} \\\\\\to g = 9.81 \ \ \frac{m}{s^2} \\\\[/tex]
Formula:
[tex]\to P=\rho \ gh[/tex]
[tex]\to 69000 = 13600\times9.81 \times h\\\\\to h= \frac{69000}{13600\times9.81} \\\\\to h= \frac{69000}{133416} \\\\\to h= 0.517179349 \\\\ \to h= 517 \ mm \\\\[/tex]
The right choice for pressure measurements up to 69 kPa is mercury.
Atmospheric Mercury up to 69 kPa Air 517 mm
The relationship of Hg to Pa is = 134.22 Pa 1 mm Hg
Static sensitivity to Pa of mm hg = change of mercury height to Pa:
[tex]= \frac{\Delta Hg }{ \Delta P }\\\\= \frac{1 }{ 133.3 }\\\\= 0.0075[/tex]
Compare automation and autonomous
Answer:
Automation generally means “a process performed without human assistance”, while autonomy implies “satisfactory performance under significant uncertainties in the environment and the ability to compensate for system failures without external intervention [emphasis mine].”
Explanation:
A single phase, 50-KVA, 2400-240-volt, 60 Hz distribution transformer has the following parameters: •
Resistance of the 2400-volt winding Ri=0.75 ohm
Resistance of the 240-volt winding R=0.0075 ohm
Leakage reactance of the 2400-volt winding X:=1 ohm
Leakage reactance of the 240-volt winding X2=0.01 ohm
Core loss resistance on the 2400 side Rc=733.5 ohms
Magnetizing reactance on the 2400 side X=4890 ohms
a. Draw the equivalent circuit referred to the high voltage side and referred to the low- voltage side. Label the impedances numerically.
b. The transformer is used as a step-down transformer at the load end of a feeder having impedance of (0.5+j2.0) ohms. Determine the voltage V. at the ending end of the feeder when the transformer delivers rated load at rated secondary voltage and 0.8 laggin power factor. Neglect the "exciting current" l. of the transformer (this is the current into the parallel Rc/jXm combination), which is another way of saying that you should use what we called in class the "approximate circuit #2).
Answer:
B) voltage at the sending end of the feeder = 2483.66 v
Explanation:
attached below is the the equivalent circuits and the remaining solution for option A
B) voltage = 2400 v
I = [tex]\frac{50*10^3}{2400}[/tex] = 20.83 A
calculate voltage at sending end ( Vs )
Vs = 2400 + 20.83 ∠ -cos^-1 (0.8) ( 0.75*2 + 0.5 + j 2 + j2 )
hence Vs = 2483.66 ∠ 0.961
therefore voltage at the sending end = 2483.66 v
4. Which of these is typically NOT a function of the flywheel?
OA. Power transfer to the transmission
OB. Engage the Starter
OC. Smooth out power pulses
OD. Balance the crankshaft
Answer:D
Explanation:
Option D is correct. Balancing the crankshaft is NOT one of the functions of a flywheel.
A flywheel is part of an automobile. It is a heavy wheel that is attached to a rotating shaft of an automobile. Since there may be the presence of large forces within an automobile structure, the presence of a flywheel helps to balance the force evenly across it.
Some of the functions of the flywheel are but are not limited to help in transferring power to the transmission, engaging the starter, and smoothing out of power pulses.
Hence based on the explanation above, balancing the crankshaft is NOT one of the function of a flywheel.
Learn more on flywheel here: https://brainly.com/question/14273307
technician A says that in any circuit, electrical current takes the path of least resistance. technician B says that while this is true in a series circuit, it's not entirely true in a parallel circuit. who is correct?
Answer:
technician A is correct
Explanation:
Technician B has circuit topologies confused. In a series circuit, there is only one path for electrical current to take. In a parallel circuit, the current will divide between paths in proportion to the inverse of their resistance. The least resistance path will have the most current.
Technician A is mostly correct.
Create an array of 10 size and assign 10 random numbers. Now find the sum of the array using for and while loop.
Answer:
10
Explanation:
hi guys can u help me?
Answer:
3. have known
4. wrote
5. not sure
6.have changed, has only
7. answered
8. have missed
9.has never seen
10.never saw
11.became,have changed
12. have changed, have grown
13.was,found
14. was never
am not sure but hope it helps
could you put your sparkplug in the steering wheel and it still works
A. no
B. yes
C. do not care
D. it really doesn't matter
Answer:
a
Explanation:
Mechanic... Mechanical Engineer... What's the difference?
Instructions: Answer the question below with at least TWO complete sentences.
Answer:
Mechanic: a person who repairs and maintains machinery
Mechanical engineers: design power-producing machines
Explanation:
which one of these reduce fraction?
Do you consider the letter of Andres Bonifacio an eyewitness account of a firsthand account of the Philippine Revolution?
Assignment 1: Structural Design of Rectangular Reinforced Concrete Beams for Bending
Perform structural design of a rectangular reinforced concrete beam for bending. The beam is simply supported and has a span L=20 feet. In addition to its own weight the beam should support a superimposed dead load of 0.50 k/ft and a live load of 0.65 k/ft. Use a beam width of 12 inches. The depth of the beam should satisfy the ACI stipulations for minimum depth and be proportioned for economy. Concrete compressive strength f’c = 4,000 psi and yield stress of reinforcing bars fy = 60,000 psi. Size of stirrups should be chosen based on the size of the reinforcing bars. The beam is neither exposed to weather nor in contact with the ground, meaning it is subjected to interior exposure.
• Use the reference on "Practical Considerations for Rectangular Reinforced Concrete Beams"
• Include references to ACI code – see slides from second class
• Include references to Tables from Appendix A
• Draw a sketch of the reinforced concrete beam showing all dimensions, number and size of rebars, including stirrups.
Answer:
Beam of 25" depth and 12" width is sufficient.
I've attached a detailed section of the beam.
Explanation:
We are given;
Beam Span; L = 20 ft
Dead load; DL = 0.50 k/ft
Live load; LL = 0.65 k/ft.
Beam width; b = 12 inches
From ACI code, ultimate load is given as;
W_u = 1.2DL + 1.6LL
Thus;
W_u = 1.2(0.5) + 1.6(0.65)
W_u = 1.64 k/ft
Now, ultimate moment is given by the formula;
M_u = (W_u × L²)/8
M_u = (1.64 × 20²)/8
M_u = 82 k-ft
Since span is 20 ft, it's a bit larger than the average span beams, thus, let's try a depth of d = 25 inches.
Effective depth of a beam is given by the formula;
d_eff = d - clear cover - stirrup diameter - ½Main bar diameter
Now, let's adopt the following;
Clear cover = 1.5"
Stirrup diameter = 0.5"
Main bar diameter = 1"
Thus;
d_eff = 25" - 1.5" - 0.5" - ½(1")
d_eff = 22.5"
Now, let's find steel ratio(ρ) ;
ρ = Total A_s/(b × d_eff)
Now, A_s = ½ × area of main diameter bar
Thus, A_s = ½ × π × 1² = 0.785 in²
Let's use Nominal number of 3 bars as our main diameter bars.
Thus, total A_s = 3 × 0.785
Total A_s = 2.355 in²
Hence;
ρ = 2.355/(22.5 × 12)
ρ = 0.008722
Design moment Capacity is given;
M_n = Φ * ρ * Fy * b * d²[1 – (0.59ρfy/fc’)]/12
Φ is 0.9
f’c = 4,000 psi = 4 kpsi
fy = 60,000 psi = 60 kpsi
M_n = 0.9 × 0.008722 × 60 × 12 × 22.5²[1 - (0.59 × 0.008722 × 60/4)]/12
M_n = 220.03 k-ft
Thus: M_n > M_u
Thus, the beam of 25" depth and 12" width is sufficient.
A DC servomotor has a torque constant of 0.075 N-m/A and a voltage constant of 0.12 V/(rad/sec). The armature resistance is 2.5 Ohm. A terminal voltage of 24 V is used to operate the motor. Determine:
a) the starting torque generated by the motor just as the voltage is applied.
b) the maximum speed at a torque of zero.
c) the operating point of the motor when it is connected to a load whose torque characteristic is proportional to speed with a constant of proportionality = 0.0125 N-m/(rad/sec).
Answer:
The answer is below
Explanation:
Given that:
[tex]k_t=torque\ constant=0.075\ Nm/A\\\\k_v=voltage\ constant=0.12\ V/(rad/sec)\\\\R_a=armature \ resistance=2.5 \Omega\\\\V_t=terminal\ voltage=24\ V\\\\a)The \ starting\ current\ I_a\ is\ given \ as:\\\\I_a=\frac{V_t}{R_a} =\frac{24}{2.5} =9.6\ A\\\\The \ starting\ torque(T)\ is:\\\\T=k_tI_a=0.075*9.6=0.72\ N.m[/tex]
b) The maximum speed occurs when the terminal voltage and back emf are equal to each other i.e.
[tex]V_t=e_b=k_v\omega\\\\\omega=\frac{V_t}{k_v}=\frac{24}{0.12} =200\ rad/s[/tex]
c) The load torque is given as:
[tex]T_L=0.0125\Omega\\\\The\ motor\ torque \ is:\\\\T=k_t(\frac{V_t-k_v\omega}{R_a} )\\\\but\ T = T_L,hence:\\\\0.0125\omega=0.075(\frac{24-0.12\omega}{2.5} )\\\\0.03125\omega=1.8-0.009\omega\\\\0.04025\omega=1.8\\\\\omega=44.72\ rad/sec\\\\N=\frac{60\omega}{2\pi} =\frac{60*44.72}{2\pi} =427\ rpm[/tex]
What kind of job does mike have? Mike’s job is to study blueprints, evaluate product stability, and to examine the safety of products. Mike’s works as a/n blank engineer with a manufacturing company.
Answer: a drafting engineer
Explanation:
Martha has been running a small business for two years. She now seeks additional investment to finance her business. She has found potential investors who want to check how much Martha's business owns and owes others. Which financial statement should Martha provide to her investors? A. cash flow statement B. balance sheet C. trial balance D. journal
Answer:
The correct option is B) Balance Sheet
Explanation:
A Balance Sheet offers a description of a company's obligations, assets, and investments as well as net income over a given span of time such as a period of 6 months or 12 months, for instance.
Also known as the Statement of Financial Position, it contains sufficient information for investors and business owners to determine the company's financial performance in that period as well as to compare the performance of that company with industry norms or competition.
Cheers
Compute the number of kilograms of hydrogen that pass per hour through a 5-mm-thick sheet of palladium having an area of 0.20 m^2 at 500°C. Assume a diffusion coefficient of 1.0 x 10^8 m^2 /s, that the concentrations at the high- and low-pressure sides of the plate are 2.4 and 0.6 kg of hydrogen per cubic meter of palladium, and that steady-state conditions have been attained.
Answer:
The answer is "[tex]\bold{ 259.2 \times 10^{11} }[/tex]".
Explanation:
The amount of kilograms, which travel in a thick sheet of hydrogen:
[tex]M= -DAt \frac{\Delta C}{ \Delta x} \\\\[/tex]
[tex]D =1.0 \times 10^{8} \ \ \ \frac{m^2}{s} \\\\ A = 0.20 \ m^2\\\\t = 1\ \ h = 3600 \ \ sec \\\\[/tex]
calculating the value of [tex]\Delta C:[/tex]
[tex]\Delta C =C_A -C_B[/tex]
[tex]= 2.4 - 0.6 \\\\ = 1.8 \ \ \frac{kg}{m^3}[/tex]
calculating the value of [tex]\Delta X:[/tex]
[tex]\Delta x = x_{A} -x_{B}[/tex]
[tex]= 0 - (5\ mm) \\\\ = - 5 \ \ mm\\\\= - 5 \times 10^{-3} \ m[/tex]
[tex]M = -(1.0 \times 10^{8} \times 0.20 \times 3600 \times (\frac{1.8}{-5 \times 10^{-3}})) \\\\[/tex]
[tex]= -(1.0 \times 10^{8} \times 720 \times (\frac{1.8}{-5 \times 10^{-3}})) \\\\= -(1.0 \times 10^{8} \times \frac{ 1296}{-5 \times 10^{-3}})) \\\\= (1.0 \times 10^{8} \times 259.2 \times 10^3)) \\\\= 259.2 \times 10^{11} \\\\[/tex]
Estimate the chronic daily intake of toluene from exposure to a city water supply that contains a toluene concentration equal to the drinking water standard of 1 mg · L−1. Assume the exposed individual is an adult female who consumes water at the adult rate for 70 years, that she abhors swimming, and that she takes a long (20 minute) bath every day. Assume that the average air concentration of toluene during the bath is 1 µg · m−3. Assume the dermal uptake from water (PC) is 9.0 × 10−6 m · h−1 and that direct dermal absorption during bathing is no more than 80% of the available toluene because she is not completely submerged. Use the EPA lifetime exposure of 75 years.
Answer: the total chronic daily intake is 0.03296 mg/ kg.d
Explanation:
First of we have to determine the CDI due to ingestion of drinking water
so
CDI = (C x IR x EF x ED) / (BW x AT) let leave this as equation 1
where C is the concentration of the life time risk of drinking water(1.0mg/L)
ED is the risk dying per year((70),
EF is the number of days per year(365 day/year)
BW is the weight of body(65.4)kg
AT is the average tenure time of life(75years)
IR = 2.3 L/days
so we substitute
CDI₁ = (1(mg/L) x 2.3(L/day) x 365 x 70) / (65.4 x 365 x 75)
= 3.29 x 10⁻² mg/kg.d
next we determine the CDI due to dermal contact with water.
find the ingestion rate which is equal to the exposure time in hour/day.
IR = ET
(20 min/day) / (60 min/hour)
= 0.333 h/day
now lets substitute for CD1₂
1.0 mg/L for C , 0.333 h/day for m , 365 day/year for EF, 70 year for ED, 65.4 kg for Bw , and 75 year for AT
0.8 for submergence and 1.69m² for area of skin of adult female in our equation 1
CDI₂ = [(1 mg/1) × (1.69 m²) × (9.0 x 10⁻⁶(m/h)) × 0.333(h/day) x 365 x 70)) / (65.4 x 365 x 75)] × ( 0.8 x 10³ L/m³)
CDI₂ = 5.41 x 10⁻⁵ mg/kg.d
now we find the CDI due to inhalation during bath
we substitute 1.0 mg/L for C, 11.3m³/day for IR , 365 day/year for EF , 70 year for ED. 65.4 kg for BW , and 75 year for AT in our equation 1
CDI₃ = [( 1ug/m³ × 1mg/10³ug) x (11.3m³/day x 1day/24 hr) x 365 x 70)] / (65.4 kg x 365 x 75 )
= 6.71 x 10⁻⁶ mg/kg.d
finally we Calculate the total chronic daily intake value
CDI_total = CDI₁ + CDI₂ + CDI₃
we substitute
CDI_total = 3.29 x 10⁻² + 5.41 x 10⁻⁵ + 6.71 x 10⁻⁶
= 0.03296 mg/kg.d
so the total chronic daily intake is 0.03296 mg/ kg.d
The site earthwork in Phase III of Four Hills Landfill project included a 3.0 ft deep cut across an entire 2.5-acre site. Soil was excavated from within the proposed Phase III footprint. The average unit weight of this soil is 118 lb/ft3, and the average moisture content is 9.6%. It also has a maximum dry unit weight of 122 lb/ft3 and an optimum moisture content of 11.1%, based on the modified Proctor test. The excavated soil will be placed on a nearby site and compacted to an average relative compaction of 93%. Compute the volume of fill that will be produced and express your answer in cubic yards.
Answer: 11470.4 cubic yards
Explanation:
first we calculate the volume of the site;
V1 = Area × depth
V1 = 2.5 acre × (43560 ft² / 1 acre )×3ft
V1 = 326700 ft
next we is the relative compaction
RC = [γd(field) / γdmax(laboratory)] × 100
so we substitute
93 = [γd(field) / 122 lb/ft³)] × 100
γd(field) = 113.46 lb/ft³
then the dry unit weight of the site
γday1 = γavg / ( 1 + w)
= 118 lb/ft³ / ( 1 + (9.6/100))
= 118 lb/ft³ /1.096
= 107.664 lb/ft³
finally we find the fill volume of the site
V2/V1 = γd / γd(field)
we substitute
V2/326700 = 107.664 / 113.46
V2 = 310010.83 ft³
we convert to cubic yards
= 310010.83 ft³ × (0.037 cubic yard / 1 ft³)
= 11470.4 cubic yards