Bacteria, archaea, fungi, plants, mammals, and even bacterial cells are all susceptible to virus infection. Living things develop, metabolise, and generate offspring. Viruses are able to multiply only with the assistance of their host cells.
The only place a virus can multiply is inside the live cells of a creature. Viruses are submicroscopic infectious agents. Animals, plants, and microorganisms such as bacteria and archaea are all susceptible to virus infection. Since Dmitri Ivanovsky's 1892 publication revealing a non-bacterial disease affecting tobacco plants and Martinus Beijerinck's 1898 discovery of the tobacco mosaic virus, more than 9,000 virus species have been characterised in detail out of the millions of different types of viruses in the environment. The most prevalent category of biological organism, viruses can be found in practically all ecosystems on Earth. Virolology, a branch of microbiology, is the study of viruses. A host cell is frequently compelled to create thousands of copies of the original virus quickly after becoming infected.
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Mendel's observation of the segregation of alleles in gamete formation has its basis in which of the following phases of cell division?
A) metaphase I of meiosis
B) prophase I of meiosis
C) anaphase of mitosis
D) anaphase II of meiosis
E) anaphase I of meiosis
D) and E), anaphase II of meiosis and anaphase I of meiosis has basis for the Mendel's observation of the segregation of alleles in gamete formation.
When does Mendel's law of segregation relate to meiosis?Anaphases I and II of meiosis which is where Mendel's Segregation law actually occurs. The homologous chromosomes are divided up into two daughter nuclei with their multiple versions of each gene during this stage of the first meiotic division.
What are Mendel's laws of independent assortment and segregation?According to the law of segregation, two alleles of a single trait will randomly separate, with a 50% chance that either allele will probably wind up in either gamete. This is connected to one gene. In accordance with the law of independent assortment, an allele from one gene separates from an allele from another gene on its own.
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Plant kingdom structure
The Plant kingdom structure shown in the figure are fruits and cones.
What are angiosperms and gymnosperms?Higher plants has been classified into two major groups that are namely: Angiosperm and Gymnosperm. These two groups of the higher plants are the vascular plants i.e. possess vascular tissues, that propagate by seeds.
The major difference between angiosperms as well as the gymnosperms is that angiosperms bear that seeds in an enclosed structure called fruits, which develop from the ovary of a flower.
Therefore, The Plant kingdom structure shown in the figure are fruits and cones.
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FILL IN THE BLANK. ___ is the specific term referring to the net movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
Osmosis is the specific term referring to the net movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
Osmosis is the movement of water molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration through a selectively permeable membrane.
A selectively permeable membrane is a membrane that only allows certain molecules to pass through, while others are blocked. In the case of osmosis, the membrane is permeable to water, but not to dissolved solutes such as sugars or salts.
When the concentration of dissolved solutes is higher on one side of the membrane than the other, water molecules will tend to move from the side where they are more concentrated to the side
where they are less concentrated in order to balance the concentration of solutes on both sides. This movement is called osmosis.
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interpret this student model of palm tree populations on two islands. assume that at time 1 (not shown) all the circles on island 2 were white. now, at time 2, some are green.
The given picture depicts the bottleneck effect and genetic drift occurring in the palm tree populations present on the two islands.
Genetic drift can be defined as mechanism of evolution in which due to random chance or sampling error, the allele frequencies of a population change over generations. Genetic drift is observed in all types of populations of non-infinite size, but its effects are seen to be the strongest in small populations.
Bottleneck effect is basically an extreme example of genetic drift that in which the size of a population gets reduced severely due to natural disasters like fires, earthquakes and floods. As evident in the picture, the population of the palm trees reduces significantly and is a result of bottleneck effect and genetic drift.
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which of the following statements is/are true regarding living organisms? check all that apply. check all that apply they do not exhibit excitability.they do not exhibit excitability. they maintain relatively stable internal conditions.they maintain relatively stable internal conditions. they exhibit genetic change from generation to generation.they exhibit genetic change from generation to generation. they exhibit a far higher level of organization than the nonliving world around them.they exhibit a far higher level of organization than the nonliving world around them. they expend very little energy to maintain order.
The following statements are true regarding living organisms:
• They maintain relatively stable internal conditions.
• They exhibit genetic change from generation to generation.
• They exhibit a far higher level of organization than the nonliving world around them.
It is untrue to say that they lack excitability because all living things have the capacity to react to stimuli. It is untrue to say that living things only use a small amount of energy to keep things in order; in fact, they use energy for a variety of functions, including metabolism.
All living things share a number of essential traits or abilities, such as order, environmental sensitivity or responsiveness, reproduction, growth and development, regulation, homeostasis, and energy processing. These eight elements serve to describe life when taken collectively.
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Based on the information above, what would be the relationship between a flea and its canine or feline victim?
Clavicular breathing is described as overactivity of the pectoral muscles of the upper chest, marked by distinct upward movement of the:
Clavicular breathing, commonly known as "upper chest breathing," is a breathing pattern characterized by excessive activation of the pectoral muscles in the upper chest.
During inhalation, this causes a pronounced upward movement of the clavicles, or collarbones. Clavicular breathing can be a symptom of a respiratory ailment such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, or anxiety. It can also be caused by bad posture or habits, such as slouching or hunching forward, which can inhibit diaphragm mobility and force the chest muscles to compensate.Clavicular breathing is described as overactivity of the pectoral muscles of the upper chest, marked by distinct upward movement commonly known as "upper chest breathing," is a breathing pattern characterized by excessive activation of the pectoral muscles in the upper chest. It can also be caused by bad posture or habits, such as slouching or hunching forward, which can inhibit diaphragm mobility and force the chest muscles.
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Please give earths layers
Note that the layers of the earth as proposed in the image given are:
1- Exosphere
2 - Thermosphere
3 - Mesosphere
4- Stratosphere
5 - Atmosphere
6 - Troposphere
7 - Asthenosphere
8 - Inner Core
9 - Mantle
10 - Lower mantle.
What is the Mesosphere?The mesosphere is the third layer of the atmosphere, located just above the stratosphere and under the thermosphere. Temperature falls as altitude climbs in the mesosphere.
The troposphere is the Earth's initial and lowest layer of the atmosphere, containing 75% of the entire mass of the continental atmosphere, 99% of the total mass of water vapour and aerosols, and is the location of most meteorological occurrences.
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which of the following is not a factor that contributes to variation in a population? natural selection changes in chromosome number or structure independent assortment in meiosis
Among the given options, Natural selection is not a factor that contributes to variation in a population.
Genetic diversity among members of the same species refers to naturally occurring genetic variances. A population can adapt to changing environmental conditions and survive thanks to this variety. Thus, genetic variety is frequently viewed as a benefit since it serves as a kind of contingency planning.
Because one organism chooses to mate with another based on particular qualities, nonrandom mating can occasionally happen when a population interbreeds. In this instance, people in the population make particular behavioral decisions, and these decisions influence the genetic patterns that manifest in succeeding generations.
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based on what you understood from the video, which of the following statements are correct? select all that apply.
It is seen (See Picture) that streptococci cells arranged and the cell morphology of cocci. Additionally, a Gram-stained bacterial smear is well known.
The cellular arrangement in chains that distinguishes streptococci as a kind of bacterium. They are known as "chain cocci" because they are organized in a linear or "strepto-" manner as contrast to other cocci bacteria, which are clustered. Streptococci are divided into a number of groups according to their virulence traits, biochemistry, and cellular structure. The following are examples of streptococci: A pair of bacteria called Streptococcus pneumoniae can cause meningitis and pneumonia. Pharyngitis, skin infections, and invasive infections are all brought on by the chain-like bacteria Streptococcus pyogenes. UTIs, bacteremia, and newborn sepsis are all conditions brought on by the clustered bacteria streptococcus agalactiae.
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The complete question is:
Which of the following statements, in light of what you have learned from the video, is true? Please check all that apply.
1) Bacilli's cell morphology is seen in this picture.
2) Streptococci cells are arranged in this picture.
3) Cocci's cell morphology is displayed in this picture.
4) Most likely, this picture shows a Gram-stained bacterial smear.
by definition, a ____ is any ingested substance used by the cells of the body to produce energy, to provide building blocks for new molecules, and to function in other chemical reactions.
A nutrient is any ingested substance used by the cells of the body to produce energy, provide building blocks for new molecules, and to function in other chemical reactions.
Nutrients are fundamental for the development and upkeep of the human body. They incorporate macronutrients like sugars, proteins, and fats, as well as micronutrients like nutrients and minerals.
Carbohydrates give energy to the body, proteins are utilized for the development and fixing of tissues, and fats act as a wellspring of energy and help in the retention of specific nutrients.
Nutrients and minerals are additionally fundamental for the body to work appropriately and are required in smaller amounts than macronutrients.
Nutrients are gotten from the food we eat, and a reasonable eating routine containing a wide range of food sources is critical to guarantee that the body gets every one of the fundamental nutrients.
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Question in picture PLEASE HELP !!!
Answer:
B. are superabsorbent so babies may toilet-train later
complete the following table: type of rnafunctionsmessenger rna (mrna)transfer rna (trna)in a ribosome, plays a structural role; as a ribozyme, plays a catalytic role (catalyzes peptide bond formation)primary transcriptsmall rnas in the spliceosome
1. Messenger RNA (mRNA): Carries information specifying amino acid sequences of proteins from DNA to ribosomes
2. Transfer RNA (tRNA): Serves as a translator molecule in protein synthesis; it translates mRNA codons into amino acids
3. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA): Plays catalytic (ribozyme) roles structural roles in ribosomes
4. Primary transcript: is a precursor to mRNA, rRNA, or tRNA before being processed; some intron RNA acts as a ribozyme, catalyzing its own splicing
5. Small nuclear RNA (snRNA): Plays structural and catalytic roles in splicesosomes, the complexes of protein and RNA that splice pre-mRNA
Most genes contаin the informаtion needed to mаke functionаl molecules cаlled proteins. The journey from gene to protein is complex аnd tightly controlled within eаch cell. It consists of two mаjor steps: trаnscription аnd trаnslаtion. Together, trаnscription аnd trаnslаtion аre known аs gene expression.
During the process of trаnscription, the informаtion stored in а gene's DNА is pаssed to а similаr molecule cаlled RNА (ribonucleic аcid) in the cell nucleus. Both RNА аnd DNА аre mаde up of а chаin of building blocks cаlled nucleotides, but they hаve slightly different chemicаl properties. The type of RNА thаt contаins the informаtion for mаking а protein is cаlled messenger RNА (mRNА) becаuse it cаrries the informаtion, or messаge, from the DNА out of the nucleus into the cytoplаsm.
Your question is incomplete, but most probably your full question can see in the Attachment.
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which statements are true regarding cardiac contractility? the muscle filaments are not able to change the force of contraction, cardiac contractility is the ability of the myocardium to stretch and contract, the contractility can also be influenced by the preload, the stroke volume decreases as the preload increases, the heart workload increases as afterload increases.
Cardiac contractility the muscle filaments are not able to change the force of contraction, cardiac contractility is the ability of the myocardium to stretch and contract, the contractility can also be influenced by the preload.
The concentration of calcium within the cardiomyocyte so any factors that increase intracellular calcium levels will caused cardiac contractility. The stroke volume decreases as the preload increases, the heart workload increases as after load increases.
Muscle contraction is regulated through a process referred to an excitation is known as contraction coupling at the cellular level. Cardiac contractility is important or essential property for all types of muscles. It enables the heart to produce the power that is necessary for its pump function.
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which of the following organ systems, along with the skeletal system, play a role in movement in vertebrates? select all that apply.
Which of the following organ systems, along with the skeletal system, play a role in movement in vertebrates? select all that apply. a. Nervous system b. muscular system c. cardiovascular system.
All options are correct ,The following organ systems, along with the skeletal system, play a role in movement in vertebrates.
Muscular system: muscles generate force and movement by contracting and relaxing. The muscles are attached to the bones and when they contract, they cause movement at the joints. Muscles also provide stability to joints and help maintain posture. Nervous system: the nervous system controls and coordinates muscle contractions and movements. The nervous system also receives sensory information from the muscles and joints, allowing for fine-tuned control of movement. Cardiovascular system: the cardiovascular system provides the necessary oxygen and nutrients to muscles for movement. Oxygen is used by the muscles during the process of cellular respiration to generate energy, and without it, the muscles would be unable to contract.
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james lake of the ucla/nasa astrobiology institute presented new evidence regarding the evolution of eukaryotic cells. he hypothesized that eukaryotes developed from an endosymbiotic gene fusion between the two other domains of life. evaluate from the options provided which kind of genetic evidence would best support this hypothesis.
James Lake of the UCLA/NASA Astrobiology Institute presented new evidence regarding the evolution of eukaryotic cells and hypothesized that eukaryotes developed from an endosymbiotic gene fusion between the two other domains of life.
To evaluate the evidence that would best support this hypothesis, one should consider the following options:
Comparative genomics: This approach involves comparing the genomes of different organisms,including eukaryotes, prokaryotes, and archaea, to identify genes that are unique to eukaryotes and that may have originated from an endosymbiotic event.
Phylogenetic analysis: This approach involves constructing evolutionary trees based on the similarities and differences between the genomes of different organisms.By comparing the relationships of eukaryotic genes to those of prokaryotic and archaeal genes, one can infer the evolutionary history of eukaryotic cells.
Chimeric genes: This type of genetic evidence would be the most supportive of the hypothesis,as it would involve identifying genes in eukaryotic cells that are composed of segments from different prokaryotic or archaeal genomes, which would indicate that they have arisen from a fusion event.
In summary, the genetic evidence that would best support James Lake's hypothesis is the identification of chimeric genes in eukaryotic cells, which would indicate that they have arisen from a fusion.
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The sitatunga is the most aquatic of all antelopes, averaging between 35 and 45 inches tall, using its splayed hoov
submerging its entire body underwater (except for its nose) to avoid detection by predators.
Which of the following sentences uses an ellipsis correctly?
O...average between 35 and 45 inches tall, using its splayed hooves to skip...
The sitatunga is the most aquatic of all antelopes, averaging between 35 and 45 inches tall...
O The sitatunga is the most aquatic of all antelopes... capable of submerging its entire body underwater (excep
O The sitatunga... using its splayed hooves to skip across swampy land...
Question 2(Multiple Choice Worth 4 points)
The sitatunga is the most aquatic of all antelopes, averaging between 35 and 45 inches tall.
What is a sitatunga?
The sitatunga (Tragelaphus spekii), sometimes called the marshbuck, is a medium-sized swamp-dwelling antelope found throughout central Africa, centered in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Republic of the Congo, Cameroon and parts of southern Sudan. , Equatorial Guinea, Burundi, Ghana, Botswana, Rwanda, Zambia, Gabon, Central African Republic, Tanzania, Uganda and Kenya. The sitatunga is mostly restricted to marshy and swampy habitats. They are found here in tall and dense vegetation as well as in seasonal swamps, marshy clearings in forests, riparian thickets and mangrove swamps.To know more about sitatunga, click the link given below:
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1.in parts i and ii of the lab, how did the electrons of each element help to produce the different colors of light? explain your answers using important terms from the lesson and information provided in the laboratory.
As the electrons move from one energy state to another, they produce light. The wavelength determines the light's color.
An atom's energy content is determined by its composition of protons and electrons. The amount of energy an electron releases as it transitions through various energy levels determines the color of the light an atom emits. Light can be produced as electrons move from higher to lower energy levels because they release extra energy during this process.
In the given scenario, during heating, the electrons absorb light and move the excited energy state. Once they start to descend to the lower orbit, the atom emits light. The wavelength of the light tells about its color.
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This is marine science I don’t understand
Marine biologists conduct intriguing research on the diverse marine flora, fauna, and microorganisms. In the oceans below the surface, 80% of all life is thought to exist! The effects of human actions on the environment, such as pollution and climate change, are reflected in plants and animals.
What does a marine biologist do?Diverse challenges and issues are investigated by marine biologists. Typical areas of concern are listed below:
The global stock of some fish species has decreased as a result of overfishing.More than 12 million tones of plastic have been released into the ocean as a result of pollution, with devastating effects on ecosystems, biodiversity, and food security.Coral cover loss and coral bleaching have significantly increased as a result of ocean acidification and warming.The ocean's biological balance has been changed by the emission of hot water and other effluents from numerous enterprises.Ecosystems and wildlife in the area are permanently damaged by oil spills.Human water-borne illnesses have increased as a result of pollution.Food chains have suffered major effects as a result of the use of pesticides and artificial fertilizers in farming.In fish, shellfish, and other aquatic creatures, chemicals may result in "gender-bending" and problems with reproductive.To Learn more About Marine biologists Refer To:
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How are the proces of food in human stomach
The food gets processed and digested by the stomach with the help of certain enzymes and acids which helps in breaking down of food.
The stomach is the first organ which the food reaches after traveling through the food pipe(esophagus). The stomach secretes certain enzymes (these are substances which acts like catalyst to break down proteins in an organism), digestive juices and acids in order to digest food. The periodic contraction of stomach walls also helps in churning of food.
Stomach secretes Hydrochloric acid which breaks down the food and creates an acidic medium for further digestion. The enzymes mainly Lipase, and Pepsin secreted by the cells of the stomach break down the proteins present in the food.
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The complete/correct question should be:
How is the food processed in human stomach?
stress can depress the release of cells, whose primary function is to suppress viruses and destroy tumor cells.
Cytotoxic effector cells lyse virus-infected cells. Cytotoxic effector cells, such as cytotoxic T cells, natural killer cells, and activated macrophages, can destroy virus-infected cells.
The pituitary (puh-TOO-uh-ter-ee) gland is located at the base of the brain and is about the size of a pea. Despite its tiny size, the pituitary gland is sometimes referred to as the "master gland." Many other endocrine glands are controlled by the hormones it produces.
Electroconvulsive treatment (ECT) is a medical procedure in which a moderate electric current is passed through your brain, creating a brief seizure.
Because it oversees the actions of many other endocrine glands, the pituitary gland is sometimes referred to as the "master" gland of the endocrine system. The pituitary gland is about the size of a pea and is located near the base of the brain.
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1. Which is a true statement about a bilaterally symmetrical animal?
a. It has sense organs at its anterior end.
b. It has sense organs at its posterior end.
c. It has sessile characteristics.
d. It has no posterior.
Bilateral symmetry can be seen in animals that can freely move about their environments. In this case option b is correct
What is an animal that is bilaterally symmetrical?
Bilateral symmetry can be seen in animals that can freely move about their environments. Anatomical elements are situated on opposing sides of a median axis, such that one and only one plane can divide the individual into two nearly identical halves.
Insects, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals, and the vast majority of crustaceans are among the animals that have bilateral symmetry.
Animals with bilateral symmetry have the right and left sides, the front and back (dorsal vs. ventral), the "head" and "tail" (anterior vs. posterior), and more. All real animals, with the exception of those with radial symmetry, are bilaterally symmetrical.
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Some sources of particulate matter are
a. vehicle exhaust, burning waste, fires, and tobacco smoke.
b. coal mining, manufacturing, and agriculture.
c. acid rain, nuclear energy, water, and dust.
d. natural metals found in rocks and soil.
Answer:
d. natural metals found in rocks and soil.
Explanation:
which of the following is a reason that expressed sequence tags (ests) aid the identification of dna that encodes proteins?
A single amino acid is coded for by a three-nucleotide sequence on messenger RNA. It aids in the conversion of a polypeptide chain from an mRNA message.
Only the genome's transcribed sequences can be found in an ESTs sequence database.
A brief sub-sequence and distinctive stretch of DNA in a gene's coding region is known as an expressed sequence tag (EST), which is helpful for identifying full-length genes. a DNA sequence that is expressed and codes for a protein.
Expressed sequence tags (ESTs) are comparatively short DNA sequences (about 200–300 nucleotides) that are typically produced from the 3′ ends of cDNA clones. PCR primers can be developed from ESTs and used to identify the presence of the particular coding sequence in genomic DNA.
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The disinfectant spray in this illustration is most appropriately used for __
multiple choice - cleaning up sharp tools. - cleaning up hazardous chemicals. - cleaning up infectious agents - reducing the level of chemical fumes in the lab environment.
The disinfectant spray in this illustration is most appropriately used for c. clear infectious agents
Disinfectants are chemicals used to inhibit or kill microorganisms or infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses and fungi The action of disinfectants can be influenced by several factors such as concentration, contact time, pH, type of microorganism, area of contamination, organic matter and formulation.
The way the disinfectant works is by spraying it on contaminated surfaces of inanimate objects such as floors, wall, door, equipment and bathrooms. This can control the amount of antimicrobials and viruses in high-risk rooms, thereby preventing the transmission of pathogenic microorganisms from surfaces to humans.
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from simbio q2.1 what do the graphs (showing simploid illness/death and the change in the environmental variables) suggest about the most likely cause of the simploid sickness?
One rationale is that illness is an independent variable. HYPOTHESIS: Simploids 'become sick' after being exposed to ZapWeedz Choose week.
It is a stand-alone variable that is unaffected by other factors you are attempting to assess. A person's age won't alter as a result of other circumstances like what people eat, how very much they attend school, or how much tv they watch. One rationale is that illness is an independent variable. HYPOTHESIS: Simploids 'become sick' after being exposed to ZapWeedz Choose week. The amount of sunlight, for instance, would be the independent variable if you were examining how development of a certain plant variety was influenced by sunlight levels. The dependent variable is growth. It is a result of how much sunlight there is. The cause is the independent variable. The is the dependent variable.
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When a neuron sends information down the axon, is called an ___ ___ also known as a spike or impulse.
Answer:
Explanation:
an action potential
Qué sucederá con mayor probabilidad si una persona no consume el requerimiento mínimo diario de carbohidratos
Si una persona no consume el requerimiento mínimo diario de carbohidratos entonces ell/ella tendra que quemar grasas del cuerpo para obtener energia.
¿Qué son los carbohidratos en la dieta?Los carbohidratos son un tipo de macronutrientes que proporcionan energía para el cuerpo. Están compuestos por una combinación de carbono, hidrógeno y oxígeno. Los carbohidratos se pueden encontrar en alimentos como el arroz, la pasta, los panes y los cereales. Estos alimentos se clasifican como almidones y azúcares simples.
Por lo tanto, los carbohidratos son una fuente de enrergia consumida en la dieta y su eliminacion invariablemente llevara a obtener energia de las grasas corporales.
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Place the following terms in the correct order to match the processes outlined by the central dogma of biology.
EDNA is read
=tRNA brings amino acidstRNA brings amino acids
protein is formed
mRNA is created
ribosomes read RNA
The following explains the Central Dogma, the idea that genetic information only travels in one direction:
Describe Central Dogma.
The idea that genetic information can only flow one way—either from DNA through RNA to proteins, or from RNA to proteins—is a fundamental tenet of molecular biology.
The functional units of DNA are known as genes, and they can be classified as polypeptides (proteins and protein subunits) or functional RNAs (such as tRNA and rRNA).
Gene expression is the process by which genetic information is converted into useful products.
A polypeptide gene is expressed in two stages. The central dogma of this procedure is the directionality of information flow.
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complete the following paragraph to describe the components necessary for a controlled scientific experiment. responses may be used more than once.
A controlled scientific experiment requires several key components in order to produce valid and reliable results. Firstly, a clear and testable hypothesis must be established to guide the investigation.
Secondly, a controlled experimental design must be implemented to ensure that any observed effects are directly caused by the variables being tested. This includes the use of control groups and multiple experimental groups to hypothesis account for any extraneous variables. Thirdly, accurate and precise measurements must be taken throughout the experiment to ensure that any changes in the hypothesis variables being tested are accurately recorded. Finally, the data collected must be analyzed using statistical methods to determine if any significant differences exist between the groups and whether the hypothesis is supported by the results.
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The Complete Question is:
Refer the below image and refer the answer, the answer is in a paragraph format.