The criteria that the early church fathers used to determine which books formed the canon of the New Testament are as follows:
Criteria for determining which books were part of the New Testament canon During the first three centuries of the church's existence, a lot of written works circulated among the early Christian communities. However, only a few of them were considered inspired and suitable for use as sacred texts.
As a result, church leaders established a list of criteria to determine which books should be included in the canon of the New Testament.
These criteria are as follows:
Apostolic origin: A text must be directly connected to the apostles or individuals connected to them, such as Luke or Mark.
Orthodoxy: A book should be consistent with the established beliefs and practices of the Christian church.Agreement among churches: The book should be widely accepted and read by other churches.
Liturgical use: The book must be appropriate for use in church worship, such as the Gospels and other liturgical texts.
Universal acceptance: The book must be accepted by all major churches across the world.
How did the early church fathers determine which books were included in the canon of the New Testament?
The early church fathers used the above-mentioned criteria to determine which books formed the canon of the New Testament. The council of Carthage in 397 A.D. confirmed the official canon of the New Testament as we know it today.
The following books are included in the New Testament: Four Gospels (Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John), Acts of the Apostles, Twenty-one Epistles (letters), and the Book of Revelation (Apocalypse).
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One consequence of WW2 that that the United States..
A. avoided foreign conflicts
B. reduced its military spending
C. remained deeply involved in world affairs
D. returned to its isolationists tendencies
Answer:
C.
Explanation:
Look at the US now
how did racial unrest in the north affect the journey of african americans during the great migration of the early 1900s a prigraph
During the Great Migration of the early 1900s, African Americans faced racial unrest in the North, which affected their journey. Specifically, the unrest made it difficult for African Americans to find employment and housing. In some areas, they were not welcomed by white residents and faced discrimination, segregation, and even violence.
As a result, African Americans were often forced to live in cramped, segregated areas and could only find employment in low-paying jobs.
1. During the Great Migration of the early 1900s, African Americans faced racial unrest in the North.
2. This unrest made it difficult for African Americans to find employment and housing.
3. In some areas, African Americans faced discrimination, segregation, and even violence.
4. As a result, African Americans were often forced to live in cramped, segregated areas and could only find employment in low-paying jobs.
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while president, theodore roosevelt chose to label his reform proposals as the a square deal. b fair deal. c new deal. d big deal. e big stick.
Answer:
A. Square Deal
Theodore Roosevelt's domestic program, also known as the "Square Deal," sought to ensure fair bargaining for all interests, including consumers, workers, and corporations. The correct answer is B: Fair Deal.
His Fair Deal proposed legislation to regulate the food, drug, and public utility industries, and aimed to help the poor.
Theodore Roosevelt's domestic program, known as the Square Deal, was built on the three major ideas of conservation of natural resources, control of corporations, and consumer protection.
He also sought to ensure fair bargaining for all interests, leading to his Fair Deal. This proposed legislation sought to regulate the food, drug, and public utility industries, and aimed to help the poor. The correct answer is B
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between 1880 and 1930, lynch mobs murdered over 2,300 black men, women, and children whom we know of. which of these justifications was not given for the lynching of black men?
Giving a white lady a wink being too "uppity" and assaulting a white lady.
What is race and its meaning?a group of individuals with a common ancestor who can be differentiated from others by physical traits like hair color, eye and skin tone, height, etc. Race is the concept that there are different categories of people within the human species based on inherited physical and behavioral differences.
A race is a classification of people into groups that are typically regarded as distinct within a given community based on shared physical or social characteristics. The word first became widely used in the 16th century to refer to a variety of social groups, including those that were marked by close kinship ties.
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how would abraham lincolns speech a house divided have been received by the distinctive regions of the early united states?
Abraham Lincoln's speech "A House Divided" was given in 1858, at a time when the United States was facing increasing tension over the issue of slavery. The speech argued that the country could not continue to exist half-slave and half-free and that ultimately, one side would prevail over the other.
In the Northern states, the speech would have been received positively, as many people there were already opposed to slavery and saw it as a stain on the nation's ideals of freedom and equality. Abraham Lincoln's words would have reinforced their beliefs and given them hope that change was possible. In the Southern states, however, the speech would have been seen as a direct challenge to their way of life and their rights to own slaves.
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amehotep iv (akhenaten) decreed a radical change in egyptian religion by group of answer choices declaring himself a god. mandating worship of one god exclusively above the other gods. elevating a woman as head priest. abolishing the priesthood.
Amenhotep IV (Akhenaten) decreed a radical change in Egyptian religion by mandating worship of one god exclusively above the other gods. Therefore the correct option is option B.
The pharaoh, Amenhotep IV, who later renamed himself Akhenaten, made Aten the supreme God.
The Aten was depicted as the source of all life, and Akhenaten directed that it should be worshipped solely, resulting in the formation of the first monotheistic religion.
Tutankhamun's tomb is one of the most significant archaeological finds of the 20th century. The tomb of Tutankhamun, the boy king, had been undisturbed for over 3,000 years until it was discovered by archaeologist Howard Carter in November 1922.
The tomb contained an extensive collection of treasures and artefacts, providing a unique insight into ancient Egyptian life and customs. The discovery of Tutankhamun's tomb boosted interest in Egyptology and remains a significant event in the history of archaeology. Therefore the correct option is option B.
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The following question may be like this:
Amehotep iv (akhenaten) decreed a radical change in egyptian religion by group of answer choices
declaring himself a god. mandating worship of one god exclusively above the other gods. elevating a woman as head priest. abolishing the priesthood.n the late 19th and early 20th centuries, assimilation of native people to the dominant culture was conducted primarily by means of:
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, assimilation of native people to the dominant culture was conducted primarily by means of Native American boarding schools.
What were Native American boarding schools?The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) established Native American boarding schools during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. These boarding schools were intended to assimilate Native American children into mainstream American society by teaching them English, suppressing their cultural identity, and instilling Christian values.
The Native American boarding schools functioned to remove children from their families and communities, isolate them from their language and culture, and force them to adopt Euro-American values and lifestyles.
Children were typically removed from their families at a young age, and their hair was cut short upon arrival, a painful and humiliating experience for many Native American cultures that attached significant meaning to hair.
Furthermore, the children were prohibited from speaking their native languages or practicing their religious or cultural customs. Instead, they were taught English and Christianity, and their education was focused on vocational training and agricultural work.
This educational approach aimed to prepare Native American children for the “modern” world by teaching them how to farm and work in factories. Native American boarding schools had a long-term impact on Native American communities.
The students who attended the boarding schools were taught to reject their cultural heritage, which resulted in cultural loss. Furthermore, the boarding schools aimed to eliminate traditional Native American cultures, leading to the loss of indigenous knowledge and practices.
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examine sources 1, 2, and 3. who created these sources, and what does this suggest about the context and purpose of these documents> can you tell from their content who the intended audience was?
The three sources examined are created by the U.S. government to promote patriotism and inspire the population to contribute to the war effort. This suggests that the context of these documents is the United States' involvement in World War II, during which the government needed the support of its citizens to sustain the war effort.
The purpose of the sources of the government was to encourage the public to participate in the war effort through various means, such as purchasing war bonds or conserving resources through recycling.
The content of these sources is geared toward the average American, which suggests that the intended audience was the general population. The language used in the documents is simple and straightforward, making it easy for people to understand and relate to.
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what was occurring in eastern europe, particularly england and france, while the colonies were being discovered and attempted to be settled.
In eastern Europe, particularly England and France, the Age of Exploration and colonization was occurring.
This period was characterized by the sailing of explorers and settlers to newly discovered lands and their attempt to colonize and explore those areas.
During this period, a great deal of exploration and colonization was taking place in the Americas, particularly in the British colonies.
In England and France, however, rulers were primarily focused on maintaining their power and consolidating their holdings, rather than investing in overseas exploration and settlement.
As a result, very little effort was made in England and France to explore and settle the New World.
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How did w. E. B. Du Bois views on civil rights and equality differ from those of other black leaders of his era
Du Bois' views on civil rights and equality were more radical and wide-ranging than those of many other black leaders of his era, emphasizing the need for economic and social as well as political and legal equality, and calling for a more aggressive and intellectually engaged approach to achieving racial justice.
W.E.B. Du Bois' views on civil rights and equality differed from those of other black leaders of his era in several ways.First, Du Bois believed that political and legal equality were necessary but not sufficient for true racial equality. He argued that economic and social equality were also necessary, and that black Americans needed access to education, jobs, and housing to achieve true equality.
Second, Du Bois was critical of the gradualist approach favored by some black leaders, such as Booker T. Washington. Du Bois believed that gradualism would perpetuate racial inequality, and that a more aggressive approach was necessary to achieve racial justice.
Third, Du Bois believed that education and intellectual development were critical for black Americans to achieve equality. He helped to found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and its magazine, The Crisis, which promoted education and intellectual development among black Americans.
Finally, Du Bois was a vocal advocate for internationalism, believing that black Americans should be connected to broader struggles for freedom and justice around the world.
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when a record 1.25 million immigrants are processed at ellis island?
In the year 1907 Ellis Island processed around 1.25 million immigrants, hence marking the busiest year in the history of Ellis Island. On average around 1900 immigrants used to be processed daily. some Immigrants had to stay for weeks to finally enter Ellis Island.
Due to how busy the Island got and how much time it took to process every immigrant the politician and nativists made a high level of restrictions on entering and also charged a fee. This led to a decrease in the number of arrivals as compared to before.
Hence, Ellis Island is still regarded as the epitome of the arrival of most immigrants.
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The complete question is -
In what year was the record of 1.25 million immigrants processed took place in Ellis Port?
what is there in the passage quoted that could give support to the idea that world war i was both the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century?
The passage quoted supports the idea that World War I was both the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century because it references a massive global conflict that irrevocably changed the landscape of international relations.
World War I, which took place from 1914 to 1918, was a transformative event that marked a significant shift in the course of world history.
The war can be seen as a turning point between the 19th century, characterized by imperialism, nationalism, and militarism, and the 20th century, which saw the rise of new forms of political and social organization, as well as the emergence of new technologies and global conflicts.
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Marking as brainiest please help !!
How did the Treaty of Versailles lead to World War 2?
- Make an introduction paragraph
And a
- body paragraph
Read the image checklist below
The Treaty of Versailles led to World War 2 because the Germans and the allies felt that the Germans had been unfairly treated by the treaty due to the punishments and all they lost to the treaty
How did the Treaty of Versailles lead to World War 2?Introduction:The Treaty of Versailles, signed on June 28, 1919, officially marked the end of World War I. The treaty imposed heavy reparations on Germany, stripped it of its territories, and forced it to accept the sole responsibility for the war.
The treaty left Germany in a state of economic and political instability, which ultimately led to the rise of Adolf Hitler and the outbreak of World War II. In this essay, we will examine how the Treaty of Versailles contributed to the outbreak of World War II.
Body paragraph:
The Treaty of Versailles imposed harsh reparations on Germany, which included the payment of billions of dollars in damages to the Allied powers. The economic burden of these reparations, coupled with the loss of territories and resources, left Germany in a state of economic distress. Inflation soared, unemployment rates skyrocketed, and poverty became widespread. The German people felt humiliated and bitter about the terms of the treaty, and their resentment fueled the rise of extremist political parties, such as the Nazi Party, led by Adolf Hitler.
Hitler promised to restore Germany's glory and reclaim its lost territories, and his rhetoric appealed to many Germans who were eager to regain their national pride. As Hitler rose to power, he began to violate the terms of the Treaty of Versailles by rearming Germany and annexing neighboring countries, which eventually led to the outbreak of World War II.
In conclusion, the Treaty of Versailles played a significant role in the outbreak of World War II. Its harsh terms left Germany in a state of economic and political instability, which ultimately paved the way for the rise of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party.
Hitler's aggressive policies violated the terms of the treaty, leading to the eventual invasion of neighboring countries and the outbreak of war. The Treaty of Versailles serves as a reminder of the importance of finding a fair and equitable resolution to conflicts to prevent the rise of extremist ideologies and the outbreak of war.
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by 1929, the united states produced more than 40 percent of the world's manufactured goods. group of answer choices true false
The statement, by 1929, the United States produced more than 40 percent of the world's manufactured goods, is true.
The year 1929 is important for many reasons, including the fact that the United States had already begun to develop as an industrial powerhouse at that time. By 1929, the United States produced more than 40 percent of the world's manufactured goods. It is the time when the Great Depression started.
On October 29, 1929, the stock market crashed, leading to the Great Depression, which lasted for nearly a decade. The United States also led the world in many aspects of industrial production.
The following are some of the industries in which the United States was a major player in 1929:
Iron and Steel Production of machinery, particularly of machine tools (the United States was a leading exporter of machine tools)Petroleum and natural gas Production of consumer goods, including automobiles, radios, and other appliances Construction and transportation productsIn conclusion, the statement "by 1929, the united states produced more than 40 percent of the world's manufactured goods" is true. The United States was a leading player in many industries, and the country was already developing into an industrial powerhouse.
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Describe the relationship between a Lord and a Vassal in the Middle Ages.
Answer: A lord is a highly born who owned land, a vassal was someone who was granted permission of the land by the lord.
Answer:
( in short )
In the Middle Ages, the relationship between a Lord and a Vassal was a key aspect of the feudal system that governed medieval Europe. The Lord, as a landowner, would grant a portion of his land to a Vassal, who would pledge his loyalty and service to the Lord in exchange. The Vassal's duties included providing military service, financial support, and counsel to the Lord, while the Lord provided protection, infrastructure, and legal and judicial support to the Vassal.
This relationship was formalized through a ceremony known as "homage," which created a mutual obligation and dependence between the Lord and Vassal. The feudal system based on these relationships provided a structure for medieval society, allowing for the governance of vast territories and the maintenance of law and order.
Explanation:
(full explanation)
In the Middle Ages, the relationship between a Lord and a Vassal was a fundamental aspect of the feudal system that governed medieval Europe.
A Lord was a landowner who held a fief or estate, which could range in size from a small plot of land to a large territory. The Lord had the power to grant a portion of his land to a Vassal, who was typically a lesser noble or knight. In exchange for this grant of land, the Vassal would swear an oath of loyalty and service to the Lord. This relationship was formalized through a ceremony known as a "homage," where the Vassal would kneel before the Lord and pledge his loyalty and service.
The Vassal's duties to the Lord included providing military service, financial support, and counsel. In times of war, the Vassal was obligated to provide a specified number of soldiers or knights to fight for the Lord. In peacetime, the Vassal was expected to provide financial support, including taxes or other forms of tribute. Additionally, the Vassal was often called upon to provide counsel to the Lord on matters of governance or strategy.
In return for these duties, the Lord provided the Vassal with protection and support. The Lord was responsible for maintaining the infrastructure of the fief, including roads, bridges, and fortifications. Additionally, the Lord provided legal and judicial protection to the Vassal and his family.
Overall, the relationship between a Lord and a Vassal was one of mutual obligation and dependence. The Vassal was granted land and protection in exchange for his service and loyalty to the Lord. The feudal system based on these relationships provided a structure for medieval society, allowing for the governance of vast territories and the maintenance of law and order.
why did jarnail singh bhindranwale and his followers capture the sacred court complex in amritsar, india in 1983?
Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale and his followers captured the sacred court complex in Amritsar, India in 1983 because they wanted to protest against the discrimination of Sikhs by the Indian government.
What was the reason behind the capture of the sacred court complex by Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale and his followers in Amritsar, India in 1983?Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale was a Sikh leader who fought for the rights of the Sikh community in India.
He was unhappy with the way the Indian government was treating the Sikhs and wanted to protest against the discrimination of Sikhs. In 1983, he and his followers captured the sacred court complex in Amritsar, India to protest against the discrimination of Sikhs by the Indian government.
The sacred court complex in Amritsar is a religious site for Sikhs and is also known as the Golden Temple. It is considered to be the holiest shrine of the Sikh religion.
The Indian government had been discriminating against the Sikhs for a long time, and Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale and his followers wanted to make a statement against this discrimination. The capture of the sacred court complex by Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale and his followers was a major event in the history of the Sikh community in India.
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3. Slaves arrived in America by
A. ship
B. train
C.foot
D.none of the above
Answer:
Explanation:
they arrived on a ship
edmund booth, a 1800s deaf pioneer met other deaf people for the first time when he started to attend a school for the deaf at the age of 16. upon arriving, he said: group of answer choices
When Edmund Booth, a pioneering deaf man of the 1800s, began attending a school for the deaf at the age of 16, he first saw other deaf individuals. "I was among strangers, but I knew I was at home," the speaker said upon arrival.
The most common sign language used by Deaf and Hard of Hearing people in the US is American Sign Language, or ASL. In the US, about 500,000 people use ASL as their primary language of communication.
The deaf community's educational philosophy, known as oralism, insisted on employing the oral technique. The oral technique, in its most basic version, was used to teach deaf youngsters how to talk and lipread without the use of gestures, fingerspelling, or sign language.
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in a blow to mexican-americans and many other agricultural laborers, the wagner and social security acts did not apply to them. group of answer choices true false
The given statement "In a blow to Mexican-Americans and many other agricultural laborers, the Wagner and Social Security Acts did not apply to them is false because the Wagner and Social Security Acts did not apply to Mexican-Americans and many other agricultural laborers.
The Wagner Act of 1935 and the Social Security Act of 1935 provided labor and social security protections to all employees in the US, including Mexican Americans and agricultural laborers.
Wagner Act of 1935The Wagner Act of 1935, also known as the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA), established the right of workers to organize and bargain collectively.
Social Security Act of 1935The Social Security Act of 1935 established a social security program in the United States. The program provided for retirement benefits, unemployment benefits, disability benefits, and survivor benefits.
The Social Security Act was expanded in the years following its passage to cover more groups of people, including agricultural laborers.
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the ideas expressed in the passage most strongly influenced which united states foreign policy decision in the 1960s?
The ideas expressed in the passage most strongly influenced the United States foreign policy decision to create a multipolar world in the 1960s.
This decision was based on the idea that the international system should be composed of multiple states with balanced power, rather than having a single state hold the majority of power.
This idea of a multipolar world was seen as a way to reduce international tensions and promote peace and stability in the world.
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The ideas expressed in the passage most strongly influenced the United States' decision to open diplomatic relations with Cuba in the 1960s.
This was a major shift in policy from the prior decades of hostile relations between the two countries. The passage emphasized the importance of both countries having better understanding and cooperation, which likely served as a motivation for President John F. Kennedy's decision to open diplomatic relations with Cuba.
The passage also highlighted the benefits of two countries having normal relations, such as potential trade and cultural exchange opportunities. This further supports the notion that the ideas expressed in the passage helped to influence Kennedy's decision.
Ultimately, the decision to open diplomatic relations with Cuba in the 1960s was heavily influenced by the ideas expressed in the passage, which focused on the need for mutual understanding and the benefits of cooperative international relations.
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Reinhard heydrich was chosen to chair the wannsee conference. Hitler used to call heydrich the man with the iron heart what factor support the idea that Hitler chose the right man to conduct such an important meeting.
A) because of his great organizational skills, he could clearly convey a plan to invade Russia.
B) his speaking ability will command the mens attention to Hitler's instructions
C) has negotiation tactics would allow him to easily influence French and British ambassadors
D) he would have no problem clearly explaining the plan to exterminate the Jews
Option (d), He would easily be able to lay forth the strategy for annihilating the Jews.
Is The Man with the Iron Heart's story based on a true story?Reinhard Tristan Eugen Heydrich, a top member of the German SS and police during the Nazi era, was principally responsible for planning the Holocaust. Heydrich was the head of security for the Reich. He also held the position of Stellvertretender Reichsprotektor in Bohemia and Moravia.
The real-life mu-rder plot that served as the inspiration for this drama targeted Reinhard Heydrich, the leader of the Nazi secret police and acting Protector of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, which would become Czechoslovakia.
What happened to Himmler?He was captured by Russians on May 20, 1945, and then turned over to the British, who he revealed to be his real identity. Three days later, on May 23, 1945, Himmler committed sui-cide by biting on a cyanide capsule that was held in his mouth. the body of Heinrich Himmler after his su-icide while being detained by the British.
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how did the soviet union respond when the united states, great britain, and france introduced a separate currency in their zones within occupied berlin?
When the United States, Great Britain, and France introduced a separate currency in their zones within occupied Berlin, the Soviet Union responded by imposing a blockade of the city. The Berlin Blockade was a Soviet attempt to prevent the Western Allies from accessing their sectors of Berlin, which were located in the Soviet occupation zone.
The Berlin Blockade began on June 24, 1948, when Soviet troops blocked all road, rail, and water access to Berlin from the Western Allies' zones. The Soviet Union hoped to force the Western Allies to abandon Berlin or negotiate Soviet control over the entire city. This led to a tense standoff between the two superpowers that lasted for over a year.
In response to the Berlin Blockade, the Western Allies began airlifting food, fuel, and other essential supplies into the city. The Berlin Airlift was a massive logistical effort that involved hundreds of planes flying around the clock to keep the city supplied. The airlift was a resounding success, and by the time the blockade was lifted on May 12, 1949, the Western Allies had flown over 2.3 million tons of supplies into the city.
The Berlin Blockade was a turning point in the Cold War. It demonstrated the determination of the Western Allies to defend their interests in Europe and marked the beginning of a long struggle between the Soviet Union and the West.
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why did california’s request for statehood cause alarm among southerners?
California's solicitation for statehood caused caution among southerners since California's new constitution restricts servitude. To fulfill the North, the trade-off given that California would be conceded as a free state.
In 1849, California mentioned statehood. California's new constitution, then again, banned subjugation. Numerous Southerners cautioned that conceding California as a free state would disturb the equilibrium between slave and free states, successfully making slave expresses a minority.
California's application for statehood created a ruckus since it was applying as a non-slave state. The slave states and non-slave states stayed away from the struggle by continuously having an equivalent measure of slave and non-slave states, be that as it may, California would agitate this equilibrium.
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Describe each in complete sentences and explain why these events were important.
Nullification Crisis
National Bank veto
Answer:
The nullification crisis was a conflict between the state of South Carolina and the federal government in 1832-33 over the former's effort to proclaim the federal Tariffs of 1828 and 1832 null and void within the state. Although not the first crisis to deal with state authority over perceived unlawful infringements on its autonomy, the Nullification Crisis was a watershed point in American history because it was the first time conflicts between federal and state governments nearly resulted in civil war.
Explanation:
the massachusetts bay colony grew rapidly as over fifteen thousand colonists arrived during a period known as the great migration. true false
Answer:
True
Explanation:
who was dispatched by the united states government to explore the platte and south platte rivers in present-day nebraska and colorado? multiple choice question. stephen austin william ashley
The person who was dispatched by the United States government to explore the Platte and South Platte rivers in present-day Nebraska and Colorado was William Ashley.
Who was William Ashley?William Ashley was a member of the Missouri-based Rocky Mountain Fur Company, which was established in 1822. He was dispatched by the United States government to explore the Platte and South Platte rivers in present-day Nebraska and Colorado. Ashley was one of the most influential individuals in the American fur trade.
He established the annual Rocky Mountain Rendezvous in 1825, where all the fur traders from the mountains met to trade goods. Ashley was also an early Missouri political figure, serving as a member of the Missouri House of Representatives and as lieutenant governor of the state.
Furthermore, he was responsible for the recruitment of several of the most well-known Western explorers of the time, including Jedediah Smith and Jim Bridger.
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!70 points! in three to five sentences explain how relations in the Middle East Led to an oil embargo in the United states in the 1970s
Answer: During the 1973 Arab-Israeli War, Arab members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) imposed an embargo against the United States in retaliation for the U.S. decision to re-supply the Israeli military and to gain leverage in the post-war peace negotiations.
Explanation:
Answer:
Oil Embargo, 1973–1974. During the 1973 Arab-Israeli War, Arab members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) imposed an embargo against the United States in retaliation for the U.S. decision to re-supply the Israeli military and to gain leverage in the post-war peace negotiations.
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how many total states did the US have by 18 12 and what did the 5 reflec
Answer:
18
Explanation:
By 1812 the U.S had 18 states
HELP!!! Why was this case important?
Many states in the early 1800s passed laws to protect businesses within their borders. New York gave two men the exclusive right of steamboat navigation on the state's waters. One of the men was Robert Fulton, who invented the steamboat Clermont. Aaron Ogden had a special license from the men to use steamboats on the state's waters. Ogden requested that a local court stop Thomas Gibbons from running his boats, which competed with Ogden's. The court agreed and issued Gibbons an injunction to stop using his boats in New York.
Gibbons appealed the decision to the U.S. Supreme Court. He had permission from Congress to use his steamboats between New Jersey and New York waters. Business that involves more than one state is interstate trade. Congress regulated interstate commerce under the U.S. Constitution. Chief Justice John Marshall presided over the case.
Did Congress have the power to override state laws related to commerce?
Gibbons Argument:
Under the Commerce Clause (Article I, Clause 8), Congress has the right to regulate interstate trade. Transportation over water is an essential part of that trade. Congress has a law regulating coastal trade. Therefore, a state law that interferes with navigation relating to interstate trade conflicts with the Commerce Clause.
Ogden Argument:
The Commerce Clause refers to interstate trade only. The New York law applies only within the borders of New York. New York has rights under the Constitution to make laws to protect its interests within its borders.
Was the New York law that granted exclusive navigation unconstitutional, interfering with federal powers?
Gibbons Argument:
The Supremacy Clause (Article VI, Clause 2) states that federal law takes priority over state law. The Commerce Clause includes any activity that affects interstate commerce, including navigation. The New York law prevents navigation of out-of-state traders on its waters. If New York can grant exclusive rights of navigation, it will prevent the flow of trade between states along the coast.
Ogden Argument:
New York is a sovereign state; it has the right to regulate businesses in its state borders, including the granting of special rights of navigation. Commerce is the trade in goods and services. It does not include movement of goods over state water. Navigation is not part of the Commerce Clause, and therefore the states have the right to regulate it.
The Judgment
The Supreme Court unanimously (6–0) ruled in favour of Gibbons and the federal government. The case was important because it established a precedent for Congress to override state law when it conflicts with federal law. It also extended the definition of commerce to include navigation. States could not pass commerce laws in direct conflict with federal law. The case has an economic impact as well because the decision allows the federal government some control over trade within and across state borders.
A credit card is about 3×10
–
2 inches thick. A piece of construction paper is about 6×10
–
3 inches thick.
Use these numbers to complete the sentence below. Write your answer in standard form, without using exponents.
A credit card is about
times as thick as a piece of construction paper.
Answer:
To find how many times thicker a credit card is compared to a piece of construction paper, we can divide the thickness of the credit card by the thickness of the construction paper:
3×10
–
2 inches ÷ 6×10
–
3 inches
To divide these numbers, we can simplify by dividing both the numerator and denominator by 3×10
–
3:
(3×10
–
2 ÷ 3×10
–
inches = (1×10
1
÷ 3) inches = 3.33... inches
Therefore, a credit card is about 3.33 times as thick as a piece of construction paper.
Answer:
Therefore, a credit card is about 3.33 times as thick as a piece of construction paper.
Explanation:
Got the question correct believe me :)