The activation of the complement system takes place in the bloodstream. The molecules responsible for the activation of the complement system are C₃ and C₅ convertases. The complement system is responsible for the eventual destruction of bacterial cells by mechanisms like opsonization.
Where does the activation of the complement system take place?
The activation of the complement system takes place in the blood and other bodily fluids of humans, and other vertebrates. This is because the complement proteins circulate in the bloodstream and come into contact with antigen-antibody complexes or other activators, triggering the cascade of events that lead to the activation of the system.
The complement system is an essential component of the immune system's defense mechanisms. The complement system, together with the acquired immune system, works to identify and neutralize foreign substances such as bacteria and viruses.
What molecule is responsible for the activation of the complement system?
The complement system is made up of more than 30 proteins that work together in a coordinated manner to generate a sequence of events that lead to the elimination of pathogens. C₃ is a critical molecule in the complement system. It is responsible for the activation of the complement cascade, which leads to the generation of opsonins, lysis of bacteria, and recruitment of immune cells to the site of infection. These convertases are formed by the cleavage of complement proteins, and they serve to trigger the next stage in the activation of the complement system.
How is the bacterial cell going to be destroyed eventually?
The complement system can destroy bacteria by several mechanisms, including opsonization, membrane attack complex formation, and inflammation.
Opsonization: The complement system's components bind to the pathogen's surface, making it more accessible to phagocytic cells such as macrophages and neutrophils. These cells then engulf and destroy the pathogen.
Membrane attack complex: The complement system's membrane attack complex (MAC) components create a pore in the pathogen's cell membrane, causing it to rupture and die.
Inflammation: The complement system's activation leads to the release of inflammatory cytokines, which attract immune cells to the site of infection. These immune cells can then kill the pathogen by phagocytosis or other mechanisms.
Therefore, activation takes place in the blood fluids, convertases are responsible for activation and different mechanisms are involved to kill the pathogens.
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What was the major group of organisms that evolved around the same time as Oligochaetes?
Many varieties of aquatic and terrestrial worms make up the phylum Annelida, which includes the subclass of creatures known as Oligochaeta.
What annelid group has the most species of polychaetes and oligochaetes, and how big is the population in reality?More than 6,000 different species of polychaetes have been identified, with free-moving and tube-dwelling types making up about equal numbers. There are roughly 3,250 recognised species of oligochaetes.
What are a couple of oligochaete examples?Oligochaetes are a group of worms that include terrestrial megadrile earthworms (some of which are semiaquatic or fully aquatic), as well as freshwater or semiterrestrial microdrile forms like the tubificids, pot worms, and ice worms (Enchytraeidae), blackworms (Lumbriculidae), and a number of interstitial marine worms.
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what are the three distinguishable regions of the body of a mollusk? group of answer choices muscular foot centrally concentrated visceral mass periostracum fleshy mantle
The three distinguishable regions of the body of a mollusk are the muscular foot, the centrally concentrated visceral mass, and the fleshy mantle.
Mollusks are soft-bodied animals with hard shell that is often visible. Their bodies are bilaterally symmetrical, which means that their left and right sides are identical. Mollusks come in a variety of shapes and sizes and can be found in a variety of environments. Mollusks are an extremely diverse group of animals, including clams, snails, and squids.
The three distinguishable regions of the body of a mollusk are:
Muscular foot: This is the part of the mollusk's body used for movement, which is located at the base of the animal.
Centrally concentrated visceral mass: This is part of the mollusk's body that contains internal organs, such as the heart, digestive system, and reproductive system.
Fleshy mantle: This is a fold of tissue that covers the visceral mass and is responsible for the production of the mollusk's shell. In some mollusks, the mantle also has other functions, such as respiration or the secretion of mucus for locomotion.
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the main differences between hormonal coordination and nervous coordination (3 marks).
Hormonal coordination and nervous coordination are two different ways by which organisms regulate and coordinate their bodily functions.
What is nervous coordination?Nervous coordination is the process of communication and coordination between different parts of the body through the nervous system. The nervous system consists of neurons, which transmit electrical signals or nerve impulses from one part of the body to another. These impulses help in controlling and coordinating various functions such as movement, sensation, and cognition. Nervous coordination is responsible for rapid responses and reactions to internal and external stimuli.
Here,
The main differences between these two forms of coordination are:
Speed: Nervous coordination is much faster than hormonal coordination. Nervous impulses can travel at speeds of up to 120 meters per second, while hormones travel much more slowly through the bloodstream.
Duration: Hormonal effects last much longer than nervous effects. Hormones can continue to have an effect on the body for hours or even days, while nervous impulses are typically short-lived.
Specificity: Nervous coordination is very specific, meaning that it can target very precise areas or organs in the body. Hormonal coordination, on the other hand, is more general, affecting multiple organs or tissues throughout the body.
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In order for an ovule (egg cell) in a flower to be fertilized and form a viable seed, pollination must occur. In this process, a sperm cell is delivered to the ovule when the pollen grain lands on the stigma and grows a tube, which enters the ovary and discharges the sperm cell to form a diploid zygote when it fuses with the egg cell. Although it only takes one pollen grain to successfully deliver sperm to the egg, numerous pollen grains are generally transferred to the stigma during insect pollination of flowering plants. Which phenotypic traits of pollen would you predict to be selected upon to promote survival and fitness within an insect-pollinated flowering plant?
The phenotypic traits of pollen that would likely be selected to promote survival and fitness within an insect-pollinated flowering plant include characteristics that make the pollen more attractive to the insects that will transfer it from one plant to another.
This may include traits such as size, shape, color, scent, and sugar content. For example, larger pollen grains may be easier for insects to collect and transfer, while a particular color or scent may be more attractive to a certain species of insect pollinator.
Additionally, pollen with a higher sugar content may be more attractive to insects as a food source, potentially increasing the likelihood of successful pollination. Overall, the traits that are selected will likely depend on the specific insects that are the primary pollinators for the plant species in question.
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what is a polypeptide? which monomers compose a polypeptide.
Answer:
A linear organic polymer consisting of a large number of amino-acid residues bonded together in a chain, forming part of (or the whole of) a protein molecule. The monomers that join to form polypeptides are amino acids.
How do short generation times for bacteria and viruses cause natural selection to act quickly?
Please help! I asked this question an hour ago on here and no one answered! I will reward with THIRTY POINTS!!!
Particles in a medium through which a sound wave is traveling _____.
move in a circular motion
move back and forth
move up and down
move randomly
Answer: so it move randomly
A mechanical wave that can be heard as it moves through a medium, such as air, and temporarily displaces the particles of the medium either by rarefaction or compression. reflection The bouncing back of a wave when it hits a surface through which it cannot pass.
Explanation:
What is a wave made of changing electric and magnetic fields that carries energy through matter or through empty space?
A wave made of changing electric and magnetic fields that carries energy through matter or through empty space; transverse; example: light.
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the somatic cells of a particular plant each contain a total of 46 chromosomes. how do the chromosomes of this plant differ from the chromosomes of humans, who also have a total of 46
The chromosomes of the plant and humans may differ in their structure, size, and genetic content.
While both the plant and human cells have a total of 46 chromosomes, the specific chromosomes and their genetic information vary between species. In humans, the 46 chromosomes consist of 22 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes (XX in females and XY in males). These chromosomes carry the genetic information that determines various traits and characteristics. In contrast, plant species may have a different arrangement of chromosomes, with variations in the number and structure of the chromosomes.
Therefore, it is important to note that the specific differences in chromosome composition and genetic information can vary significantly between different plant species and humans.
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4. Solve this dihybrid Punnett square problem. In Pea Plants T is the allele for the dominant, tall characteristic; t is the allele for
the recessive, short characteristic. Y is the allele for the dominant, yellow color characteristic; y is the allele for the recessive,
green color characteristic. Cross two pea plants that are heterozygous for
both height and seed color. Determine the genotypes of the offspring.
Calculate the phenotypic ratio of the offspring.
How many will be tall and yellow?
How many will be tall and green?
How many will be short and yellow?
How many will be short and green?
A phenotypic ratio is a numerical comparison of two phenotypes that demonstrates how frequently the occurrence of one trait corresponds with another.
Which allele for tall pea plants is dominant?As the yellow seeds are dominant to green, the allele for yellow seeds should be indicated with upper case letter while the one for green seeds should be written in lower case letter. Assume that Y is the allele for yellow seeds and y is the allele for green seeds.
The genotype of the heterozygous yellow-seeded plant will thus be "Yy," whereas the genotype of the green-seeded plant will be "yy" (as the recessive allele is expressed only in homozygous conditions). The cross between heterozygous yellow seeded plant and green seeded plant will produce 50% yellow seeded plants and 50% green seeded plants.
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What is heterozygous and homozygous????
Answer:
Homozygous and heterozygous are terms that are used to describe allele pairs. Individuals carrying two identical alleles (RR or rr) are known as homozygous. While individual organisms bearing different alleles (Rr) are known as heterozygous.
Everything is made of tiny atoms. Each of these atoms is made up of a core that has a positive charge, and some electrons that circle around the core. These have a negative charge. When these electrons move around in a substance and between substances, an _______________ is created.
A. uneven charge
B. even charge
When electrons move around in a substance and between substances, a uneven charge is created.
option A.
What happens when electrons move around in a substance?When electrons move around in a substance or between substances, they can create an uneven distribution of electric charge, leading to the creation of an electric field. An electric field is a physical field that surrounds an electrically charged object and is capable of exerting a force on other charged objects within its vicinity.
The movement of electrons within and between substances can lead to the creation of an electric field and an uneven distribution of electric charge.
Thus, when these electrons move around in a substance and between substances, a uneven charge is created.
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Answer: A. uneven charge
Explanation:
which of the following statements about chloroplasts is false? thylakoids are usually arranged in stacks (grana). the stroma contains the enzymes responsible for the light-dependent reactions. the stroma is analogous to the matrix of the mitochondria. both the light-dependent (light) and carbon-fixation (dark) reactions occur in the chloroplasts. the role of chloroplasts is to capture light energy.
The stroma contains the enzymes responsible for the light-dependent reactions .This statement that is false about chloroplast .
Thylakoids are usually arranged in stacks (grana). The stroma is similar to the matrix of the mitochondria, but they do not perform the same function. The light-dependent reactions occur in the thylakoids, and carbon-fixation (dark) reactions occur in the stroma.The function of chloroplasts is to capture light energy and transform it into food through the process of photosynthesis. In addition, they are also responsible for providing a green pigment to plants that are responsible for their coloration.
However , The stroma contains the enzymes responsible for the light-dependent reactions this statement is false .
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q8. phylogenetic reconstruction can be obscured by homoplasy, rapid diversification, and introgression. for each of these complications, describe how researchers can identify them, and suggest a method to avoid the problem in order to create a robust phylogenetic tree.
Phylogenetic reconstruction can be obscured by homoplasy, rapid diversification, and introgression. These complications can make it difficult for researchers to accurately determine the evolutionary relationships between different species. However, there are ways to identify and avoid these problems in order to create a robust phylogenetic tree.
1. Homoplasy: Homoplasy occurs when two or more species have similar traits that are not due to common ancestry, but rather due to convergent evolution or parallel evolution. To identify homoplasy, researchers can use methods such as parsimony analysis or likelihood analysis.
These methods can help determine whether the similarity between traits is due to common ancestry or homoplasy. To avoid the problem of homoplasy, researchers can use multiple independent characters to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships.
2. Rapid diversification: Rapid diversification occurs when a group of species undergoes a burst of speciation events in a short period of time. This can make it difficult for researchers to accurately reconstruct the evolutionary relationships between these species.
To identify rapid diversification, researchers can use methods such as coalescent analysis or Bayesian analysis. These methods can help determine the likelihood of different phylogenetic relationships between species. To avoid the problem of rapid diversification, researchers can use multiple independent characters and incorporate fossil evidence to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships.
3. Introgression: Introgression occurs when two or more species hybridize and exchange genetic material. This can make it difficult for researchers to accurately reconstruct the evolutionary relationships between these species. To identify introgression, researchers can use methods such as genetic analysis or phylogenetic network analysis.
These methods can help determine the extent of gene flow between different species. To avoid the problem of introgression, researchers can use multiple independent characters and incorporate fossil evidence to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships.
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Differentiate between the way in which muscle cells and cells of sensitive plant change their shape
Muscle cells change their shape by contracting and relaxing due to the movement of actin and myosin filaments, while cells of sensitive plants change their shape through thigmonasty, which involves the rapid movement of water into specialized cells.
Muscle cells change their shape by contracting and relaxing, which is enabled by the movement of actin and myosin filaments within the cell. These filaments slide past each other, causing the muscle cell to shorten and thicken. This movement is controlled by the nervous system and allows for movement and force generation in the body.
On the other hand, cells of sensitive plants change their shape through a process called "thigmonasty." When a sensitive plant is touched or shaken, specialized cells within the plant release potassium ions, causing water to rapidly move into these cells. This rapid influx of water causes the cells to swell and change shape, which can lead to the plant closing its leaves or bending its stems. Thigmonasty is a mechanism used by plants to protect themselves from predators or environmental stressors.
In summary, muscle cells change shape by contracting and relaxing due to the movement of actin and myosin filaments, while cells of sensitive plants change shape through thigmonasty, which involves the rapid movement of water into specialized cells.
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If one detected blood in the urine; you would conclude that
Answer:
Blood in urine that can be seen with the eye may be a sign of advanced kidney, bladder or prostate cancer.
Answer:
advanced kidney, bladder or prostate cancer
Explanation:
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The correct option is C; The population reached carrying capacity and stabilized .
What happens if a population reaches carrying capacity?If a species' population surpasses its carrying capacity, the ecosystem may become unfit for survival. If the population outnumbers the carrying capacity for an extended length of time, resources may be destroyed totally. If all resources are depleted, populations may perish.
Biologists frequently use graphs to demonstrate population growth patterns. An "s" shaped graph shows that the population has reached its carrying capacity. In this logistic (S-curve) model, population growth is proportional to population size but also to available resources. Limited resources cause competition and poorer growth rates at increasing population densities. Ultimately, the population stabilizes and the growth rate falls to zero.
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How is churning method useful? Explain.
Answer: Churning physically agitates the cream until it ruptures the fragile membranes surrounding the milk fat. Once broken, the fat droplets can join with each other and form clumps of fat, or butter grains.
Explanation: It physically agitates the cream until it ruptures the fragile membranes surrounding the milk fat. Once broken, the fat droplets can join with each other and form clumps of fat, or butter grains.
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Identify the region on the temporal bone that forms much of the zygomatic arch
Besides storage, what does a vacuole provide in a plant cell?
Answer:
Help Maintain water balance.
Explanation:
The plant vacuole can store minerals, water, etc. But also, the plant vacuole can regulate water balance.
Explain how plants obtain the materials they need for cellular respiration. Be specific! How do these materials get from the environment to the mitochondria? And Explain how consumers, such as otters, obtain the materials they need for cellular respiration. Be specific! How do these materials get from the environment to the mitochondria?
Plants obtain the materials they need for cellular respiration from a mechanism called photosynthesis, which involves the generation of biomolecules in the chloroplast while animals such as otters obtain the materials they need for cellular respiration from biomolecules of other organisms as they are heterotrophs.
What are autotrophs and heterotrophs in an ecosystem?Autotrophs and heterotrophs in an ecosystem are organisms that obtain required biomolecules as nutrients on their own and others, respectively, which are required to produce energy by cellular respiration.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that autotrophs and heterotrophs obtain energy by different methodologies.
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explain why you have trouble seeing colors as clearly at night as you do during the day
Cones and rods are both gentle. The rods let us see in extremely low light but do not allow the detection of light, whereas the discs allow us see tint but do not work in low light. Cones lose their capacity to react to light when it turns dark.
Why is nighttime colour vision so challenging?Cones & rods are both light-sensitive. The rods let us to see in extremely low light but do not permit the detection of colour, whereas the cones provide us to see colour but do not function in low light. Cones lose their capacity to react to light as it gets dark.
Why am I unable to see properly at night?Nyctalopia, often known as night blindness, is the inability to go see well at nighttime or in dimly lit environments like a restaurant or theatre. It is frequently linked to a difficulty to swiftly adjust from a brightly light to a dimly lit area.
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PLEASE HELP I HAVE BEEN TRYING TO FIGURE THIS OUT A certain plant can have two flower color options: yellow or orange. A geneticist is looking to create a true-breeding yellow folowered plant. When he self pollinates the plant he believes to be true-breeding it results in 50% yellow folwered offspring and 50% orange flowered offspring. Do these results support or refute his belief that his plant is true breeding? Why or why not?
while they look very different, the eastern lowland gorilla and madame berthe's mouse lemur both share primate traits. what are two traits they have in common?
The two traits that the Eastern lowland gorilla and Madame Berthe's mouse lemur share are: highly advanced cognitive abilities and a social structure.
The trait that the Eastern Lowland gorilla and Madame Berthe's mouse lemur have in common is that both are primates. They are both animals in the order of Primates, which includes humans. The first trait is that these animals belonging to the primate group are distinguished by their highly advanced cognitive and sensory abilities.
The animals in this group are all quadrupeds, which means they walk on four legs. The second trait the Eastern lowland gorilla and Madame Berthe's mouse lemur have in common is that both are social animals. These animals have a highly social structure that is maintained through communication, the sharing of resources, and the protection of the group's members.
They share a range of physical and behavioral characteristics, such as intelligence and complex social systems, that enable them to live in complex societies. Besides these traits, the Eastern Lowland gorilla and Madame Berthe's mouse lemur are very different. The Eastern lowland gorilla is a very large primate that lives in the dense tropical rainforests of Central Africa.
Madame Berthe's mouse lemur is a small, nocturnal primate that lives in the dry forests of Madagascar.
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I NEED THE MOST BRAINLIEST ANSWER IN THE UNIVERSE
Omi stood outside her house and made two observations of the Moon that were several days apart. Her observations are shown in the diagram above. The light part of the Moon appeared to get larger over time. Why did this happen?
Responses
a
Between the first observation and the second observation, the Moon moved so that Omi was able to see more of the half that faces the sun.
Between the first observation and the second observation, the Moon moved so that Omi was able to see more of the half that faces the sun.
b
Between the first observation and the second observation, the Moon moved closer to the sun so more sunlight reached the Moon’s surface.
Between the first observation and the second observation, the Moon moved closer to the sun so more sunlight reached the Moon’s surface.
c
Between the first observation and the second observation, the Moon rotated so that more of the light-colored rock on the Moon’s surface faced Earth.
Between the first observation and the second observation, the Moon rotated so that more of the light-colored rock on the Moon’s surface faced Earth.
d
Between the first observation and the second observation, Earth moved so its shadow was blocking less of the Moon so Omi was able to see more of it.
Between the first observation and the second observation, Earth moved so its shadow was blocking less of the Moon so Omi was able to see more of it.
Answer:
The reason why the light part of the moon appeared to get larger over time is that between the first observation and the second observation, the moon moved so that Tania was able to see not of the half that faces the sun.
It should be noted that from the observation that Tania made, the light part of the moon appeared to get larger over time.
The reason for the above want due to rotation but rather because the moon moved so she was able to see not of the half that faces the sun.
Explanation:
's father keeps bees, and lan spends time observing their behavior. He is especially interested in the bee communication and has even seen the
waggle dance. The waggle dance communicates the location of food to other bees in the hive. All honeybees know the waggle dance from birth.
The waggle dance is an example of a(n)
behavior, because bees can perform it correctly the first time. Bees exhibit
when worker bees provide food and protection for the hive's young.
the gaps are words that I have too fill in.
Because bees can do the waggle dance correctly the first time, without prior learning or experience, it is an example of an intrinsic behavior. When worker bees provide the young of the hive food and protection, bees are being altruistic.
Is the honey bee's Waggle dance an illustration of communication?The only known bee genus that uses nest-based communication, or "dance language," to alert nestmates of the location of resources is the honey bee (Apis sp.).
What the waggle dance refers to How do honey bees behave?Through waggle dancing, a worker honeybee alerts her fellow bees to the position, nature, and characteristics of a nectar-rich flower patch. Honeybees also engage in two more dancing forms. When nectar supplies are abundant, a worker performs the "shake" dance.
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What term is the practice of using another scientist’s research without giving proper credit? A. bias B. liability C. plagiarism D. empiricism
C. plagiarism is the practice of using another scientist’s research without giving proper credit. It involves presenting someone else's work or ideas as your own, without providing appropriate attribution or citation.
What is Plagiarism?
Plagiarism is the act of presenting someone else's work, ideas, or words as one's own without proper attribution or permission. It can involve copying text, data, images, or other creative works without permission or without citing the original source. Plagiarism is considered unethical in academic and scientific research, as it undermines the integrity of the scholarly process and violates the norms of intellectual honesty and academic integrity.
In scientific research, plagiarism can take many forms, including using another researcher's ideas or methods without giving proper credit, copying text directly from a source without quotation marks or citation, or self-plagiarism, which involves reusing one's own previously published work without proper attribution. Plagiarism can lead to serious consequences, including damage to one's reputation, rejection of a manuscript or grant proposal, or even legal action.
Plagiarism is considered unethical in scientific research, as it undermines the integrity of the scientific process by failing to acknowledge the contributions of other researchers and by potentially misrepresenting the state of knowledge in a particular field.
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After 20 years, the plants in area A had a greater biomass than those in area B. Explain how abiotic (non-living) factors could cause this difference.
After 20 years, plants in zone A have higher biomass than plants in zone B due to abiotic factors such as (more) (sun) light, water/rainfall, photosynthesis and warmer/higher temperatures .
Abiotic factors are the non-living components of an ecosystem that affect its environment. Examples could be light, water and temperature in terrestrial habitats. The abiotic elements of marine ecosystems are salinity and ocean currents.
In addition to photosynthesis, the following abiotic factors can also cause plant differences:
1. (more) light (from the sun);
2. water/rain;
3. warmer/higher temperature;
4. enzymes;
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What are cycles and conservation
Answer:As energy moves through an ecosystem, it changes form, but no new energy is created. Similarly, as matter cycles within an ecosystem, atoms are rearranged into various molecules, but no new matter is created. So, during all ecosystem processes, energy and matter are conserved.
Explanation:
what is the order for the sexual life cycle for zygomycetes ? group of answer choices plasmogamy, meiosis and germination, karyogamy, germination meiosis and germination, plasmogamy, karyogamy, germination karyogamy, germination , meiosis and germination, plasmogamy germination , meiosis and germination, plasmogamy, karyogamy germination, plasmogamy, karyogamy, meiosis and germination
1. Plasmogamy
2. Karyogamy
3. Meiosis and germination
Therefore, the correct option is:
E. Plasmogamy, karyogamy, meiosis and germination.
Please help!!!
Which of these is MOST LIKELY an indication that cells may have become cancerous?
A. Cells undergoing slower rates of mitosis
B. Cells with few or no mutations
C. Cells not responding to checkpoints in the cell cycle
D. Cells with decreased rates of protein synthesis
Answer: Cells not responding to checkpoints in the cell cycle
Explanation: Cell cycle checkpoints are surveillance mechanisms that monitor the order, integrity, and fidelity of the major events of the cell cycle . So if they do not respond that indicates that something is wrong . The areas include the G1/S transition, where most cancer‐related defects occur, the G2/M checkpoint and its activation in response to DNA damage, and the spindle checkpoint.
The most likely indication that cells may have become cancerous is C, cells not responding to checkpoints in the cell cycle as cell cycle checkpoints are critical control points that ensure the proper progression of the cell cycle.
what is Cancer ?Cancer is a disease characterized by the uncontrolled growth and division of abnormal cells. Normally, cells in the body grow and divide in a controlled manner, with checkpoints in the cell cycle that ensure that the cell is ready to progress to the next stage of the cycle. These checkpoints ensure that DNA is replicated correctly and that the cell is ready to divide. In cancer cells, mutations can occur that disrupt the normal regulation of the cell cycle checkpoints.
Hence, he most likely indication that cells may have become cancerous is C, cells not responding to checkpoints in the cell cycle as cell cycle checkpoints are critical control points that ensure the proper progression of the cell cycle.
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