whenever one turns the pages of a book, uses a pen to take notes, or raises one's hand, one's actions are made possible by the somatic nervous system.
The somatic nervous system, also known as the voluntary nervous system, is the area of the peripheral nervous system that controls skeletal (voluntary) muscles to control body movement. It also connects the organism to its environment by receiving external stimuli through the senses of sight, hearing, taste, and smell. In contrast to the autonomic nervous system, which functions largely independently of conscious control in innervating heart muscle and exocrine and endocrine glands, the somatic nervous system uses efferent motor nerves to govern voluntary actions like walking and smiling.
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The rattlesnake alerts enemies to its presence with a rattle-a set of modified scales at the tip of its tail. Describe the distinct roles of gated ion channels in initiating and moving a signal along the nerve from the snake's head to its tail and then from that nerve to the muscle that shakes the rattle.
Neurotransmitters activate gated ion channels, which allow molecules (Na+ and K+) to diffuse information and leave the axon. This generates the membrane potential, which depolarizes the axon and sends a signal until it reaches and activates the muscle.
What are Neurotransmitters?Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that travel throughout the body. Their function is to send signals from nerve cells to target cells.
These target cells could be found in muscles, glands, or nerves. The nervous system contains neurotransmitters.
Gated ion channels is opened by neurotransmitters, allowing molecules (Na+ and K+) to diffuse and exit the axon.
The membrane potential is generated, which depolarizes the axon as well as transmits a signal till it attains and activates the muscle.
Thus, this is the distinct roles of gated ion channels in initiating and moving a signal.
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What result would Jost have obtained if female development also required a signal from the gonad?
The result Jost has obtained if female development also required a signal from the gonad is that the female genitalia was reliant upon the signs from embryonic gonadal cells.
In females, the ovaries (one of the interior genitalia) are the gonads, while on account of males, the testicles (one of the outer genitalia) are the gonads.
The exploratory investigation of Jost proposed that signs from the embryonic male gonad cells are fundamental for the arrangement of male genitalia, and the shortfall of these signs brought about the development of female genitalia.
The development of female genitalia was reliant upon the hormonal signs of the female embryonic testicle. Then, at that point, it would have been seen that none of the exploratory incipient organisms (in which the medical procedure of gonadal cell has been performed) would grow fundamentally or practically typical genitalia.
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Why are phytoplankton, and not benthic algae or rooted aquatic plants, the dominant photosynthetic organisms of the oceanic pelagic zone? (See Figure 52.14 .)
An organism is referred to as photosynthetic if it participates in photosynthesis. Plants, algae, and cyanobacteria perform photosynthesis.
Photoautotrophs use light, specifically sunshine, to manufacture their food. In that they have chlorophyll and require sunlight to survive and thrive, microalgae, also known as phytoplankton, are comparable to terrestrial plants. Since it is mostly buoyant, phytoplankton floats in the upper layers of the ocean where sunlight penetrates the water. In order to transform these resources into proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates, they also require inorganic nutrients like nitrates, phosphates, and sulfur.The open sea area outside of the coasts or on the ocean floor made up of the water column is referred to as the pelagic zone. Pelagic fish live in the oceans below the continental shelf. Pelagic fish are those that live in the pelagic zone, hence their name.In the photic zone, which is quite shallow, plankton and a variety of fish species reside. Because water readily absorbs light and the ocean is deep, the majority of the ocean (the aphotic zone) is dark and devoid of life.Learn more about the Phytoplankton with the help of the given link:
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Who is credited with being the father of the modern u. S. Wilderness conservation?.
Gifford Pinchot, the founding director of the U.S. Forest Service, was born on Saturday. He is referred to as the "father of conservation" and is credited with starting the conservation movement in the US by persuading people to protect the future by preserving the past.
The Sierra Club was founded by American naturalist John Muir (1838–1914), who is regarded as the grand father of conservation. He pushed to establish Yosemite National Park and protect the Sierra Nevada in California. Leopold joined the U.S. Forest Service after graduating from Yale and was placed in the Arizona Territories. During his time in office.
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Consider the effect of adding potassium or chloride channels to the membrane in (b). How would the membrane potential be affected in each case?
Potassium or chloride channels to the membrane in the resting membrane potential became less negative.
The passage of ions into and out of the cell and across the membrane is related to the way that impulses are conveyed along nerve cells, which are also referred to as neurons.
All ions are electrically charged, either negatively or positively. A potential is actually just a charge differential. As a result, the membrane potential is a voltage-based measurement of the differential in charge across the nerve cell membrane.
When the nerve cell is at rest and not transmitting an impulse, this charge differential is known as the resting membrane potential.
A nerve impulse is communicated via the passage of ions into the cell. Since a nerve impulse involves a change in charge brought on by the passage of charged ions into and out of a cell across a membrane, it is also referred to as a nerve action potential.
The resting membrane potential will become less negative as the number of potassium ions presents extracellularly rises.
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How do imprinting in geese and song development in sparrows differ with regard to the resulting behavior?
For the goose, all that is acquired is an object at which the behavior is directed. In the case of the sparrow, learning takes place that will give shape to the behavior itself.
What is imprinting ?In psychobiology, imprinting is a type of learning in which a very young animal focuses its attention on the first thing it sees, hears, or touches and then proceeds to pursue that object.
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An individual is hospitalized due to complications from copd and pneumonia. the antibiotics administered resulted in acute renal failure. what abg result is possible?
The ABG result would be the renal failure build up metabolic acidosis
How does arterial blood gas work?One of the examinations used to identify COPD is an arterial blood gas test. The test determines your blood's oxygen content (O2) as well as how well carbon dioxide (CO2) is expelled. Your blood's pH can also be calculated using this method. It is possible to assess respiratory conditions, kidney function, and the body's metabolism by measuring imbalances in the levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, or pH. (the process by which our body converts food into energy that can be used right away or stored in the liver, muscles and body fat).
The buildup of acid inin the body due to kidney disease or kidney failure called metabolic acidosis.
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Which structure acts like an invisibility cloak and protects bacteria from being phagocytized?.
Capsule structure acts like an invisibility cloak and protects bacteria from being phagocytized.
What is the composition of capsule?From bacterium to bacteria, the content of the capsule varies. Capsules include 98% water and 2% polysaccharide. Capsules are primarily made of polysaccharide. The lengthy strands of carbohydrates are called polysaccharides. Long carbohydrate chains are created by combining monomeric subunits. Different monomeric units bind to each other through glycosidic connections. They yield the monomeric elements that make up the polysaccharide unit upon hydrolysis.
Glycoproteins are a component of several bacterial capsules. The structure of glycoproteins is where the carbohydrate group is joined to the amino acids of proteins. Covalent bonds between carbohydrate groups and the polypeptide chain allow for attachment.
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Define close circuit.
Answer:
closed circuit. noun. a complete electrical circuit through which current can flow when a voltage is appliedCompare open circuit.Answer:
A close circuit is a circuit that lets current go through it without stopping.
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The sickle-cell allele most likely originated when a mutation occurred in a normal hemoglobin allele. If the trait arose in africa, where did it most likely originate?.
The mutation for sickle cell allele most likely originated in Congo (near Kinshasa).
Mutation refers to the change in nucleotide sequence of DNA during cell division in an organism. It can be beneficial or harmful for a population. Mutations for sickle cell allele were originated in Congo by altering a normal haemoglobin allele.
The mutation for the sickle cell allele originated in Congo near Kinshasa and provided a better chance of survival to heterozygous individuals for this allele. As this mutant allele was transferred to the next generations, it allowed them to survive and reproduce with better success and spread the mutation among the populations through migration.
This can be considered an example of natural selection where heterozygous individuals for sickle cell alleles had better chances of survival and reproduction. The heterozygous individuals with sickle cell allele exhibit resistance to malaria. When such individuals get affected by the malarial parasite, their RBCs tend to turn sickle and defend against malaria.
The sickle-cell allele most likely originated when a mutation occurred in a normal hemoglobin allele. If the trait arose in Africa, it most likely originated in Congo.
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If you made Jupiter the size of a marble, how would that change the size of the Earth? Sun?
Answer:
It would change the size of both the planets and make them smaller
Explanation:
If you make Jupiter's size into a marble, then you would have to make both of the planets smaller size as well. It would change the size of the sun by a lot, but it would still have to be bigger than Jupiter. The earth is different tho since it's way smaller than Jupiter in its normal size. So the earth would be super smaller than marble.
If you were to scale down Jupiter to the size of a marble, it would have a diameter of roughly 1.39 centimeters (or about 0.55 inches).
What are the planets?The relative diameters of the Earth and the Sun do not alter appreciably, even when Jupiter's size is drastically shrunk to that of a tiny pebble.
The enormous scale disparity between the celestial bodies in our solar system is highlighted by the Sun, which is still considerably larger than both Earth and the marble-sized Jupiter as shown
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Betty's metabolism has been irregular and she has been moody, tired, and weak. there is most likely an abnormality with her _____ gland.
According to the research, the correct option is thyroid. Betty's metabolism has been irregular and she has been moody, tired, and weak. There is most likely an abnormality with her thyroid gland.
What is thyroid gland?It is an organ located in the anterior region of the neck formed by two bilateral lobes and is responsible for producing hormones and regulating the body's sensitivity to them.
In this sense, it is responsible for multiple functions, among the main ones giving energy to the body, regulating metabolism, when there is an abnormality in this, problems of nervousness, muscle cramps, fatigue, weight loss, irritability, bowel movements usually occur.
Therefore, we can conclude that according to the research, the correct option is thyroid. Betty's metabolism has been irregular and she has been moody, tired, and weak. There is most likely an abnormality with her thyroid gland.
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According to anthropology, if humanity cannot be divided into a series of genetically distinct units, then?
According to anthropology, if humanity cannot be divided into a series of genetically distinct units, then the concept of human race will be biologically meaningless.
According, to the concept of human race that give the idea of the human species and said that human species is divided into distinct groups on the basis of the inherited physical and behavioral differences.
Their are 4 major races present in the world's population, that are white/caucasian, mongoloid/asian, negroid/black, and australoid. This racial classification was suggested by carleton S.
The human race was invented by european naturalists and anthropologists. The human race was initiated from the homo habilis, or handy mam.
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Water leaving a reservoir behind a dam is often taken from deep layers of the reservoir. Would you expect fish found in a river below a dam in summer to be species that prefer colder or warmer water than fish found in an undammed river? Explain.
Fish that like colder water are more likely to be found in rivers that are below dams.
How do dams impact the number of fish?The construction of a dam on a river can obstruct or delay upstream fish migration, which has the effect of reducing or even eradicating species that depend on longitudinal migrations along the stream continuum at particular times of their life cycles. Dams can provide energy, maintain the security of water, and protect against flooding, but they also pose a major threat to freshwater species. Dams alter fish life cycles and lower their reproductive potential by obstructing their ability to travel along natural routes between spawning and feeding grounds. Rivers below dams are more likely to have fish that prefer colder water.Learn more about the dams with the help of the given link:
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Which of the following best describes prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Prokaryotes have a nucleus and eukaryotes do not.
Prokaryotes do not have a nucleus; eukaryotes have a nucleus.
Both have membrane-bound structures.
Prokaryotes have membrane-bound structures and eukaryotes have free floating organelles.
Answer:
Prokaryotes do not have a nucleus; eukaryotes have a nucleus.
Explanation:
The generic material of a prokaryotic cell is not in organized form as in eukaryotic cells. They are found in a region called nucleiod or genophore. They also lack membrane bound organelles. Ribosomes are found in both.
Answer:
Prokaryotes do not have a nucleus; eukaryotes have a nucleus.
Explanation:
Why do so many substances dissolve in water?
O It can completely surround individual molecules.
O It's a polar substance with positive and negative charges.
O It contains enzymes that break down other substances.
O Water molecules readily bond to other substances.
Answer:
Its a polar substance with positive and negative charges.
Explanation:
Because of its polarity and ability to form hydrogen bonds.
A tough layer of vascular connective tissue, called the ______________________, covers the bone and is continuous with ligaments and tendons.
A tough layer of vascular connective tissue, called the Periosteum, covers the bone and is continuous with ligaments and tendons.
What is vascular connective tissue?It is a type of tissue that is accountable for the transportation in the animal's body. It is also anointed fluid connective tissue. It maintains continuity in the animal body by combining different parts of the body. It has two kinds, and they are blood and lymph.
What is an representative of vascular connective tissue?
Blood: It is a sticky, thick, and saltish vascular connective tissue. It is also named red vascular connective tissue because it is red-colored. It consists of two components that are blood cells and blood plasma.
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Careful analysis of many types of organisms suggests that the amazingly complex camera-like eyes of vertebrates and cephalopod molluscs (octopuses and squids) formed through _______
Careful analysis of many types of organisms suggests that the amazingly complex camera-like eyes of vertebrates and cephalopod molluscs (octopuses and squids) formed through gradual refinement that occurred in both molluscs and vertebrates lineage to produce camera like structure in both molluscs and vertebrates.
The modern style of camera style eye of the vertebrate have evolved roughly 500 million years ago. The basic pattern of eyes are same in all vertebrates which is spherical structure fitted with cornea for passing light. It is complex structure consisting of retina, iris, ciliary body, optic nerves, etc.
Cephalopods are active marine predators which also have camera type structure which is very complex.
The similar eye structure in vertebrates and cephalopods are convergent in structure.
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Which of the following sensory receptors is incorrectly paired with its category? a. hair cell-mechanoreceptor b. muscle spindle-mechanoreceptor c. taste receptor-chemoreceptor d. olfactory receptor-electromagnetic receptor
Answer: B
Explanation:
explain how high specific heat and expansion upon freezing sustain life
Life forms can keep relatively consistent interior temperatures because water has a high specific heat that makes them resistant to temperature changes. Water has a high boiling point due to its high specific heat and surface tension, which helps maintain its liquid for the majority of biological processes. Expansion upon freezing sustains life because Ice takes up more area than water because it expands (it is less dense). As a result, the ice floats on the water.
The specific heat capacity of a substance, also known as the massic heat capacity, is the heat capacity of a sample of the substance divided by the mass of the sample. Due to the thermal energy released by chemical processes within cells, specific heat aids in preventing organisms from overheating. When the outside temperature changes or rises, it aids organisms in maintaining a comparatively constant internal temperature.
Water crystallizes into an open hexagonal structure when it freezes, which accounts for the expansion that occurs. More room is there in this hexagonal lattice than in the liquid state. When water is cooled to a temperature of about 4 degrees Celsius, it begins to constrict as one would expect. It then gradually grows until it reaches the freezing point, at which point it freezes and expands by around 9%.
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Where are chromosomes that contain dna found? inside a person’s genes on the outside of a gamete in the nucleus of a cell around the double helix structure
The chromosomes that contain DNA are found inside the cell nucleus (in eukaryotic organisms).
What are chromosomes?The chromosomes can be defined as linear fragments of DNA of an organism that contain specific sequences of nucleotides that determine gene sequences and they are found within the cell nucleus.
Chromosomes are fragments of the genome, they are located in the cell nucleus where transcription of genes and subsequent use of these transcripts (mRNAs) during translation leads to the production of proteins.
In conclusion, the chromosomes that contain DNA are found inside the cell nucleus (in eukaryotic organisms).
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Answer:
nucleus
Explanation:
cause i said
______ are released from axon terminals and are detected by protein receptors on an adjacent neuron.
Neurotransmitters are released from axon terminals and are detected by protein receptors on an adjacent neuron.
At a chemical synapse, one neuron releases neurotransmitter molecules right into a small area that is adjoining to every other neuron. The neurotransmitters are contained inside small sacs known as synaptic vesicles and are launched into the synaptic cleft with the aid of exocytosis.
Neurotransmitters are launched from synaptic vesicles in presynaptic neurons in response to neural activity, diffuse across the synaptic cleft, and bind unique receptors if you want to result in modifications in postsynaptic neurons.
Neuronconnect with other cells inside the frame including different neurons, muscle cells, and organs. those connections arise at junctions known as synapses. The synapses allow electrical and chemical messages to be transmitted from the neuron to the alternative cells in the body.
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In the deserts of the southwestern United States, the soils are mostly sandy, with occasional large regions of black rock derived from lava flows that occurred 1.7 million years ago. Mice are found in both sandy and rocky areas, and owls are known predators. What might you expect about coat color in these two mouse populations? Explain. How would you use this ecosystem to further test the camouflage hypothesis?
In the deserts of the southwestern United States, the soils are mostly sandy, with occasional large regions of black rock derived from lava flows that occurred 1.7 million years ago. Mice are found in both sandy and rocky areas, and owls are known predators.
What might you expect about coat color in these two mouse populations? Explain.
How would you use this ecosystem to further test the camouflage hypothesis?
Based on the coloration of the mice, you might expect mice that live on sandy soil to be lighter and those that live on lava rock to be much darker. And in fact, scientists have found and predict that each color of mouse would be less hunted in its natural environment than in another environment. You can repeat Hoekstra's experiment with colored models painted to resemble these two types of mice. Or you could try transplanting a portion of each population into its non-native habitat rather than a different habitat. In a live mouse transplant experiment, you would have to make controls to remove the variable introduced by the transplanted mice in new, unfamiliar territory. You could control the transplant process by transplanting some dark mice from one lava rock area to a distant one, and some light mice from one sandy soil area to a distant area.
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Most of the soil in the southwestern United States' deserts is sandy, however there are occasionally sizable areas of black rock made of lava flows that happened 1.7 million years ago. Both rocky and sandy environments contain mice, and owls are well-known mice hunters.
How would you utilise this environment to expand on the notion of camouflage?You may anticipate that mice living on lava rock would be lot darker and those living on sandy soil would be much lighter based on the colours of the mice.In actuality, scientists have discovered and predicted that each colour of mouse will be pursued less frequently in its native environment than in another area.Hoekstra's experiment may be repeated using coloured models that have been painted to mimic these two varieties of mouse.You would need to create controls in a live mouse transplant experiment to eliminate the variable that the transplanted mice introduced in their new environment.To learn more about Hoekstra's experiment, refer to:
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a neuron with an excitatory center-inhibitory surround receptive field will respond most when we stimulate .
A neuron with an excitatory center-inhibitory surround receptive field will respond most when we stimulate only the center. Stimulating middle and surround regions concurrently decreases responding of the neuron, as compared to stimulating the excitatory location alone. A receptive discipline that includes a more or less round excitatory location surrounded with the aid of using an inhibitory location, or a round inhibitory middle surrounded with the aid of using an excitatory surround.
Center-surround receptive discipline - receptive discipline wherein the middle of the receptive discipline responds otherwise to stimulation than the encircling part of the discipline.
There are number one forms of ganglion mobileular receptive fields: ON middle/OFF surround mobileular: Flashing small vibrant spot withinside the middle subregion will increase the mobileular's response. Flashing a vibrant annulus withinside the surround subregion inhibits the mobileular's response.
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The peritoneal cavity is located between the visceral peritoneum and the mesentery. True or false
The peritoneal cavity is located between the visceral peritoneum and the parietal peritoneum. So the statement is false.
What is the peritoneal cavity?The peritoneum is a serous membrane that covers the abdominal and pelvic organs and borders the walls of the abdominal cavity. The peritoneal cavity lies between its parietal and visceral layers. Abdominopelvic organs are supported and shielded by the peritoneum.
There are two layers to the peritoneum:
An external layer that is attached to the front and posterior abdominal walls is called the parietal peritoneum.A layer that lines the internal organs of the abdomen is called the visceral peritoneum. It is created when the parietal peritoneum rebounds from the viscera to the abdominal wall.Therefore the statement is false.
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briefly explain how an endonuclease (like cas9) compares to a restriction enzyme (like haeiii or bcli). what is a similarity? what is a difference?
In comparison , Cas9 is an endonuclease and is developed as an immunity mechanism against viruses, which are not considered restriction enzymes.
Talking about the similariites and differences, endonuclease is an enzyme by cleaving the internal covalent bonds linking nucleotides to break down a nucleotide chain into shorter chains, whereas the restriction enzyme, considered the restriction endonuclease can cleave DNA molecules into small pieces. Cas9 is an endo-deoxyribonuclease, it trims the DNA a little bit, from the cut site, one of the differences is that to identify the target sites in the DNA restriction enzymes doesn't have an RNA or a DNA as a tether. They can recognize the restriction sites by themselves through their DNA binding domains. Compare to restriction enzymes, the endonuclease can't cleave any DNA complementary to the guide RNA, they need the help of protospacer adjacent motifs adjacent sequences to the target site. The cleaving process occurs at a specific site called the restriction site, of the DNA molecule, where the site is composed of 4 to 8 base pairs. The restriction enzyme is all about all in one system whereas the endonuclease enzyme recognizes first and cleaves the latter, within a specific nucleotide sequence.
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What happens to the alcohol in a bulb thermometer as the temperature decreases?
Answer:
What happens to the alcohol in a bulb thermometer as the temperature decreases? As the alcohol cools down, the kinetic energy of the alcohol particles declines. When the alcohol particles move less, they move closer together, and the alcohol contracts.
Explanation:
The glands that are saclike in structure and produce oily secretions that lubricate the skin are?
The glands that are saclike in structure and produce oily secretions that lubricate the skin are sebaceous glands.
Glands are the organs present in the body that produce and secrete some chemical substances. These chemical substances are necessary for various processes in the body. Glands can be of two types: Endocrine, which releases secretions directly into the blood and exocrine, that release secretions into some duct or opening.
Sebaceous glands are the exocrine gland that secrete a substance called sebum. Sebum is an soil, wax-like substance that functions to lubricate the hair and skin. The gland opens into the root of hair follicle and is present only in mammals. The maximum sebaceous glands are found in the scalp.
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many proteins are secreted from the cell following the process of translation. list two organelles involved in protein secretion, and briefly explain their contributions.
many proteins are secreted from the cell following the process of translation.the two organelles involved in protein secretion and their contribution are The rough endoplasmic reticulum modifies the proteins. The Golgi apparatus is involved in sorting, modifying, and packaging proteins. Vesicles transport the proteins to the plasma membrane and release them from the cell.
The endoplasmic reticulum is, in essence, the transportation system of the eukaryotic cell, and has many other important functions such as protein folding. It is a type of organelle made up of two subunits – rough endoplasmic reticulum, and smooth endoplasmic reticulum.here the Golgi apparatus, also known as the Golgi complex, Golgi body, or simply the Golgi, is an organelle found in most eukaryotic cells. Part of the endomembrane system in the cytoplasm, it packages proteins into membrane-bound vesicles inside the cell before the vesicles are sent to their destination.to know more about Golgi apparatus click here
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disadvantage of organic fertilizer
Answer:
See below.
Explanation:
Organic fertilizer is more environmentally friendly and economical, but it comes at a different cost. These fertilizers are both harder to obtain and take more effort to formulate. Furthermore, these products are not created equally, meaning some of them may not work as well and have inconsistencies. Correspondingly, they are also lower in nutrients, meaning crops that rely on fertilizer will not grow as effectively and risk dying.