what happened to patsey in 12 years a slave

The primary objective of Manifest Destiny expansionists in the 1850s was to expand American territory westward and southward, with the goal of spreading American democracy, culture, and values.

Many believed that it was America's "destiny" to expand and that it was their duty to spread their beliefs and way of life to others. This expansionist mindset led to a number of events, including the Mexican-American War, the annexation of Texas, and the acquisition of territories such as California, New Mexico, and Arizona. Expansionists argued that the United States needed to grow and develop to secure its future and to protect its citizens. However, this also led to conflict with Native Americans, as well as tensions over the issue of slavery and the balance of power between free and slave states.

The concept of Manifest Destiny ultimately had significant impacts on American history, shaping the country's territorial expansion and its relationship with other nations.

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C) Political outsiders often gain statewide office. One consequence of weak political parties in Texas is that political outsiders often gain statewide office.

Weak political parties can create an environment where candidates who are not affiliated with the major parties have a better chance of gaining political positions.

This can occur because weak parties may struggle to field strong candidates or provide robust support and resources for their candidates.

As a result, individuals who are not part of the established party structures may find it easier to run for office and gain traction among voters who are disillusioned with the major parties.

This can lead to the election of political outsiders to statewide offices in Texas.

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During the early 1800s, several important reform movements gained popularity in the United States. These movements aimed to address various social, economic, and political issues, including slavery, women's rights, temperance, and education.

One of the most significant reform movements of the early 1800s was the abolitionist movement, which sought to end slavery and the slave trade. This movement gained momentum with the publication of Harriet Beecher Stowe's novel "Uncle Tom's Cabin" in 1852, which exposed the cruelty of slavery and helped rally support for the cause.

Another important reform movement of the early 1800s was the women's rights movement, which sought to secure greater political, social, and economic rights for women. Led by figures like Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, this movement played a crucial role in securing the right to vote for women with the passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920.

The temperance movement was also a popular reform movement in the early 1800s, which sought to curb the consumption of alcohol. This movement gained support from religious groups who saw drinking as a sin, as well as from women who saw alcohol as a contributing factor to domestic violence.

Finally, the education reform movement aimed to improve access to education for all Americans, regardless of their social status or background. This movement was led by figures like Horace Mann, who advocated for public education and helped establish the common school system that is still in place today.

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In Jamaica in 1914, Marcus Garvey formed the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), which aimed to promote black nationalism and economic self-sufficiency among African Americans and people of African descent worldwide.

Political figure Marcus Mosiah Garvey Jr. ONH was from Jamaica. He was founding member and first President-General of the African Communities League and the Universal Negro Improvement Association, through which he proclaimed himself the Provisional President of Africa. Garvey wanted to establish an independent African American-run economy and society. In the end, according to Garvey, all black people in the entire world ought to go back to Africa, where there ought to be an end to white colonial domination.

Garvey's concept, which stressed race pride, African solidarity, self-reliance, the necessity that black people to organise, and the need for leaders to act on the behalf of those who work, might be summed up as his legacy.

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In Jamaica in 1914, Marcus Garvey formed the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), which aimed to promote black nationalism and economic self-sufficiency among African Americans and people of African descent worldwide.

Political figure Marcus Mosiah Garvey Jr. ONH was from Jamaica. He was founding member and first President-General of the African Communities League and the Universal Negro Improvement Association, through which he proclaimed himself the Provisional President of Africa. Garvey wanted to establish an independent African American-run economy and society. In the end, according to Garvey, all black people in the entire world ought to go back to Africa, where there ought to be an end to white colonial domination.

Garvey's concept, which stressed race pride, African solidarity, self-reliance, the necessity that black people to organise, and the need for leaders to act on the behalf of those who work, might be summed up as his legacy.

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The antislavery Republicans rose to dominance for several elections after 1860. The Republican Party was formed in 1854 in response to the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which allowed slavery to expand into new territories. The correct option is c.

The Republican Party's primary goal was to prevent the spread of slavery into new states and territories, and they quickly became a significant political force in the Northern states.

In the 1860 presidential election, the Republican Party nominated Abraham Lincoln, who ran on a platform of preventing the expansion of slavery and preserving the Union. Lincoln won the election, and his victory was seen as a repudiation of the pro-slavery policies of the Democratic Party.

During the Civil War, the Republican Party was instrumental in passing the Emancipation Proclamation, which declared that all slaves in Confederate territory were to be freed. After the war, the Republican Party continued to advocate for civil rights for African Americans and played a significant role in passing the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments to the Constitution.

The Republican Party's dominance in national politics lasted for several decades after the Civil War. They were able to maintain their support in the North by appealing to their voters' desire to protect the gains made during the Civil War and Reconstruction. They also benefited from their association with the Union cause during the war and their reputation as the party of economic growth and progress.

In summary, the antislavery Republicans rose to dominance for several elections after 1860, primarily due to their opposition to the expansion of slavery and their association with the Union cause during the Civil War. They were also able to maintain their support by advocating for civil rights for African Americans and promoting economic growth and progress.

Thus, The correct option is c.

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The extinction of the dinosaurs occurred approximately 66 million years ago during the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) extinction event.

This event was likely caused by a combination of factors, including a massive asteroid impact, volcanic activity, and climate change. The extinction of the dinosaurs allowed for the evolution of new species, including mammals, which eventually became the dominant land animals.

This event is commonly referred to as the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) extinction event, or simply the K-T extinction event. It is widely believed that the extinction was caused by a catastrophic event, such as a large asteroid impact or a massive volcanic eruption, which dramatically altered the climate and led to the demise of the dinosaurs and many other species on Earth. The extinction of the dinosaurs paved the way for the rise of mammals, including humans, as the dominant form of life on Earth.

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Globalization had a significant impact on businesses at the end of the twentieth century. One major consequence of globalization was the rise of multinational corporations, which allowed companies to have a presence in multiple countries and access new markets. So the right option is Globalization had no direct impact on businesses at the end of the twentieth century.

This often meant establishing manufacturing plants in countries with lower labor costs or fewer regulations. However, globalization also caused some nations to become more protective of their industries and implement isolationist policies to safeguard their domestic businesses.

On the other hand, workers became more loyal to brands and were willing to make long-term commitments in exchange for job security. Overall, globalization had a significant and varied impact on businesses in the late twentieth century.

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Answer:

A

Explanation:

Free speech was heavily influenced by the American Revolutionary period. The American colonists were deeply committed to the idea of free speech, and many of the leaders of the Revolution saw it as a fundamental right that was necessary for a democratic society to function properly. The ideas of free speech and the press were embodied in the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which was adopted in 1791, after the Revolutionary period had ended. The First Amendment protects the rights of individuals to express their opinions and beliefs without fear of government censorship or punishment.

The right heavily influenced by the American Revolutionary period is freedom of religion (option D).

The American Revolutionary period, which spanned from 1765 to 1783, was a time of intense political, social, and intellectual change in the American colonies. The ideals and principles that emerged during this period greatly influenced the formation of the United States and its system of governance.

One of the core principles that emerged from the Revolutionary period was the idea of religious freedom. Many of the colonists who sought independence from British rule did so due to religious persecution and the desire for the freedom to practice their own faith without interference.

The experiences of religious dissenters, such as the Pilgrims and Puritans, who sought refuge in the American colonies, played a significant role in shaping the belief in religious liberty. These early settlers faced religious persecution in their home countries and sought a new land where they could freely worship according to their own beliefs.

The concept of freedom of religion was enshrined in the United States Constitution with the First Amendment, which states that "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof."

The American Revolutionary period laid the foundation for the recognition and protection of religious freedom as a fundamental right in the United States, and it continues to be an important aspect of the country's constitutional framework and societal values.

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The structure of county and city governments DIFFER Mayors usually lead city governments, while commissioners lead counties. This is one of the main differences in the structure of county and city governments. So the right option is(D) Mayors usually lead city governments, while commissioners lead counties.

Additionally, city governments tend to have a more centralized structure with all departments under the mayor's control, while county governments may have separately elected officials for departments like law enforcement, public works, and social services.

Another key difference is that only county governments are able to cast votes for state offices, while both county and city governments may provide law enforcement protection depending on their respective jurisdictions.

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The rise of conservatism in the late 1970s and early 1980s was driven by disillusionment with liberal policies, economic concerns, social changes, and a desire for smaller government and traditional values.

The conservative movement became popular in the late 1970s and early 1980s for a few reasons. People were unhappy with the liberal ideas from the 1960s and 1970s, worried about changes in society and culture, not happy with the economy, and didn't want the government to have too much power.

The conservative leaders at the time, like Ronald Reagan in the US and Margaret Thatcher in the UK, talked about keeping things the way they used to be and letting the free market do its thing.

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Before 1850, most people lived in rural areas because agriculture was the primary means of survival. Therefore, Option A is the correct answer. People relied heavily on farming to produce food, fiber, and other materials necessary for daily life.

This was especially true in countries such as the United States and Britain, where the majority of the population lived in rural areas. Agriculture provided a steady source of income for farmers who could sell their produce and earn a living.

Moreover, limited job opportunities were available in cities and towns before the industrial revolution, which began in the late 18th century.

As a result, many people continued to live in rural areas where they could work on farms and produce goods for the market. Hunting and mining were also important economic activities in some regions but were not as widespread as agriculture.

Overall, the lack of job opportunities, coupled with the need for food production, made rural areas the most attractive place to live for most people before 1850.

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Based on the data from the chart, the conclusion that is best supported is B: Song China had extensive trading links.

The chart shows that Chinese coins were found in various regions, including Southeast Asia, Japan, and the Middle East. This suggests that the Song Dynasty had established trade networks that extended beyond its borders and had significant economic influence in other parts of the world. There is no direct evidence in the chart to support the other conclusions listed.

Conclusion C, which suggests that Bantu migrations influenced the distribution of East African coins, also lacks direct support from the chart. The chart primarily focuses on trade routes and interactions, rather than the influence of Bantu migrations on the distribution of coins. While the Bantu migrations could have had an impact on various aspects of East African societies, the chart does not provide specific evidence regarding their influence on coin distribution.

Conclusion D, which states that East African city-states traded directly with Northern Europe, is not supported by the data in the chart. The chart does not depict any direct trading routes between East Africa and Northern Europe. It primarily shows trading connections between East Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and the Indian Ocean region.

he chart clearly displays extensive trade routes and connections between Song China and various regions, including East Africa. It illustrates trade networks extending from Song China to Southeast Asia, the Indian Ocean, and the Arabian Peninsula. These trade links suggest that Song China had extensive trading connections and played a significant role in the exchange of goods and ideas across different regions.

Correct option is  B: Song China had extensive trading links.

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The Japanese Americans who were placed in internment camps after the Pearl Harbor attack in 1941 lost a great deal as a result of this act. Firstly, they lost their freedom and were forced to leave their homes, businesses, and belongings behind.

Many were not allowed to bring anything except what they could carry in a single suitcase. This caused immense psychological trauma and forced them to start over from scratch when they were released from the camps.

Secondly, they lost their dignity and were subjected to inhumane living conditions. The camps were often overcrowded, lacked privacy, and had poor sanitation. Families were separated, and individuals had to live in cramped quarters with strangers. They also lost their sense of community and belonging, as they were isolated from their friends, relatives, and fellow Japanese Americans.

Lastly, many Japanese Americans lost their livelihoods as a result of being placed in internment camps. They were unable to work or attend school, which meant that they could not earn a living or pursue their dreams and ambitions. This caused financial hardship and long-term economic consequences, as many were unable to recover from the loss of their businesses and savings.

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There is no clear evidence that the Romans stopped their trade with the Gupta Empire. In fact, there is evidence that trade between the two continued throughout the Gupta period (c. 320-550 CE).

The Romans had a keen interest in Indian goods such as spices, silk, and precious stones, and they established trading networks that stretched across the Indian Ocean. The Gupta Empire was one of the most prosperous and powerful states in India during this period, and it was a major center of trade and commerce.

Archaeological evidence suggests that Roman and Indian merchants traded extensively during the Gupta period, exchanging goods such as gold, silver, ivory, and textiles. Some Roman artifacts have been found in India, and Indian artifacts have been found in Roman territories. It's possible that there were fluctuations in the volume or frequency of trade between the two empires, as was common in ancient commerce.

However, there is no evidence to suggest that the Romans stopped trading with the Gupta Empire altogether.

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There is no clear evidence that the Romans stopped their trade with the Gupta Empire. In fact, there is evidence that trade between the two continued throughout the Gupta period (c. 320-550 CE).

The Romans had a keen interest in Indian goods such as spices, silk, and precious stones, and they established trading networks that stretched across the Indian Ocean. The Gupta Empire was one of the most prosperous and powerful states in India during this period, and it was a major center of trade and commerce. Archaeological evidence suggests that Roman and Indian merchants traded extensively during the Gupta period, exchanging goods such as gold, silver, ivory, and textiles. Some Roman artifacts have been found in India, and Indian artifacts have been found in Roman territories. It's possible that there were fluctuations in the volume or frequency of trade between the two empires, as was common in ancient commerce.

However, there is no evidence to suggest that the Romans stopped trading with the Gupta Empire altogether.

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Poland-Lithuania, formally known as the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, became the largest state in Europe through a complex series of historical developments.

The consolidation of power and territorial expansion during the 14th to 16th centuries were instrumental in its growth.

The union between Poland and Lithuania occurred in 1386 when the Polish king, Jogaila, married the Lithuanian Grand Duke, Jadwiga, and converted to Christianity.

This dynastic union paved the way for a close political and military alliance between the two entities. The resulting Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth became a federation with a shared monarch, institutions, and a joint foreign policy.

The Commonwealth's growth was fueled by several factors. One crucial element was its favorable geographic location, which provided access to major trade routes and facilitated economic prosperity.

Additionally, the Commonwealth pursued a policy of religious tolerance, attracting persecuted minorities such as Jews and Protestants who contributed to its economic and intellectual development.

The Commonwealth's military prowess was another key factor in its expansion. It benefited from a strong military tradition, including the formidable Polish cavalry known as the Winged Hussars.

Successful military campaigns against neighboring states, such as the Teutonic Order and the Ottoman Empire, further expanded its territory.

Furthermore, the Commonwealth's system of governance, known as the Golden Liberty, granted significant rights to the nobility. This allowed the nobles, who comprised a large portion of the population, to participate actively in politics and influence decision-making.

However, the Commonwealth faced numerous challenges, including internal divisions, external conflicts, and a decline in power in the 17th century. The state eventually disintegrated in the late 18th century due to external partitions by neighboring powers.

In conclusion, Poland-Lithuania became the largest state in Europe through a combination of favorable geography, military strength, religious tolerance, and a unique system of governance.

These factors enabled the Commonwealth to expand its territories and wield significant influence in Europe during its heyday.

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The correct option is B. The switch from subsistence by food gathering to food production was a momentous revolution that made stable settlements possible.

The switch from subsistence by food gathering to food production marked a significant turning point in human history. It allowed people to produce more food than they needed to survive, which made it possible to establish permanent settlements and develop complex societies. This shift required significant changes in social and economic structures, but it was unrelated to religious beliefs or gender roles. It increased population development since more food could be produced to support larger groups. Surplus food may be kept, traded, or used as currency, resulting in the formation of social hierarchies, labor specialization, and the rise of complex economic systems. It also aided in developing technology such as pottery, irrigation systems, and agricultural equipment. Overall, the transition from subsistence to food production was a transformative epoch that paved the way for the creation of farm civilizations and influenced the trajectory of human history.

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Answer:

C. spring pictures

Explanation:

Shunga is a term in Japanese art that refers to erotic paintings, prints, and illustrations. The term "shunga" itself means "spring pictures," with "spring" being a common euphemism for sex in Japan. This type of art flourished in the Edo period (1603-1868) but has roots extending further back in Japanese history.

On the other hand, "ukiyo-e" translates to "pictures of the floating world" and is a genre of Japanese art that includes woodblock prints and paintings, of which shunga is a subcategory. The "floating world" in this context refers to the pleasure-seeking aspects of urban life, particularly during the Edo period.

So, while both terms are related to Japanese art, shunga specifically translates to "spring pictures."

The Japanese shunga prints are translated as spring pictures. The correct answer is option c.

The Japanese term "shunga" refers to a genre of erotic art prints that were popular during the Edo period (17th to 19th centuries) in Japan. The literal translation of "shunga" is "spring pictures" (option C), reflecting the euphemistic nature of the term. These prints typically depicted explicit sexual content and were created for adult entertainment and enjoyment.

Options A, B, and D are not accurate translations for "shunga." "Floating world" (option A) refers to the concept of ukiyo-e, which encompasses various aspects of Edo-period urban culture, including art, entertainment, and pleasure-seeking. "Ukiyo-e" (option B) specifically refers to the woodblock printmaking technique used to create a wide range of subjects, including shunga prints.

"Golden age" (option D) is a general term that does not directly relate to the translation of shunga prints.

The correct answer is option c.

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In response to the Leopard-Chesapeake incident, President Jefferson issued a proclamation forbidding American ships from leaving port to prevent any further conflict with British ships.

This incident occurred in 1807 when the British ship HMS Leopard fired upon and boarded the American ship USS Chesapeake in search of British deserters who they believed were on board. The incident sparked outrage in the United States, leading to a suspension of diplomatic relations with Britain and eventually contributing to the War of 1812.

Jefferson's proclamation aimed to prevent any further escalation of tensions between the two countries by keeping American ships out of harm's way.

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Answer: fear of becoming involved in another European war

Explanation:

Lutheranism practiced infant baptism and accepted a state church, while Anabaptists advocated for adult baptism and the separation of church and state.

One key difference between Lutheranism and Anabaptist beliefs lies in their views on baptism and the role of the church.

Lutheranism, founded by Martin Luther during the Protestant Reformation, maintains the practice of infant baptism and considers it a sacrament. Lutherans believe that baptism is a means of receiving God's grace and entering into the Christian faith. They emphasize the significance of baptism as a sign of God's covenant and the forgiveness of sins.

On the other hand, Anabaptists, a radical movement within the Reformation, rejected the practice of infant baptism. They advocated for adult baptism, emphasizing the importance of personal faith and a conscious decision to follow Christ. Anabaptists viewed baptism as a symbol of commitment to the Christian community and discipleship, rather than a sacrament with salvific power.

Another significant difference lies in their understanding of the relationship between the church and the state. Lutheranism generally accepted the idea of a state church, where the church and the government were closely intertwined. Lutherans believed in the concept of the "Two Kingdoms," recognizing the authority of both secular rulers and church leaders.

In contrast, Anabaptists held a separatist view and advocated for the complete separation of the church and the state. They emphasized the importance of the local, voluntary, and visible church composed of committed believers. Anabbptists believed in nonviolent resistance and refused to participate in the political affairs of the world.

These differences in baptismal practices and the relationship between the church and the state highlight the divergent theological perspectives and societal implications between Lutheranism and Anabaptism during the Reformation era.

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After their defeat by Charles the Hammer, the Moors settled in this area.

It is interesting to note that this region has a rich history, with content loaded with stories of conquests and settlements by various groups over the centuries. As Duke and Prince of the Franks and Mayor of the Palace, Charles Martel (c. 688–22 October 741), often known as Charles the Hammer, was a Frankish political and military commander who served as de facto ruler of Francia from 718 until his death. He was the child of Pepin of Herstal, a Frankish nobleman, and Alpaida, a noblewoman. Charles, often nicknamed as "The Hammer" (or Martel in Old French), effectively consolidated his position as his father's successor as the political force behind the throne in Frankish affairs.

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George M. Cohan’s song and other propaganda alike were quite effectively used during World Wars I and II in America for recruitment and rallying up public support.

George M. Cohan was a popular songwriter, and entertainer, who composed patriotic songs that infused the sense of American spirit, boosted morale, and filled American hearts with pride.

Cohan's songs, like "Over There" and "Yankee Doodle Dandy", were quite popular patriotic songs as they were easy and catchy. These songs with other modes of propaganda like posters, films, and radio broadcasts helped the government to shape the opinion of people.

Thus, Cohan’s songs and other propaganda were successful tools that the government employed during the First and Second world wars.

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Given the issue of expecting a huge rise in population, the best person to hire to help prepare the city for the future would be: C. an urban planner.

Professionals in the field of urban planning are experts in creating and implementing plans and tactics aimed at promoting the expansion and progress of urban areas.

Their specialized knowledge lies in knowing the dynamics of urban areas, planning for infrastructure needs, managing land usage, navigating zoning regulations, overseeing transportation systems, and promoting community growth.

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The Federalist Papers were a series of 85 essays advocating for the ratification of the United States Constitution. They were written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay between October 1787 and August 1788.

The essays were originally published under the pseudonym "Publius" in several New York newspapers.Hamilton was a prominent New York lawyer and statesman who played a key role in drafting the Constitution. Madison was a Virginia lawyer and statesman who is often called the "Father of the Constitution" for his contributions to the document. John Jay was a New York lawyer and diplomat who later became the first Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court.

The Federalist Papers are widely regarded as one of the most important works in American political history, as they provide insight into the debates and compromises that went into creating the US Constitution. The essays explore topics such as federalism, the separation of powers, and the need for a strong central government.

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The election of Andrew Jackson as president in 1828 was historically significant for the following reasons:It marked the beginning of the era of Jacksonian Democracy, which emphasized the importance of the common man and expanded suffrage to more white men.

Jackson's victory signaled a shift away from the traditional political elites and towards a more populist style of politics. Jackson's policies, such as his opposition to the National Bank and his support of westward expansion, had a lasting impact on American politics and society. Jackson's presidency was marked by controversies such as the Indian Removal Act, which forcibly relocated Native American tribes, and his use of executive power to veto legislation he disagreed with.

The election of Andrew Jackson also marked the end of the so-called "Era of Good Feelings" and the beginning of a more divisive and polarized period in American politics.

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Julius Caesar was proclaimed dictator for life in the year 44 BCE. He was born on July 12, 100 BCE. Therefore, Caesar was approximately 54 years old when he was crowned dictator for life.

Julius Caesar was a prominent figure in ancient Rome. He was born on July 12 or 13, 100 BCE, and he died on March 15, 44 BCE. Caesar is best known for his role as a military general and statesman, as well as his rise to power and eventual assassination.

After Julius Caesar emerged victorious in the civil war and became the sole ruler of Rome, he was appointed as "dictator perpetuo" or "dictator for life" in 44 BCE. This title granted him unprecedented power and authority, essentially making him the supreme leader of the Roman Republic. As dictator for life, Caesar had the ability to make decisions without the need for consultation or approval from other political institutions. However, his time as dictator for life was short-lived, as he was assassinated later that same year.

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Julius Caesar was proclaimed dictator for life in the year 44 BCE. He was born on July 12, 100 BCE. Therefore, Caesar was approximately 54 years old when he was crowned dictator for life.

Julius Caesar was a prominent figure in ancient Rome. He was born on July 12 or 13, 100 BCE, and he died on March 15, 44 BCE. Caesar is best known for his role as a military general and statesman, as well as his rise to power and eventual assassination. After Julius Caesar emerged victorious in the civil war and became the sole ruler of Rome, he was appointed as "dictator perpetuo" or "dictator for life" in 44 BCE. This title granted him unprecedented power and authority, essentially making him the supreme leader of the Roman Republic. As dictator for life, Caesar had the ability to make decisions without the need for consultation or approval from other political institutions.

However, his time as dictator for life was short-lived, as he was assassinated later that same year.

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Mother teresa is famous for been caring for the destitute as well as those  dying in the slums of Calcutta .

Mother Teresa,  an be regarded as the Saint Teresa of Calcutta,  and she can be described as the Indian Roman Catholic missionary and nun who was born in Albania and dedicated her life to serving the poorest members of society. In 1950, she established the Missionaries of Charity in India, where she served the dying, ailing, and orphaned for more than 45 years.

As a Catholic nun who devoted her life to helping the poor and dying in the slums of Calcutta,  that is now regarded as  Kolkata, Mother Teresa can be sen as someone that get alot of fame during her lifetime.

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During the California Gold Rush, public order in mining towns was maintained through various means. Local miners' committees were formed to enforce rules and settle disputes, often using informal methods of justice. Additionally, some towns established volunteer police forces and elected officials to uphold laws. These efforts helped to maintain public order in mining towns, despite the often chaotic and transient nature of the population during this time.

During the California Gold Rush, public order was a major concern in the mining towns. With a sudden influx of people in search of riches, law and order were often ignored, and vigilante justice was common. To maintain public order, mining towns established their own laws and hired local law enforcement officers. The local law enforcement was often supported by the state government and the federal government. Additionally, community-based organizations such as the vigilance committees also played a significant role in maintaining law and order. The committees were created by citizens to protect their communities and to enforce the laws. These measures helped maintain public order in the mining towns during the California Gold Rush, which ultimately facilitated the growth and development of the region.
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The National FFA (Future Farmers of America) did not exist in 1928, so there were no FFA dues at that time.

The National FFA organization was founded in 1928 as the "Future Farmers of America," with the goal of promoting agricultural education and leadership development among young people in rural communities.

While it is unclear exactly when FFA dues were first instituted, it is likely that they were not in place during the organization's earliest years, as the FFA was still in the process of establishing itself and developing its programs and activities. Therefore, the answer is that there were no FFA dues in 1928.

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Answer: To restrict immigrants' abilities to vote

Explanation: I read a history book on it.

Hope this helps  : D