which layer of the skin acts as a protective cushion to protect the bones and gives the body its contour and shape?

Since the O polysaccharide is missing from the "rough form" of LPS, its molecular weight is smaller. Instead, a short oligosaccharide known as Lipooligosaccharide (LOS), a glycolipid, is present.

This form is found in the outer membrane of several species of Gram-negative bacteria, including Neisseria spp. On the outer leaflet of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, lipopolysaccharide—a highly acylated saccharolipid—is found. Lipopolysaccharide is necessary to keep the barrier function in place, which stops the passive passage of hydrophobic solutes like antibiotics and detergents into the cell.

A representative pathogen-associated molecular pattern that enables mammalian cells to detect bacterial invasion and launch innate immune responses is bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a cell wall component characteristic of Gram-negative bacteria.

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The equation that represents a double-replacement reaction is option C:: AB + CD → AD + CB

In a double-replacement reaction, also known as a metathesis reaction, the ions of two compounds exchange partners. In this type of reaction, the positive ion (cation) of one compound and the negative ion (anion) of another compound switch places, forming two new compounds.

Therefore,  In the equation AB + CD → AD + CB, the cation of compound AB (A) and the anion of compound CD (C) switch places, forming AD and the cation of compound CD (C) and the anion of compound AB (B) switch places forming CB.

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Carbon dioxide is drawn from the atmosphere by photosynthesis while it is released into the environment via cellular respiration.

Around the world, cellular respiration and photosynthesis exchange carbon dioxide and oxygen, assisting in maintaining constant amounts of both gases in the atmosphere. It will be clear that photosynthesis and cellular respiration have the opposite effects if you look at the equations for both processes.

One process's reactants become the other's products. Around the biosphere, matter and energy are moved via biochemical processes like photosynthesis and cellular respiration. These two processes result in the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen between living things and their environment. A plant's ability to grow, develop, and survive depends on both photosynthesis and respiration.

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(b) The environment became too dry for the organism that became Fossil B because there are none of Fossil B in Time Period 1.

But because the majority of the soil is being destroyed, fossilization on land is extremely rare. Fossils can't be preserved unless there is deposition. Only in river valleys is deposition on land common. In sediments formed on river floodplains, fossils are rather frequent.

Some ocean habitats with animal life are subject to extremely powerful currents and waves. Strong water currents cause the hard body portions of a shelled animal to break and become worn after it dies. Frequently, the shells become little more than rounded sand or gravel grains, losing their fossilized appearance.

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Being able to receive blood of any type makes type AB-positive blood known as the "universal recipient" type. Because they don't have any attacking antibodies, people with type AB blood are universal recipient. Anyone with type O blood has neither A nor B markers.

Only 3.4% of people in the population have AB+ blood. The term "AB Plasma" refers to a form of plasma that can be administered to any patient, regardless of their blood type. This blood type is capable of receiving AB-, AB+, B-, B+, A+, A-, and O-, O+. While other blood kinds (A and B) only carry one or neither of the A or B antigens, respectively, on the surface of the red blood cells, AB+ blood has both of these antigens (group O).

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AB positive blood group is called the Universal recipient. AB+ blood group types are universal acceptors because they do not have A, B antibodies in plasma.

This can be also an example of codominance too. Antigens are said to be  protein molecules that are usually found on the surface of red blood cells. Similarly antibodies can be defined as the proteins found on the plasma.

Blood group A –  It generally has A antigens on the red blood cells with anti-B antibodies in the plasma.

Blood group B – It has B antigens on the red blood cells with anti-A antibodies in the plasma.

Blood group O – It has no antigens on the red blood cells, but both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in the plasma.

Blood group AB – It has both A and B antigens on the red blood cells, but no antibodies.

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The law of attraction applies to magnets. This fact indicates that a compass's north end magnet is drawn to the southern magnetic pole.

A. Its magnetic north pole is drawn to the magnetic north pole of Earth. B. The north pole is drawn to the magnet's north pole. O C. The north pole was drawn to the magnet's south pole. D Its southern pole is drawn to the magnet's south pole.

The north and south poles are present in every magnet. They were drawn to one another when we place teh north pole with one magnet close to a south pole of another. Similar pole of two magnets that are placed close to one another (either northern to or south to southern) will repel one another.

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Answer:

Earths rotation is connected to daytime and nighttime by how it spins on its axis. half of the earth with have light while the other half has no light

Earths rotation is connected to daytime and night-time as the Earth spins on its axis and rounds the sun once every 365 days.

Day and darkness are brought about by the planet's rotation on its axis rather than by the Earth orbiting the sun. The length of time it takes the Earth to complete one revolution around its axis is used to define one day, which includes both daytime and nighttime.

Every 24 hours, the Earth turns on its axis, bringing all of us with it. When we are on the side of the Earth that faces the Sun, we experience daylight. Darkness has descended as we are currently on the side of the Earth.

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The disease affecting the first carpometacarpal joint is best illustrated by the AP thumb, modified Robert's method, or projection.

An x-ray of the thumb AP projection is being examined using this particular projection. This shows a fracture and/or dislocation of the first CMC joint and is the best way to rule out Bernett's fracture in the first metacarpal. An additional elbow projection that is frequently utilized to more clearly show the radial head free from superposition is the elbow external oblique view.

Position: The patient is in whichever more comfortable position—standing or sitting. The thumb's dorsal aspect rests on the x-ray cassette thanks to the forearm's maximum internal rotation (hyperpronation). To prevent overlapping, fingers are extended away from the thumb.

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Correct Question:

What projection is used to best demonstrates pathology involving the first carpometacarpal joint and trapezium?

A glass of wine provides the most energy per gram.Wine provides around 7 calories of energy per gram. So a glass of wine of 100 ml gives nearly 87 calories of energy.

Soft drinks add very few calories to the diet which is about 40 calories in 100 ml. An unpeeled apple weighing 100 grams gives around 52 calories. Skinless chicken breast has about 284 calories per 100 grams.

When alcohol is consumed, it provides more energy than the chief energy source carbohydrates. So, it is first utilized by the body to get rid of alcohol from the body.

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A glass of wine can provide high amount of energy per gram.  In general Wine provides around 7 calories of energy per gram. So a glass of wine of 100 ml can provide nearly 87 calories of energy.

If we talk about Soft drinks they add very less amount of calories to the diet that is about 40 calories in 100 ml.  Calories from an unpeeled apple weighing 100 grams gives around 52 calories. Whereas Skinless chicken breast has about 284 calories per 100 grams.

On consuming alcohol, it provides more energy than the chief energy source carbohydrates. So, it is first utilized by the body to get rid of alcohol from the body.

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The correct biological term for the process by which lime mold engulfs food is phagocytosis.

Phagocytosis is the biological process by which certain cells, known as phagocytes, engulf and absorb other cells and particles.

It is a vital part of the immune system, as it allows phagocytes to recognize and engulf foreign particles, such as bacteria and viruses, and prevent them from causing harm to the body.

Phagocytosis can also occur in non-immune cells, such as lime mold. In this case, the phagocytes engulf and absorb food particles, enabling the lime mold to survive and proliferate.

This process is essential for the survival of the lime mold, as it allows it to obtain energy and nutrients from its environment.

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Answer:

False.

Explanation:

The reason to this is because mostly moderator bands are found in the right side but rarely on the left.

End- stage renal disease or renal failure indicates The kidneys can no longer function to separate waste materials from the blood.

When your estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) falls below 15, it indicates that your kidneys are failing or are on the verge of failing.

A creatinine level of more than 1.2 for women and more than 1.4 for males may indicate that the kidneys are not functioning properly. If your serum creatinine test results are greater than usual, your doctor may order additional testing.

When your kidneys lose their filtering capacities, harmful levels of fluid, electrolytes, and toxins can accumulate in your body. End-stage renal disease necessitates dialysis or a kidney transplant to keep you alive.

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Answer:

Partial Negative.

Explanation:

Because of Hydrogen's partial positive charge in the molecule H2O, oxygen will attach to the partial positive charge in a covalent bond. For more information for understanding look into how bonds work and how negative and positive atoms interact with each other.

If an additional treatment of doubling the dispersal of zooplankton were added to an experiment studying the effects of fish-only and insect-only predation on phytoplankton abundance, it is likely that the effect on phytoplankton abundance would vary depending on the initial level of zooplankton dispersal.

In the fish-only predation treatment, if the initial level of zooplankton dispersal is low, doubling the dispersal of zooplankton would likely have a positive effect on phytoplankton abundance, as the increased zooplankton would help control the population of phytoplankton-grazing organisms such as copepods and cladocerans. In the insect-only predation treatment, if the initial level of zooplankton dispersal is high, doubling the dispersal of zooplankton would likely have a negative effect on phytoplankton abundance, as the increased zooplankton would compete with phytoplankton for nutrients, and may also be consumed by the insect predators.In general, if you consider the entire range of zooplankton dispersal, from none to intermediate to heavy, the relationship between dispersal and phytoplankton abundance would likely be an inverted U-shape, with phytoplankton abundance peaking at intermediate levels of zooplankton dispersal, and decreasing at both low and high levels of zooplankton dispersal.It's important to note that this is a hypothetical scenario and it would be difficult to predict the exact outcome without conducting the experiment and considering other variables such as the type of zooplankton, the initial phytoplankton abundance, the water chemistry and other environmental variables that can influence the phytoplankton abundance.

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The type of bond that is very strong and is used to make cells, tissues, and organs is a covalent bond.

Thus, the correct option is (2) covalent.

There аre four types of bonds or interаctions: ionic, covаlent, hydrogen bonds, аnd vаn der Wааls interаctions. Ionic аnd covаlent bonds аre strong interаctions thаt require а lаrger energy input to breаk аpаrt.

Covаlent bond form when а pаir of electrons is shаred between two elements аnd аre the strongest аnd most common form of chemicаl bond in living orgаnisms. Covаlent bonds form between the elements thаt mаke up the biologicаl molecules in our cells. Unlike ionic bonds, covаlent bonds do not dissociаte in wаter. There аre two types of covаlent bonds: polаr аnd nonpolаr.

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Satiation is the term used to describe when hunger diminishes as food enters the gi tract and stomach receptors stretch and activate hormones like cck.

When meal is absorbed, the GI tract releases the hormones insulin and cholecystokinin (CCK), which work to stifle appetite. Due to its function in blocking neuropeptide Y, CCK is essential in the suppression of appetite. During fasting, levels of glucagon and epinephrine increase and increase appetite. The hormone ghrelin, which the stomach produces, increases hunger. Blood nutrient levels, GI tract hormones, psychological variables, and brain signals from the GI tract all play a role in the short-term control of hunger and food intake. Through the vagal nerve fibers that transmit signals between the brain and the gastrointestinal system, the brain may assess the contents of the gut in one way.

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Satiety is the term used to describe when hunger subsides as food enters the gastrointestinal tract, stretching stomach receptors and activating hormones such as cholecystokinin (CCK).

When a meal is ingested, the gastrointestinal tract releases the hormones insulin and cholecystokinin (CCK), which suppress appetite. Due to its ability to block neuropeptide Y, CCK is essential for appetite suppression. During fasting, glucagon and epinephrine levels increase, increasing appetite. Ghrelin, a hormone produced by the stomach, increases hunger. Blood nutrient levels, gastrointestinal hormones, psychological variables, and brain signals from the gastrointestinal tract all play a role in the short-term control of hunger and food intake.The vagus nerve carries signals between the brain and the gastrointestinal system. The fibers allow the brain to assess the contents of the intestine in some way.

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Answer:

A. Protect wetlands from future development

Ddhh x ddHh. I Since the offspring would have to acquire the recessive genes for both short legs and a hairy body, the likelihood of an offspring being ddhh is 1/4. ii).

Given that the offspring would need to acquire one dominant allele for normal legs and one dominant allele for a normal body, the likelihood of an offspring being normal (ddHh) is 1/2. iii) As previously stated, there is a 1/4 chance that a child will have the homozygous recessive (ddhh) gene. Ddhh x Ddhh Given that both parents share a homozygous recessive gene for short legs and a hairy body, the likelihood that a child would have these traits is 1.  Because both parents have a homozygous recessive gene for both features, the likelihood that a child would be normal is zero.there is a 1/4 chance that a child will have the homozygous recessive (ddhh) gene. Ddhh x Ddhh Given that both parents share a homozygous recessive gene for short legs and a hairy body.

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Its ii) normal for  Option a) Ddhh x ddHh. I Since the offspring would have to acquire the recessive genes for both short legs and a hairy body, the likelihood of an offspring being ddhh is 1/4.

Given that the offspring would need to acquire one dominant allele for normal legs and one dominant allele for a normal body, the likelihood of an offspring being normal (ddHh) is 1/2. iii) As previously stated, there is a 1/4 chance that a child will have the homozygous recessive (ddhh) gene.

Ddhh x Ddhh Given that both parents share a homozygous recessive gene for short legs and a hairy body, the likelihood that a child would have these traits is 1.  Because both parents have a homozygous recessive gene for both features, the likelihood that a child would be normal is zero.there is a 1/4 chance that a child will have the homozygous recessive (ddhh) gene.

Ddhh x Ddhh Given that both parents share a homozygous recessive gene for short legs and a hairy body.

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DNA alterations that impact nucleosome spacing and consequently transcription lead to epigenetic changes. They don't actually change the DNA sequence.

All of the cells in an organism have fundamentally the same DNA, but different cell types and functions result from qualitative and quantitative variations in the expression of their genes. Therefore, differentiation and development depend on the regulation of gene expression. Although it is believed that epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation, histone modification, and different RNA-mediated processes primarily affect gene expression at the level of transcription, other stages of the process (such as translation) may also be regulated by epigenetic factors.

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Epigenetics do not directly interfere with transcription or translation process however it may affect the process of transcription indirectly.

Epigenetics changes take place because of the genetic modifications and tends to impact gene activity, nucleosome spacing and doesn't concern with any changes related to DNA sequencing.

Since generic changes can alter the protein form, hence it is often seen regulating the 'on' and 'off ' mechanism of gene expression.

This change in gene expression indirectly results in subsidual alternations in the process of transcription. There are various epigenetic processes influencing the process of gene expression, including DNA methylation, histone modification and other RNA mediated processes.

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Explanation:

W =fd

Work = force × distance

W =46 × 57

W = 2622 joules

Menopause generally occurs in females after the age of 50.

Menopause is the permanent end of menstruation and fertility, and marks the end of a woman's reproductive years. The average age at which menopause occurs is 51, but it can happen as early as the 30s or as late as the 60s. The onset of menopause is characterized by a decline in the production of estrogen and progesterone, which leads to changes in the menstrual cycle and eventually to the cessation of menstruation.

It's important to note that the age of menopause can be affected by a variety of factors, such as genetics, lifestyle, and medical conditions. Some women may experience menopause earlier or later than the average age.

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The greatest amount of heart health benefits come from a workout where a training heart rate is maintained between 50% -70% of its maximum heart rate, or the heart health level.

The maximum heart rate is about 220 minus the individual's age. In the age category close to the person, read across to find the target heart rates. Target heart rate during moderate intensity activities is about 50-70% of maximum heart rate, while during vigorous physical activity it's about 70-85% of maximum.

A normal resting heart rate for adults ranges from 60- 100 beats per minute. Generally, a lower heart rate at rest implies more efficient heart function and better cardiovascular fitness. For example, a well-trained athlete might have a normal resting heart rate of  40 beats per minute approximately.

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The greatest amount of heart health benefits come from a workout where a training heart rate is maintained between 50% -70% of its maximum heart rate, or the heart health level.

The maximum heart rate is about 220 minus the individual's age. In the age category close to the person, read across to find the target heart rates. Target heart rate during moderate intensity activities is about 50-70% of maximum heart rate, while during vigorous physical activity it's about 70-85% of maximum. A normal resting heart rate for adults ranges from 60- 100 beats per minute. Generally, a lower heart rate at rest implies more efficient heart function and better cardiovascular fitness. For example, a well-trained athlete might have a normal resting heart rate of  40 beats per minute approximately.

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Connective tissue, which involves the fibers that hold your organs and other components in place, is harmed by Marfan syndrome, a genetic illness.

An FBN1 gene mutation causes Marfan syndrome. The mutation restricts the body's ability to make the necessary proteins for connective tissue construction. Marfan syndrome is an asymptomatic disease that strikes one in four persons. The chance of a Marfan syndrome carrier passing it on to their offspring is one in two.

The faulty gene for Marfan syndrome is typically inherited from a parent who also has the condition. It is a 50/50 chance that the faulty gene will be inherited by each kid of an affected parent.

About 25% of those with Marfan syndrome have a bad gene that is inherited from neither parent.

So the syndrome is autosomal dominant, even if only one parent has it, a kid can inherit it. Therefore, there is a 50% risk that the child of a Marfan syndrome carrier will have the condition.

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One or more chemicals, referred to as reactants, are changed into one or more new compounds, referred to as products, during a chemical reaction.

A chemical reaction is the transformation of one or more chemicals, known as reactants, into one or more new compounds, known as products. A chemical reaction is a process in which reactants interact chemically and turn into products.

A chemical reaction is the transformation of one or more chemicals into one or more other compounds. The atoms of the initial materials are rearrange during the reaction, creating new materials with new properties.

The process by which some compounds transform into other ones is known as a chemical reaction. Reactants are substances that cause a chemical reaction to occur. The products of a reaction are the substances that are created. Both reactants and products might be substances or elements.

Therefore, the correct answer is option B Chemical Reactions involve regrouping atoms or ions to form other substance.

The completed question is:

Which of the following best describes a chemical Reaction?

A. Chemical Reactions involve changing one or more substances into one or more different substances.

B Chemical Reactions involve regrouping atoms or ions to form other substance.

C. Chemical Reaction is the process wherein matter will not undergo chemical change.

D, Chemical Reaction can be represented by using a chemical equation.​

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According to Mayr, knowing whether there exists mutual reproduction within a population of organisms and if there are obstacles to reproduction with other organisms is the key to recognising species.

In science, a biological species is a collection of creatures that can reproduce and have viable progeny. A species is a group of organisms composed of members of the same species susceptible of genetic recombination or gene exchange.

Species are both the most fundamental unit of categorization in biology and a systematic rank. A species is typically defined in nature as a collection of individuals who interbreed. In this view, a species is the greatest gene pool conceivable under environmental circumstances. A collection of closely related creatures that are remarkably similar to each other.

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The complete question is: Describe the important aspects of identifying species in the field of biology.

a doctor taps the right knee in an individual who was in a car accident and has sustained damage to the right dorsal root of the lower spinal cord. motor response would be left leg flexes.

The medulla oblongata in the brainstem and the lumbar part of the vertebral column both serve as the starting points for the spinal cord, a long, thin, tubular structure formed of nerve tissue (backbone). The central spinal canal, which houses cerebrospinal fluid, is enclosed by the backbone. The central nervous system, which is composed of the brain and spinal cord (CNS). In humans, the spinal cord starts at the occipital bone, travels through the foramen magnum, and then enters the spinal canal at the base of the cervical vertebrae. Between the first and second lumbar vertebrae, where it is terminated, is where the spinal cord extends downward.

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An Oligodendrocytes  forms myelin sheaths around the axons of several central nervous system neurons.

The myelinating cells of the central nervous system are oligodendrocytes (CNS). They are the result of a cell lineage that must go through an intricate and carefully timed series of processes such as proliferation, migration, differentiation, and myelination in order to generate the insulating sheath of axons. Myelin, a multilayered membrane sheath spirally wrapped around axonal segments and well known for its role in facilitating rapid saltatory impulse transmission, is assembled by oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS).

Schwann cells are neuroglia that are comparable to oligodendrocytes in the peripheral nervous system.

Myelin, an expanded membrane from the cell that securely envelops axons, is produced by oligodendrocytes as their primary purpose.

The primary component supporting the messages neurons give and receive is glial cells.

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An oligodendrocyte forms myelin sheaths around the axons of several central nervous system neurons.

A type of insulation known as myelin forms around nerves, particularly those in the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system. It frequently consists of proteins and fats. Its primary function is to speed up the transmission of electrical impulses throughout the nervous system. In the CNS, myelin sheaths are made by oligodendrocytes, whereas in the PNS, they are made by Schwann cells.

The ganglia of the spinal and cranial nerves contain the cell bodies of sensory neurons, which are called unipolar neurons.

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Environmental Science is the scientific study of the environment and the interactions between physical, chemical, and biological components of the environment, as well as the effects of human activities on these components.

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Answer:

Explanation:

Everyone has their own unique set of chromosomes which make up a gene. A different variation of gene is called an allele. These 'mutations' are caused by reproduction. A person with a certain trait who reproduces with another certain trait could create a child with both certain traits. The more people reproduce with other people the more varied traits there are.  

E.g.
For example in the image (a Punnett square) there is one person with brown eyes, a dominant Brown allele and a recessive Blue allele hence Bb. The other has blue eyes with two recessive Blue alleles hence bb.

The offspring they produce will have a 50-50 chance of Blue or Brown eyes. Only two recessive alleles will allow a recessive phenotype to show whereas only one dominant allele is needed to show a dominant phenotype.

Scientists suit up to collect information on the infected bats and the environmental conditions in the bats' roosting cave is an observational science.

Scientists in observational science gather data by observing phenomena without actively controlling or manipulating them.

The scientists in this case are observing the infected bats as well as the environmental conditions in their roosting cave.

They gather information about the bats and their surroundings, but they do not actively control or manipulate the bats or their surroundings. They may be measuring specific variables, but they are not intervening to influence the outcome.

Experimental science, on the other hand, entails actively controlling and manipulating variables in order to test a hypothesis.

For example, scientists might randomly assign bats to different treatments and then compare the results to see if the treatment had an effect.

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