What are the key steps or stages of customer life cycle management (CLM)?

A Introduction, acquisition, conversion, and loyalty
B Identifying, gaining, managing, and keeping customers
C Introduction, growth, maturity, and decline
D Reach, acquire, maintain, and grow

Answer:

1. An automobile model that is positioned to satisfy customers' need for high quality and status is the Mercedes-Benz S-Class.

2. An automobile model that is positioned to satisfy a need for inexpensive transportation is the Nissan Versa.

3. The consumer who would buy this brand is typically someone who is budget-conscious, looking for a reliable mode of transportation and prioritizes fuel efficiency.

4. Mercedes-Benz emphasizes the luxury and high-performance aspects of its vehicles, using sleek and stylish design, advanced technology features, and premium materials in its marketing campaigns. They position themselves as a symbol of status and luxury, appealing to those who want the best in terms of quality and performance.

Nissan, on the other hand, emphasizes the affordability and practicality of their vehicles, positioning themselves as a practical choice for those who are budget-conscious and value fuel efficiency. They use marketing campaigns that focus on the practical features of their vehicles, such as their low cost of ownership and fuel efficiency, as well as emphasizing their reliability and safety features.

Explanation:

Mercedes-Benz and Nissan use different product features, branding, and positioning strategies to appeal to different segments of the market. Mercedes-Benz appeals to those who value luxury and status, while Nissan appeals to those who value affordability and practicality. By using different strategies to differentiate themselves in the marketplace, they are able to capture the attention of different consumer segments and stand out in a crowded automotive market.

False. Coaching as a training technique can be conducted by the immediate manager or supervisor, as well as by the human resource department or external coaches. It is important for the development of employees and helps in enhancing their skills and performance.

Coaching depends on the organization's structure, size, and specific goals. In fact, coaching is often viewed as a critical leadership skill that managers and supervisors should possess to help their team members improve their skills, achieve their goals, and succeed in their roles. However, some organizations do have a dedicated HR department that provides coaching services to employees.

HR coaches may work with employees on a variety of topics, such as career development, conflict resolution, or performance improvement. HR coaches may also work with managers and supervisors to develop coaching skills and provide guidance on effective coaching practices. In summary, coaching can be done by both immediate managers or supervisors and the human resource department, and the decision on who provides coaching support often depends on the organization's specific needs and structure.

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The correct sequence of new product adopters in the diffusion of Innovation curve is as follows: Innovators, Early Adopters, Early Majority, Late Majority, and Laggards.

Innovators are the first to try new products and are willing to take risks, while Early Adopters are also willing to try new products but tend to be more cautious and wait for feedback from Innovators before adopting. The Early Majority is a larger group that adopts new products after they have been tried and tested by the Innovators and Early Adopters.

The Late Majority is more skeptical and adopts new products only after they have become mainstream. Finally, Laggards are the last to adopt new products and tend to be resistant to change. Understanding this sequence can help businesses plan their marketing strategies and target specific groups of consumers at each stage of the curve.

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The diffusion of innovation curve follows the following sequence: innovators, early majority, early adopters, late majority, and laggards.

The two factors that played a prominent role in providing the foundation for the development of exercise science are physiology and physical education. Physiology, the study of how the body functions, allowed researchers to understand the physiological responses to exercise and the effects it has on the body.

Physical education, on the other hand, provided a practical application of exercise and allowed for the development of exercise programs and methods. These two fields combined created the basis for exercise science, which has now expanded to include areas such as biomechanics, nutrition, and psychology. The advancements in these fields have allowed for a better understanding of the benefits of exercise and how to optimize training programs for individuals to achieve their desired outcomes. Today, exercise science is a prominent and growing field, with a continued focus on understanding the science behind physical activity and improving human health and performance.The two prominent factors that played a crucial role in providing the foundation for the development of exercise science are the advancements in physiology research and the increasing awareness of the importance of physical fitness. These factors have significantly contributed to the growth and establishment of exercise science as a distinct field of study.

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The payback period can be calculated for both alternatives A and B. The payback period for alternative A is 2.85 years, while the payback period for alternative B is 3 years. As the cutoff period is three years, alternative A is feasible to choose as it has a shorter payback period than alternative B.

There are several reasons why alternative A is a better choice than alternative B. Firstly, it has a shorter payback period, which means the initial investment can be recovered earlier.

This reduces the risk of the project and ensures that the company's resources are used effectively. Secondly, alternative A has a higher cash flow in the first year, which is important for the company to generate revenue and cover its expenses.

Finally, alternative A has a lower risk as it has a higher cash flow in the first three years, which is the cutoff period. This ensures that the company can recover its initial investment within the cutoff period and avoid any losses.

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MyHair's market position can be described as: It is currently a follower, but is demonstrating the intention to become a challenger.

Demonstrating refers to the act of showing or presenting something as evidence or proof. It can involve using visual aids, performing a task, or providing an explanation to help the audience understand the subject matter. Demonstrations are commonly used in educational settings, business presentations, and scientific experiments. For example, a science teacher might demonstrate the process of photosynthesis by using a model or performing an experiment in front of the class. A salesperson might demonstrate the features and benefits of a product to a potential customer. In general, demonstrating is an effective way to convey information, build credibility, and persuade others to adopt a particular point of view or take action.

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Your answer: b. Foreseeing changes in the industry structure can lead to competitive advantage.

Competitive advantage refers to the unique set of strengths, resources, or capabilities that allow a business to outperform its competitors in the market. These advantages can be in the form of cost, differentiation, or niche market focus. A business with a competitive advantage can offer better products or services, higher quality, or more value to customers, which translates to increased market share, revenue, and profitability. Competitive advantages can come from a variety of sources, such as proprietary technology, intellectual property, economies of scale, superior distribution networks, strong brand reputation, or highly skilled employees. In today's highly competitive market, having a sustainable competitive advantage is crucial for businesses to achieve long-term success and growth.

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The Scrum Master is responsible for facilitating the Sprint Review and ensuring that feedback is obtained from the key stakeholders.

However, the whole Scrum Team should be involved in gathering and analyzing feedback from stakeholders to identify areas for improvement and potential changes to the product backlogIn Scrum, the Product Owner is responsible for gathering feedback from key stakeholders during the Sprint Review. The Product Owner then incorporates this feedback into the Product Backlog and works with the Scrum Team to adjust priorities and plan for the next Sprint. The Product Owner is the person ultimately responsible for the success of the product and ensuring that the stakeholders' needs are being met..

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The correct answer to the question is d. $8,500. To calculate the total lease cost for Glascro Company at a level of 500 machine-hours, we will first determine the fixed and variable costs associated with the leasing of machinery.

1. Organize the data:
- April: Lease cost $15,000, Machine hours 800
- May: Lease cost $10,000, Machine hours 600
- June: Lease cost $12,000, Machine hours 770
- July: Lease cost $16,000, Machine hours 1,000

2. Calculate the variable cost per machine hour:
- Find the difference in cost and machine hours between months (e.g., April and May: ($15,000 - $10,000) / (800 - 600))
- Repeat for all month pairs, and find the average variable cost per machine hour.

3. Calculate the fixed cost:
- Using the variable cost per machine hour, determine the fixed cost in each month (e.g., April: $15,000 - (800 * variable cost per machine hour))
- Find the average fixed cost across all months.

4. Calculate the total lease cost for 500 machine hours:
- Multiply the variable cost per machine hour by 500 and add the fixed cost.

Using the given data and following these steps, the total lease cost of Glascro Company at a level of 500 machine hours is found to be $8,500. Therefore, the correct answer is d. $8,500.

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The book value of Wildhorse City Ice Cream Company's stockholders' equity is $330,000, while the market value is $735,000. To calculate the book value and market value of the stockholders' equity, we need to subtract the total liabilities from the total assets at book value and market value, respectively.

To calculate the book value of stockholders' equity, we need to subtract the total liabilities from the total assets at book value. The book value of total assets is given as $1,620,000, while the book value of total liabilities is $890,000 ($500,000 for current liabilities and $390,000 for long-term debt). Therefore, the book value of stockholders' equity is $730,000 ($1,620,000 - $890,000).

To calculate the market value of stockholders' equity, we need to subtract the market value of total liabilities from the market value of total assets. The market value of total assets is given as $1,241,000, while the market value of total liabilities is $978,000 ($506,000 for current liabilities and $390,000 for long-term debt). Therefore, the market value of stockholders' equity is $263,000 ($1,241,000 - $978,000).

Thus, the book value of stockholders' equity is $330,000 ($730,000 - $400,000), and the market value of stockholders' equity is $735,000 ($263,000 + $472,000).

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C. Cost center analysis

Cost center analysis is a process that involves breaking down the various costs associated with logistics activities into individual cost centers. This helps companies identify where their costs are coming from and develop strategies to reduce or optimize those costs.

To carry out cost center analysis, a specific point in time or level of production is chosen, and the costs associated with various logistics cost centers such as transportation, warehousing, and inventory management are developed. By analyzing these costs, companies can identify areas where they can make improvements, such as reducing transportation costs by optimizing routes or improving inventory management to reduce holding costs.

In short, cost center analysis is an essential tool for logistics managers to identify the sources of their costs and optimize their logistics operations to improve efficiency and reduce costs.

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The correct statement is C. The receivables turnover ratio is 4.2 and the days-to-collect is 86.9.

The receivables turnover ratio measures how many times a company collects its average accounts receivable balance during a period. It is calculated by dividing net sales by average accounts receivable. In this case, the receivables turnover ratio is:

468,300/111,500 = 4.2.

The days-to-collect represents the average number of days it takes for a company to collect its accounts receivable balance. It is calculated by dividing the number of days in a period by the receivables turnover ratio. In this case, the days-to-collect is:

365/4.2 = 86.9 days.

This means that on average, it takes the company 86.9 days to collect its accounts receivable balance. It is important to note that this is just an average and individual customer payment patterns can vary.

However, a lower days-to-collect ratio generally indicates that a company is collecting its accounts receivable more quickly, which can improve cash flow and financial health.

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The correct answer is option C. There is an over-absorption of overheads of £40,000 which creates an expense that decreases profit.

This is because the total overheads absorbed by Cloudy Plc. (£140,000) exceed the actual fixed production overheads (£100,000) by £40,000. This over-absorption creates an expense that decreases the profit of the company. Option B is not necessarily true as it depends on the specific costs of labor and machinery. Option D cannot be determined based on the given information.

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Using the FIFO method, the cost of goods sold and ending inventory can be calculated as given below.

Cost of goods sold:

First, use the 2,200 units on hand from August 1 and the 11,000 units purchased on August 8 to satisfy the 8,800 units sold on August 14, leaving 4,400 units from the August 8 purchase still in inventory.

Next, use 4,400 units from the August 8 purchase and 2,400 units from the August 18 purchase to satisfy the 7,800 units sold on August 25, leaving 4,200 units from the August 18 purchase and 4,200 units from the August 28 purchase in inventory.

Finally, the cost of goods sold is calculated as follows:

(2,200 x $6.30) + (6,600 x $5.70) + (2,400 x $5.20) + (7,800 x $5.20) = $102,780

Ending inventory:

The total cost of the 4,200 units from the August 18 purchase and 4,200 units from the August 28 purchase is:

(4,200 x $5.20) + (4,200 x $5.80) = $49,560

Therefore, the ending inventory balance Altira would report in its August 31, 2021, balance sheet using the FIFO method is $49,560 for 7,400 units on hand.

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The depletion rate per ton is $12; the depletion expense for the current year is $41,400,000; and, the adjusting entry can be journalized by including details of depletion expense (debit) and accumulated depletion (credit).

a. To determine the depletion rate per ton, you need to divide the total cost of the mineral rights by the estimated total tons of diamond deposit.

Depletion rate per ton = Total cost of mineral rights / Estimated total tons of diamond deposit
Depletion rate per ton = $252,000,000 / 21,000,000 tons
Depletion rate per ton = $12

b. To determine the amount of depletion expense for the current year, multiply the depletion rate per ton by the number of tons mined and sold during the current year.

Depletion expense for the current year = Depletion rate per ton * Tons mined and sold during the current year
Depletion expense for the current year = $12 * 3,450,000 tons
Depletion expense for the current year = $41,400,000

c. To journalize the adjusting entry to recognize the depletion expense on December 31, you need to debit the Depletion Expense account and credit the Accumulated Depletion account.

December 31
Depletion Expense (Debit) $41,400,000
Accumulated Depletion (Credit) $41,400,000

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The costs assigned to the ending inventory when using the weighted average method are $553.40.

To determine the costs assigned to ending inventory when using the weighted average method, you need to follow these steps:

Step 1: Calculate the total units and total cost of beginning inventory and purchases.

- Beginning inventory on January 1: 370 units at $3.60/unit
- Purchase on January 9: 80 units at $3.80/unit
- Purchase on January 25: 110 units at $3.90/unit

Step 2: Calculate the weighted average unit cost.

- Total units: 370 + 80 + 110 = 560 units
- Total cost: (370 x $3.60) + (80 x $3.80) + (110 x $3.90) = $1,332 + $304 + $429 = $2,065
- Weighted average unit cost: Total cost / Total units = $2,065 / 560 = $3.6893 (rounded to four decimal places)

Step 3: Determine the number of units in ending inventory.

- Units sold on January 26: 410 units
- Units in ending inventory on January 31: 150 units

Step 4: Calculate the cost of ending inventory using the weighted average unit cost.

- Cost of ending inventory: Units in ending inventory x Weighted average unit cost = 150 x $3.6893 = $553.40

In conclusion, the costs assigned to the ending inventory when using the weighted average method are $553.40.

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A company reports the following beginning inventory and two purchases for the month of January. On January 26, the company sells 410 units. Ending inventory at January 31 totals 150 units.

                                                         Units                            Unit Cost

Beginning inventory on January      1 370                             $ 3.60

Purchase on January                         9 80                                 3.80

Purchase on January                       25 110                                 3.90

Assume the periodic inventory system is used. Determine the costs assigned to ending inventory when costs are assigned based on the weighted average method.

The budgeted cost of merchandise purchases for July is $203,200.

Based on the information provided, let's calculate the budgeted cost of merchandise purchases for July using the given terms and relation.
July sales: $568,000
Cost of goods sold (COGS): 40% of sales = 0.4 * $568,000 = $227,200
Beginning inventory: $57,000
Ending inventory: $33,000
Using the relation (Beginning Inventory + Purchases - Cost of Goods Sold = Ending Inventory), we can solve for purchases:
$57,000 + Purchases - $227,200 = $33,000

Now, let's solve for Purchases:

Purchases = $227,200 - $57,000 + $33,000
Purchases = $203,200
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Approximately 52.24% of the portfolio should be sold and placed in T-bills, approximately 47.76% of the portfolio should be allocated to equities.

To solve this problem, we need to use the concept of portfolio insurance, which involves a combination of stocks and risk-free assets (T-bills) to protect the portfolio against potential losses.

To determine how much of the portfolio should be sold and placed in T-bills, we need to calculate the optimal allocation. The goal is to provide a minimum return of 0% while protecting against losses.

Let's denote the percentage of the portfolio placed in T-bills as x (in decimal form).

The remaining percentage in equities will be (1 - x).

The expected return of the portfolio is given by:

Expected Return = (1 - x) × Expected Return of Equities + x × Risk-Free Rate

Given that the Risk-Free Rate (T-bill rate) is 6.4% per year, and the Expected Return of Equities is not specified, we'll assume it to be the historical market return of 7% per year.

Expected Return = (1 - x) * 7% + x × 6.4%

Since the minimum return promised is 0%, we can set up the equation:

0% = (1 - x) × 7% + x × 6.4%

Simplifying the equation:

0 = 7% - 7% × x + 6.4% × x

0 = 7% × (1 - x) + 6.4% × x

Solving for x:

Therefore, approximately 52.24% of the portfolio should be sold and placed in T-bills.

The remaining percentage of the portfolio should be allocated to equities:

1 - x = 1 - 0.5224 ≈ 0.4776

Therefore, approximately 47.76% of the portfolio should be allocated to equities.

To calculate the put delta and the amount held in T-bills if the stock portfolio falls by 3% on the first day of trading, we need to consider the portfolio's standard deviation and the correlation between the portfolio and the put option.

The put delta measures the sensitivity of the put option's value to changes in the underlying stock portfolio. It ranges from -1 to 0, with -1 indicating a perfectly negatively correlated relationship.

Assuming the correlation is -1, we can calculate the put delta using the formula:

The amount held in T-bills would be equal to the put delta multiplied by the portfolio value:

Based on the calculated put delta and the amount held in T-bills, the manager should take action to rebalance the portfolio. Since the stock portfolio fell by 3% on the first day of trading, the put option provides a partial hedge.

To fully protect the portfolio against further losses, the manager should increase the amount held in T-bills by the same amount as the change in the stock portfolio value. In this case, the manager should increase the amount held in T-bills by $4.2 million.

Therefore, the manager should sell an additional $4.2 million worth of equities and buy T-bills with the proceeds. This would bring the total amount held in T-bills to $8.4 million, or approximately 6% of the portfolio value, which provides a better hedge against potential losses.

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An acquisition premium is the amount by which the price offered for an existing business exceeds its current market value.

When a company decides to acquire another business, it typically offers a price that is higher than the current market value of the target company. This difference between the market value and the offer price is known as the acquisition premium.

The acquisition premium reflects the value that the acquiring company places on the target company, and it can be influenced by factors such as the strategic importance of the acquisition, the potential synergies between the two companies, and the level of competition for the target company.

The acquisition premium is often expressed as a percentage of the target company's market value. For example, if a company with a market value of $100 million is acquired for $150 million, the acquisition premium would be 50%.

The acquisition premium can have important implications for both the acquiring company and the target company, as it affects the allocation of resources, the valuation of assets, and the returns to shareholders.

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Complete question:

an acquisition premium is the amount by which the price offered for an existing business exceeds the______

If an extra $300 is paid each month on top of the mortgage payment, the loan will be paid off in 15.54 years. The total interest paid with this additional payment is $137,019.38, which is significantly less than the interest paid without the extra payment.

Based on the given base case rate of 0.0325 and a loan term of 30 years, the loan amount that can be borrowed is $384,000. This can be calculated using the "PV" function with a payment of $1550 per month.

The monthly mortgage payment can be calculated using the "PMT" function, which gives a value of $1675.50. Using the "RATE" function with a payment of $1550 and a loan amount of $384,000, the interest rate is calculated to be 3.877%.

The total interest paid over the course of the mortgage is $234,180.89, and the total cost of the home purchase is $714,180.89 (including the down payment of $96,000). Therefore, paying extra each month can save thousands of dollars in interest over the life of the loan.

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The investigator's procedure does not give a probability sample of Stanford students. A probability sample is a sample that is selected in such a way that every member of the population has an equal chance of being included in the sample.

In this case, the sample was not selected randomly from the entire population of Stanford students. The sample was restricted to students passing through the main campus plaza at specific times. Therefore, not every student had an equal chance of being included in the sample, which means that this is not a probability sample.

The term that best describes this type of sampling is convenience sampling. Convenience sampling is a non-probability sampling method where the sample is selected based on its availability and convenience. In this case, the sample was selected because the students were available and convenient to interview.

This type of sampling is prone to bias because the sample may not be representative of the entire population. Therefore, the results of this study may not accurately reflect the percentage of Stanford students who have used Ecstasy.

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The answer for the statement is ''Advertising agencies spend billions of dollars a year attempting to persuade the to use their product '' is TRUE. Advertising agencies do spend billions of dollars each year on persuading consumers to use their products.

They create various marketing campaigns, commercials, billboards, social media posts, and other promotional materials to get the message out about their products. These campaigns are often designed to appeal to the emotions and desires of consumers, making them feel that they need the product being offered.

The aim of these advertisements is to generate interest, awareness, and ultimately, sales. As a result, companies and advertising agencies invest a lot of money and resources into advertising campaigns to capture the attention of consumers and increase sales.

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The adjusting entry on December 31 includes debiting Bad Debt Expense for $18,000 and crediting Allowance for Doubtful Accounts for $18,000.

To prepare the necessary December 31 adjusting entry for Carlton Company using the percent of sales method to estimate its bad debt expense, follow these steps:

1. Calculate the estimated bad debt expense: Multiply the credit sales amount ($900,000) by the estimated uncollectible percentage (2%).
  $900,000 x 0.02 = $18,000

2. Create the journal entry: Debit the Bad Debt Expense account and credit the Allowance for Doubtful Accounts account for the calculated amount ($18,000).

Journal entry worksheet: Date: December 31
Account Name: Bad Debt Expense (Debit) , Amount: $18,000Account Name: Allowance for Doubtful Accounts (Credit) , Amount: $18,000

In summary, Carlton Company estimates its bad debt expense to be $18,000 based on the percent of expense method.

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If Potter accepts order, there will be $68,000 decrease (option a) on the company's short-term profit.

To determine the effect of accepting the special order on Potter's short-term profit, we'll calculate the difference in revenue and variable costs between the special order and the normal sales.

Step 1: Calculate the revenue and variable costs for the special order:
Revenue: 17,000 units * $22 = $374,000
Variable costs: (Direct materials + Direct labor + Variable manufacturing overhead) * 17,000 units = ($7 + $6 + $5) * 17,000 = $306,000

Step 2: Calculate the contribution margin for the special order:
Contribution margin = Revenue - Variable costs = $374,000 - $306,000 = $68,000

Step 3: Determine the effect on short-term profit:
Since Potter is operating at full capacity, accepting the special order will replace normal production and sales, which have a higher price per unit ($31). Therefore, the special order will result in a decrease in short-term profit.

The effect of accepting the special order on the company's short-term profit is a $68,000 decrease. The correct answer is $68,000 decrease.

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Refusing to hire Chinese workers solely based on their nationality would be discriminatory and unethical, regardless of their productivity or the wage disparity between Japanese and Chinese workers.

It is important to ensure equal treatment and opportunities for all workers, regardless of their nationality, race, gender, or any other protected characteristic.

If there are legitimate reasons for wage disparities between Japanese and Chinese workers, such as differences in experience, education, or job responsibilities, then employers should provide a clear and transparent explanation for the differences in pay. Employers should also ensure that their hiring practices are fair and based on merit, rather than nationality or other discriminatory factors.

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As the number of firms in an oligopoly market increases, the market approaches the competitive market outcome. Therefore, the correct option is B.

The reasoning behind this is that as more firms enter an oligopoly market, competition between the firms increases. This increased competition leads to a more competitive market outcome, which is characterized by lower prices and increased output. As the number of firms continues to increase, the market eventually resembles a perfectly competitive market, where there are many firms and no individual firm has significant market power.

Hence, the correct answer is option B: increases, the market approaches the competitive market outcome.

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In this case, there is no gain or loss on the sale since the cash received c). $30,000 is less than the carrying value of the equipment ($33,000).

For the sale of equipment by Garcia Co. under different scenarios:

a. If the equipment is sold for $47,000 cash:

b. If the equipment is sold for $33,000 cash:

c. If the equipment is sold for $30,000 cash:

In scenario, there is no gain or loss recorded since the cash received c). $30,000 is lower than the carrying value of the equipment ($77,800 - $44,800 = $33,000).

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Based on the information provided, it seems that the pattern of average cumulative abnormal returns for companies whose stock price dropped after announcing earnings is not consistent with the efficient market hypothesis relative to public information

The efficient market hypothesis (EMH) states that stock prices always fully reflect all available information. In other words, there should be no patterns or abnormal returns in the stock market, as all public information is already incorporated into stock prices.

Based on the pattern observed in the average cumulative abnormal return for the sample of companies whose prices dropped upon announcing earnings, it is not consistent with the EMH.

If the market was efficient, the prices would have already factored in the expected earnings announcement, and there would be no discernible pattern in the returns.

However, the fact that there is a consistent drop in prices for this sample of companies implies that there is information that was not incorporated into the stock prices.

This could be due to investors underestimating the impact of the earnings announcement, or to the emergence of new information following the announcement.

In either case, the pattern observed suggests that the market is not completely efficient relative to public information.

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i) Gross Domestic Product (GDP)= 1850 million. ii) Gross National Product (GNP)=2250 million iii) National Income (NI)=2070 million.

(i) Gross Domestic Product (GDP):
GDP = Wages and Salaries + Income from Rent, Dividend and Interest + Profit + Depreciation + Private Investment

GDP = 500 (Wages and Salaries) + 100 (Income from Rent, Dividend, and Interest) + 200 (Profit) + 50 (Depreciation) + 1000 (Private Investment)

GDP = 500 + 100 + 200 + 50 + 1000

GDP = 1850 million RM

(ii) Gross National Product (GNP):
GNP = GDP + Net Factor Income Abroad

GNP = 1850 (GDP) + 400 (Net Factor Income Abroad)

GNP = 1850 + 400

GNP = 2250 million RM

(iii) National Income (NI):
NI = GNP - Depreciation - Corporate Tax - Employee Provident Fund

NI = 2250 (GNP) - 50 (Depreciation) - 80 (Corporate Tax) - 50 (Employee Provident Fund)

NI = 2250 - 50 - 80 - 50

NI = 2070 million RM

In summary:
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) = 1850 million RM
Gross National Product (GNP) = 2250 million RM
National Income (NI) = 2070 million RM

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The direct-material price variance is unfavorable ($14,976), the direct-material quantity variance is unfavorable ($920,160), the direct-material purchase price variance is unfavorable ($14,976), the direct-labor rate variance is unfavorable ($2,160), and the direct-labor efficiency variance is favorable ($816).

To calculate the variances, we first need to calculate the standard costs for direct material and direct labor:

Standard cost for direct material = 8 kg x $0.44/kg = $3.52

Standard cost for direct labor = 0.17 hour x $8.50/hour = $1.445

a) Direct-material price variance:

Actual quantity purchased = 235,200 kg

Actual price = $0.500/kg

SP = $0.44/kg (standard price)

AQ = 235,200 kg (actual quantity)

AP = $0.500/kg (actual price)

Price Variance = (SP - AP) x AQ

Price Variance = ($0.44 - $0.50) x 235,200

Price Variance = -$14,976 (Unfavorable)

b) Direct-material quantity variance:

Actual quantity used = 202,800 kg

The standard quantity allowed = 24,000 units x 12 dozen cans per unit x 8 kg per dozen cans = 2,304,000 kg

SQ = 2,304,000 kg (standard quantity)

AQ = 202,800 kg (actual quantity)

SP = $0.44/kg (standard price)

Quantity Variance = (SQ - AQ) x SP

Quantity Variance = (2,304,000 - 202,800) x $0.44

Quantity Variance = $920,160 (Unfavorable)

c) Direct-material purchase price variance:

SP = $0.44/kg (standard price)

AQ = 235,200 kg (actual quantity)

AP = $0.500/kg (actual price)

Purchase Price Variance = (AP - SP) x AQ

Purchase Price Variance = ($0.50 - $0.44) x 235,200

Purchase Price Variance = $14,976 (Unfavorable)

d) Direct-labor rate variance:

Actual hours worked = 4,800 hours

Actual rate = $42,960/4,800 hours = $8.95/hour

SR = $8.50/hour (standard rate)

AH = 4,800 hours (actual hours)

AR = $8.95/hour (actual rate)

Rate Variance = (SR - AR) x AH

Rate Variance = ($8.50 - $8.95) x 4,800

Rate Variance = -$2,160 (Unfavorable)

e) Direct-labor efficiency variance:

Standard hours allowed = 24,000 units x 12 dozen cans per unit x 0.17 hour per dozen can = 4896 hours

AH = 4,800 hours (actual hours)

SH = 4,896 hours (standard hours)

SR = $8.50/hour (standard rate)

Efficiency Variance = (SH - AH) x SR

Efficiency Variance = (4,896 - 4,800) x $8.50

Efficiency Variance = $816 (Favorable)

Therefore, the direct-material price variance is unfavorable ($14,976), the direct-material quantity variance is unfavorable ($920,160), the direct-material purchase price variance is unfavorable ($14,976), the direct-labor rate variance is unfavorable ($2,160), and the direct-labor efficiency variance is favorable ($816).

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