The smallest unit is the cell; tissues are made up of groups of similar cells; organs are composed of groups of various tissues; organ systems are composed of groups of organs, and multicellular organisms are made up of these components.
Cells, tissues, and organs are lower levels of organization in multicellular organisms. Organ systems and creatures come next after these. Since unicellular creatures only have one cell and no further tissue or levels, these levels are absent in them.
What constitutes a multicellular organism's primary level of organization?Atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and the human organism are the main levels of organization in the body, going from the simplest to the most complex.
Multicellular organisms need levels of organization because their cells are divided into groups that perform functions like respiration, reproduction, digestion, cardiovascular function, and other metabolism functions.
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Red blood cells add a(n)? group to any entering glucose molecule, which prevents the glucose from passing back across the membrane. listen to the complete question
Red blood cells add a phosphate group to any entering glucose molecule, which prevents the glucose from passing back across the membrane.
Red blood cells, additionally called red cells, pink blood corpuscles, haematids, erythroid cells or erythrocytes, are the maximum common form of blood mobile and the vertebrate's foremost way of handing over oxygen to the body tissues through blood go with the go with the flow via the circulatory system. pink blood cells supply oxygen from our lungs to the relaxation of our our bodies. Then they make the pass again journey, taking carbon dioxide lower back to our lungs to be exhaled.
A low RBC rely wide variety, also referred to as anemia, can have an effect on the body's potential to transport oxygen and vitamins across the cardiovascular system. it could purpose fatigue, dizziness, and coronary heart palpitations. The maximum common shape of anemia is iron deficiency anemia. this will end result from blood loss, malnutrition, or kidney troubles.
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5.if a farmer sprays a pesticide in a field and kills half of the insect pests, he has caused a reduction ________.
If a farmer sprays a pesticide in a field and kills half of the insect pests, he has caused a reduction in population size.
In the field of ecology, we can describe population size as the number of organisms of a species in a population.
The population size of a species will increase if the conditions in an ecosystem are favorable for its survival. The population size of a species will decrease if the conditions in an ecosystem are no longer favorable for its survival.
Pesticides are chemicals that are used for the killing of pests in a field. When a farmer sprays a pesticide, which results in the population of an insect pest reducing to half, then this means that the population size of the insect pest has decreased or reduced.
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Use the words to fill in the blanks.
stomach, chewed, food, energy, rectum
liver, mouth, small, intestine, waste, saliva
large, intestine, digestion, system, swallow, tongue
pharynx, acid, absorbed, liquids, esophagus
All animals need to eat 1)_____ to get 2)______ to live. But in order to use this food, they have to break it down in a process called 3)________ . And so, all animals have a group of connected organs called the digestive 4) _______ .
In humans, the process of digestion begins in the 5) ________ where food is 6) _______ into small pieces by the teeth. The 7) ________ helps by moving these pieces around. The pieces by covered by 8) ________ or spit. The saliva makes the food slippery so that is easier to 9) _______. It also helps to break down the food.
One the food is swallow, it passes through the 10) _______ which is like a gate that sends food into the 11) ________ and air into lungs. The food travels down the esophagus and into the 12) ________. Once in the stomach the food is mixed with 13) ______ and crashed some more.
After spending some time in the stomach, the food is sent into the 14) ______ where nutrients are 15) _______. The 16) ______ helps by producing some digestive juices called bile. Next, the remaining food goes into the 17) ______ where the 18) _______ are absorbed.
The remaining food is called 19) _______ and it is pushed into the 20) _______ where it waits
before leaving the body.
Return to Figure 7.9 , and circle a patch of plasma membrane that is coming from a vesicle involved in exocytosis.
Exocytosis is an active transport through which different substances are taken in vesicles to the cell membrane and expelled to the extracellular space. Vesicle membrane and cell membrane fuse during this process.
What is exocytosis?
Exocytosis is an active transport process that involves vesicles or vacuoles.
During this process, secretion compounds accumulate within the vesicle and migrate toward the plasmatic membrane.
Secretion compounds might be exportation molecules or cell wastes.
Once the vesicle reaches the cellular surface, its membrane fuses with the cellular membrane through lipidic rearrangement, and its content is expelled from the cell to the exterior.
In the attached files you will find Figure 7.9 and the patch of plasma membrane that is coming from a vesicle involved in exocytosis.
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In a controlled experiment, researchers manipulate one variable at a time. What was the variable manipulated in this study? Why did the researchers use more than one hamster for each procedure? What traits of the individual hamsters would likely have been held constant among the treatment groups?
The variable that is manipulated in an experiment is called an independent variable.
What is an independent variable?Any attribute that can have varying values, including height, age, temperature, or diagnostic testing, is referred to be a variable in research. To assess the causality of links, researchers frequently modify or quantify dependent and independent variables in studies.
The cause is the independent variable. Its value is unaffected by other research factors.The effect is the dependent variable. Modifications in the independent variable affect its value.Therefore, the manipulated variable is called an independent variable.
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The supporting infrastructure for the brain to carry out its directives and relay essential information includes?
The supporting infrastructure for the brain to carry out its directives and relay essential information is neuron.
What is the supporting infrastructure for the brain to carry out its directives?The supporting infrastructure for the brain to carry out its directives and relay essential information is neurons which is spread throughout the body like a network. The main function of neuron is to built the connection from the brain to the whole body of an organism.
The spinal cord is also very important part which connects the upper part of the body brain with the lower part of the body. The spinal cord is very important part of central nervous system which gives and receives the commands from the sensory neurons.
So we can conclude that the supporting infrastructure for the brain to carry out its directives and relay essential information is neuron.
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A game warden found a deer in the woods that had been shot. the carcass of the deer had its antlers removed and was found 35 days after the hunting season began. insects found on the carcass were the adult cheese skipper and pupal cases of the blowfly. the daily average temperature was 77 degrees f and 25 degrees c. use the information found within this lesson to calculate how long ago the deer was shot. was the deer shot before or during deer season? defend your answer and tell how you came up with your calculations.
Yes, the deer was killed during the hunting season. The possible reasons are listed below using forensic entomology.
The study of insects and other arthropods for forensic purposes is known as forensic entomology. Insects are drawn to the decaying carcass from the beginning and may lay their eggs there. The forensic entomologist may learn a lot from the living and dead insects they find at the scene of a crime, including the time and place the crime occurred, whether drugs were administered to the victim, and in murder cases, the time since the victim's death and how long the body had been there.
First to appear is the blowfly, where we can only see pupal cases, indicating that the deer has been slain for more than 16 days. Cheese skippers only have an impact when protein is decaying. The deer may therefore be killed during in the hunting season.Learn more about forensic entomology
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black fur and black eyes black fur and red eyes white fur and black eyes white fur and red eyes predicted fraction /16 /16 /16 /16
According to the question, the parental genotypes for this given cross are heterozygous dominant (BbEe) and homozygous recessive (bbee). Among the given alleles, the representation is as follows:
B indicates the black fur dominant trait.b indicates white fur recessive. E illustrates black eyes as dominant.e represents red eyes recessive.What is Genotype?Genotype may be defined as the ultimate combination of alleles of those genes which are selected for specific studies.
After mating the above two parental genotypes, the genotypes of their offspring are demonstrated with the help of the Punnett square.
BBEE / BbEe / BbEE / BBEe determine black fur and black eyesBbee / BBee determines black fur and red eyesbbee determines white fur and red eyesbbEe / bbEE determines white fur and black eyesAfter visualizing the whole Punnett square, the probability of all sorts of genotypes with respect to their phenotypes are as follows:
Black fur and black eyes, BbEe must be 4/16 Black fur and red eyes, Bbee must be 4/16White fur and black eyes, bbEe must be 4/16White fur and red eyes, bbee must be 4/16Therefore, the ratio or the number of each phenotype with respect to their genotypes is well described above.
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Your question seems incomplete. The most probable complete question is as follows:
Cross a parent that is homozygous recessive for both traits (bbee) with a dihybrid (BbEe). First, draw a Punnett square in your notes. For each offspring in the Punnett square, determine the phenotype. In other words, what are the fur color and eye color? Finally, use that information to fill in the predicted fraction of each phenotype in the data table below. Predict Results with Linked Genes Black Fur and Black Eyes Black Fur and Red Eyes White Fur and Black Eyes White Fur and Red Eyes Predicted Fraction /16 /16 /16 /16
Most organic molecules are made up of smaller units that bond to form larger molecules called
A hydrocarbons
B macromolecules
C micromolecules
Any process known as polymerization occurs when relatively small molecules, known as monomers, chemically combine to create a very big chainlike or network molecule, known as a polymer. The molecules that make up the monomer could all be the same or could stand in for two, three, or more different substances.
Large molecules known as macromolecules are composed of monomers, which can be either organic (such as lipids and proteins) or inorganic (such as rubber and diamond).
More atoms make up macromolecules than there are in regular molecules. For instance, a polyethylene molecule, a type of plastic, can have up to 2,500 methylene groups, each of which is made up of two hydrogen atoms and one carbon atom.
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some bacteria live in deep sea vents where no light penetrates, yet are still capable of producing their own reduced carbon. these organisms are classified as choose one: a. photoheterotrophs. b. chemoheterotrophs. c. chemoautotrophs. d. photoautotrophs.
The bacteria that live in deep sea vents where no light penetrates, yet are still capable of producing their own reduced carbon are classified as chemoautotrophs.
Chemoautotrophs are the class of organisms that use inorganic chemical reactions as the source of energy to produce organic compounds by using carbon dioxide. As they live in deep sea vents or other regions where light generally does not reach, they do not use light energy instead they use the energy obtained from the oxidation of the inorganic compounds to convert carbon dioxide into the necessary organic compounds.
Photoautotrophs are the class of organisms that cannot live in areas where light does not penetrate as they require light for energy production by photosynthesis.
Photoheterotrophs and chemoheterotrophs cannot synthesize their own products and are dependent on other plants and organisms to meet their energy and nutrition requirements.
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What is paleopathology?
A) The study of how primates such as apes and monkeys are related to the
development of human beings.
B) The study of human of skeletons to determine the presence of disease or
injuries.
C) The scientific study of the human skeleton.
D)The study of the development of life on earth including plants and animals.
Answer:
B) The study of human of skeletons to determine the presence of disease or injuries.
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If you cross rryy and rryy pea plants, what percent of the offspring will have round yellow peas? r=round, r=wrinkled, y=yellow, y=green
In complete dominance, the dominant allele always hides the expression of the recessive allele when both of them are present in the genotype. 50% of the progeny will have rounded and yellow peas.
What is complete dominance?
Complete dominance is one of the inheritance patterns. It is the interaction between two or more alleles of a gene.
When different alleles are composing the genotype (heterozygous) and one of them masks entirely the expression of the other allele, we talk about complete dominance.
Heterozygous individuals only express the phenotype coded by the dominant allele while the recessive allele remains hidden.
In thee xposed example we have two genes that express complete dominance, and we need to consider it when answering the question.
Gene for shape
Dominant allele → R → codes for rounded seedsRecessive allele → r → codes for wrinkled seedsGene for color
Dominant allele → Y → codes for yellow seedsRecessive allele → y → codes for green seeds
Cross: We need to cross two plants. One of them has rounded and yellow seeds. The other one has rounded and green seeds.
Parentals) RrYy x RRyy
Gametes) RY, rY, Ry, ry Ry, Ry, Ry, Ry
Punnett square) RY rY Ry ry
Ry RRYy RrYy RRyy Rryy
Ry RRYy RrYy RRyy Rryy
Ry RRYy RrYy RRyy Rryy
Ry RRYy RrYy RRyy Rryy
F1) Genotype
4/16 = 1/4 = 25% of the progeny is expected to be RRYy
4/16 = 1/4 = 25% of the progeny is expected to be RrYy
4/16 = 1/4 = 25% of the progeny is expected to be RRyy
4/16 = 1/4 = 25% of the progeny is expected to be RrYy
Phenotye
8/16 = 1/2 = 50% of the progeny is expected to have rounded and yellow seeds ⇒ R- Y-
8/16 = 1/2 = 50% of the progeny is expected to have rounded and green seeds ⇒ R- yy
50% of the progeny will have rounded and yellow peas.
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tfh-cell-derived interleukin 21 sustains effector cd8 t cell responses during chronic viral infection
Abstract. Interleukin 21 (IL-21), which is produced by CD4+ T cells, maintains CD8+ T cell responses during persistent viral infection, but the helper subset that bestows this protection is still unknown. To ascertain the heterogeneity of IL-21+CD4+ T cells during LCMV clone 13 infection, we used scRNA and ATAC-seq methods in this case. A crucial anti-inflammatory cytokine.
Interleukin (IL)-10 controls the immune system's reactions to microbial antigens negatively. Maintaining the intestinal microbe-immune balance requires IL-10 in particular. Monocytes, macrophages, endothelial cells, and CD4 helper T lymphocytes are responsible for the majority of interleukins' synthesis. They support the growth and differentiation of hematopoietic cells, including T and B lymphocytes.
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________ are charged molecules that are partially responsible for the ________ charge of the gram-positive bacterial cell surface.
Teichoic acids are charged molecules that are partly responsible for the negative charge of the gram-positive bacterial cell surface.
What is the position of teichoic acids?Teichoic acids' primary function is to provide flexibility to the cell wall by attracting cations such as calcium and potassium. Teichoic acids can be replaced with D-alanine ester residues or D-glucosamine, resulting in zwitterionic properties for the molecule.Teichoic acids (TA) are polyglycerol phosphate-based anionic polymers found in Gram-positive bacteria CW (approximately 20–30 repeats). They are interested, among other things, in the regulation of cell morphology and cell division. They can designate up to 50% of the CW's dry weight. Teichoic acids are charged molecules that contribute to the negative charge on the surface of gram-positive bacteria.Teichoic acid is made up of linear polyol phosphate polymers that come in two varieties: wall teichoic acid (WTA) attached to wall peptidoglycan and lipoteichoic acid (LTA) linked to membrane lipids.To learn more about teichoic acids, refer
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The measurements taken at Mauna Loa represent average atmospheric CO₂ concentrations for the Northern Hemisphere. Suppose you could measure CO₂ concentrations under similar conditions in the Southern Hemisphere. What pattern would you expect to see in those measurements over the course of a year? Explain.
The CO2 concentrations would be lowest in April-May and highest in September-October.
The Northern Hemisphere has an atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration that is roughly 3 ppmv higher than the Southern Hemisphere. In this study, a box model that makes the carbon cycle easier to understand is used to discuss the cause of this disparity.
As a result of the majority of CO2 sources (such as vegetation and fossil fuel burning facilities) being concentrated in the north and the majority of CO2 "sinks" (such as seas) being concentrated in the south, the northern hemisphere has higher levels of carbon dioxide.
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The first step in tissue repair involves ________. inflammation replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells formation of scar tissue proliferation of fibrous connective tissue
The first step in tissue repair involves the inflammation of the tissue and concomitant response (Option a is correct).
What is an inflammatory immune response?The inflammatory immune response is a type of response of the immune systems aimed at isolating pahtogenic agents such as viruses and bacteria that otherwise might spread across the body.
In conclusion, the first step in tissue repair involves the inflammation of the tissue and concomitant response (Option a is correct).
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which property of water helps maintain the temperature of earth
Answer: specific heat
Water regulates temperatures on Earth. The ability of water to stabilize temperature depends on its relatively high specific heat. The specific heat of a substance is defined as the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 gram of that substance to change its temperature by 1 degree Celsius.
Explanation:
What are characteristics of the pedigrees of families with mitochondrial diseases?
Mitochondrial genes are solely passed down from the mother, as opposed to nuclear genes, that are acquired from both parents. Males will not carry that on, but females will carry it on to all of their offspring, and so on, if there is a variation in such a mitochondrial gene, it is carried from a mother to all of the offspring.
Mitochondrial genes- The circular chromosome known as mitochondrial DNA may be discovered within the cellular organelles known as mitochondria. The mitochondria, which are found in the cytoplasm, are where the cell produces energy and performs other metabolic tasks. Children receive mitochondria from their mother, and as a result, mitochondrial DNA.
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WRITE ABOUT A THEME: INTERACTIONS Organisms interact with each other and the physical environment. In a short essay (100-150 words), explain how the response of diatom populations to a drop in nutrient availability can affect both other organisms and aspects of the physical environment (such as carbon dioxide concentrations).
Diatoms are single-celled algae that form distinctive and beautiful cell walls from silica. They are widely distributed throughout the upper layers of the world's oceans, and can also be found in freshwater or humid environments such as the underside of plants. When nutrients are plentiful, large diatoms predominate at the trophic level of the producer, and copepods replace their diet of ciliated protists with diatoms. When nutrient levels are low, the proliferation of small algae outnumbers that of large diatoms, so copepods switch their diet and switch to feeding on ciliates.
What is the main characteristic of diatoms?The main morphological characteristic of diatoms is the cell wall impregnated with silica (SIO2. nH2O), surrounded by a thin layer of organic matter, known as FRUSTULA.
Whit this information we can conclude that When nutrient levels are low, the proliferation of small algae outnumbers that of large diatoms, so copepods switch their diet and switch to feeding on ciliates.
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A model of a biological process is shown.
What is the purpose of this process?
Answer:
The group of ribosomes bound to an mRNA molecule to synthesize multiple polypeptide chains to build up lots of protein.
Explanation:
is the bond stronger between atoms in hydrogen or nitrogen gas? why?
this is science pls hurry
The bond strength between atoms in hydrogen gas is stronger than between atoms in nitrogen gas.
What is bond strength?Bond strength is the measure of the strength of a chemical bond, which is the attraction between two atoms or molecules. It is usually expressed in terms of energy, with stronger bonds having higher energies. The strength of a bond is determined by its bond order, the type of atoms forming the bond, the hybridization of the orbitals involved, and the presence of any atoms or groups of atoms in the vicinity of the bond.
This is because hydrogen atoms form covalent bonds, which are much stronger than the van der Waals forces that hold nitrogen atoms together. Covalent bonds are formed when two atoms share electrons, while van der Waals forces are weak attractions between molecules. The stronger bond in hydrogen gas makes it more likely for the atoms to stay together, while nitrogen atoms are more likely to break apart.
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Steroid and peptide hormones typically have in common a. their solubility in cell membranes. b. their requirement for travel through the bloodstream. c. the location of their receptors. d. their reliance on signal transduction in the cell.
Steroid and peptide hormones typically have in common their requirement for travel through the bloodstream. Hence, Option (B) is correct.
(A) The term peptide hormone address the class of protein hormones discharged into the circulation system through the back pituitary organ and is vital for managing energy digestion, stress, and development.
Accordingly, steroid hormones are lipid-solvent, and peptide hormones are water-dissolvable.
So, option A is incorrect.
(B) The hormones like lipid-derived and peptide hormones are discharged into the circulation system to convey messages to other body parts to bring a specific change.
Hence, hormones travel through the body's circulatory framework to transfer the message by locking objective cells.
So, option B is correct.
(C) The receptors allude to transmembrane proteins found in the cells of specific organs like inside organs, eyes, and nose. These substance structures are likewise engaged with cell actuation and flagging pathways.
In this manner, steroid hormone restriction happens with the inside cell receptor, though the limiting of peptide hormone happens with the two cell surface receptors.
Hence, option C is incorrect.
(D) The flagging system by which cell capabilities like cell division and cell separation are controlled is called signal transduction.
In this manner, just peptide hormones depend on signal transduction since transduction in steroid hormones is performed by their interior receptors.
Hence, option D is incorrect.
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could the effects of aging be partially reversed if connective tissue had the same level of regeneration as epithelial cells?
Yes, it is possible, as connective tissue deterioration causes wrinkles and other indicators of age.a fragile, loose network of fibers that supports vascular tissues and permits blood cells to circulate through the tissue.
What is connective tissue?Tissue that supports, protects, and gives structure to other human tissues and organs.
Connective tissue serves to store fat and repair damaged tissue, in addition to assisting in the movement of nutrients and other substances between tissues and organs.
Holding structures together and providing support for organs and the body as a whole, connective tissues also store fat, move substances, fend off disease, and aid in tissue healing.
Therefore, the effects of aging are partially reversed if connective tissue had the same level of regeneration as epithelial cells.
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what two 2 ways bacteria cause illness?
Answer:
by secreting or excreting toxins (as in botulism), by producing toxins internally, which are released when the bacteria disintegrate (as in typhoid), or by inducing sensitivity to their antigenic properties
Explanation:
Suppose a bird and a human both have gout. Why might reducing purine in their diets help the human much more than the bird?
Purine breakdown in humans produces uric acid, hence lowering purines in the diet frequently lessens the severity of the condition. However, uric acid is a by product of general nitrogen metabolism in birds. Because of this, they will require a diet low in all nitrogen-containing substances, not only purines.
Your body creates and degrades purines as well. Normally, your kidneys and urine serve as filters for uric acid in your body. Uric acid can accumulate in your blood if you eat too much purine or if your body can't get rid of this by product quickly enough.The hepatic enzyme urate oxidase (uricase) converts uric acid, a by product of purine metabolism, into the more highly soluble allantoin that is freely expelled in urine in most mammals.To know more about metabolism visit:
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Which professional uses practical knowledge of science to design and manufacture machines?
Answer:
Engineers.
Explanation:
My moms an engineer so I know what it is lol. I asked her to make sure first though.
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indirect effect of oxygen on kelp
The reduction of a shared competitor by one species can have a positive impact on another, which is known as indirect facilitation. Understory algae, which fight with sessile invertebrates for space in large kelp forests, suffer from shade from the giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera.
This suggests that enormous kelp may indirectly benefit sessile invertebrates by squelching understory algae.
The results of the trials showed that gigantic kelp had a detrimental impact on light availability and understory algae abundance while having a beneficial impact on the abundance of sessile invertebrates, which was consistent with an indirect effect mediated by kelp canopy shade.
Over an eight-year period, 16 locations on natural reefs off Santa Barbara, California, investigated the significance of these mechanisms to temporal variability in benthic community structure. Interannual variability in the quantity of giant kelp was strongly and favourably correlated with interannual variability in the number of understory algae and sessile invertebrates.
The size of the indirect influence of giant kelp on invertebrates was six times greater than the direct effect on invertebrates, according to an analysis of these observational data using structural equation modelling (SEM). According to the results, this system's dynamics are driven by variation in the abundance of a single species that builds structures, which has both direct and indirect effects on the species it associates.
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The sickle-cell allele most likely originated when a mutation occurred in a normal hemoglobin allele. If the trait arose in africa, where did it most likely originate?.
The sickle-cell allele most likely developed close to Kinshasa (in Congo).
Since the mutation was first discovered in Congo around Kinshasa, heterozygous persons who had it had a higher probability of surviving. These people lived, reproduced more successfully, and via migration disseminated the mutation both inside and outside of that specific community. The mutation that occured via sickle-cell allele allowed to develop a resistance against malarial parasites and thus had better chances of survival.
At a certain genomic region, an allele is one of two or more variations of the DNA sequence (a single base or a segment of nucleotides). For each genomic region with such variation, an individual inherits two alleles, one from each parent. The person is homozygous for the allele if the two alleles are the same.
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In 2011 , the United States had a population of 311 million people. If there were 14 births and 8 deaths per 1,000 people, what was the country's net population growth that year (ignoring immigration and emigration)? What would you need to know to determine whether the population of the United States is currently experiencing exponential growth?
Net population growth is 1.87 million.
Equation :In given statement If there were 14 births and 8 deaths per 1,000 people the country's net population growth that year
ΔN/Δt = bN - dN
annual per capita birth rate,
b = 14 / 1000 = 0.014
annual per capita death rate,
d = 8 / 1000 = 0.008
Net population growth =
(0.014 x 311,000,000) - (0.008 x 311,000,000)
= 1.87 million
You must ascertain whether the immediate rate exceeds 0 and if it is stable over time in order to assess whether the population is expanding exponentially.
What is net population growth ?After subtracting deaths and births, the percentage growth is known as the net reproductive rate (r). The population reproduction rate in the aforementioned scenario is 0.5% per year. Net reproductive rate (r) can be calculated as follows: r = (births-deaths)/population size, or you can multiply by 100 to get the result in percentage terms.
What does net change in population mean ?Net migration is defined as the difference between people entering into an area and those leaving the same area. The annual rate of net migration measures how quickly population sizes vary.
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Benefits of Microscopes
3. Consider the technology behind each type of microscope. Why can light microscopes produce images in their natural color, while scanning electron and transmission electron microscopes only produce grayscale images?
due by tomorrow.
Answer:
They are useful in number of ways
Explanation:
They magnifies on every object . They are 1000 times better than lines. They can magnify an object about 10000 or more than that depending on microscopes.There are many types of microscopes.
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