Low-energy state of condensed matter is characterized by structural rigidity and resistance to changes of shape or volume is solid.
What is solid?When particles are arranged and packed closely -- compared to those in a gas or liquid -- and are relatively stable, they are considered to be in solid state. Solids tend to have a rigid shape, as the atoms or molecules of matter in the solid state are generally compressed and tightly connected through the chemical bonds. These bonds can produce an amorphous shape or regular lattice.
In electronics, the solid state refers to components and systems based entirely on semiconductor materials, such as silicon, germanium or gallium arsenide. Transistors and diodes -- the most common solid-state devices -- are often combined with resistors, capacitors and other components to create the integrated circuits (ICs). All the electronic systems incorporate ICs and, therefore, transistors.
The particles that make up solid have the lowest energy, and vibrate in place. This results in the characteristics of a solid, such as definite shape and volume. A solid is actually the frozen state of matter for substance. A substance does not have to freeze at cold temperature. For example, the faucet you have at your lab station in chemistry, and the faucets in your home are frozen the stainless steel; and so is your desk, pencils, pens, cell phones, and computers are all frozen. In fact anything solid is frozen.
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an automobile accelerates from 55.0 km/h to 85.0 km/h in 8.70 s. what is its acceleration in m/s2? recall 1 km
The acceleration can be found as 3.44× 10³ m/s².
To find the acceleration, the given values are,
Initial velocity = 55 km/hr
Final velocity = 85 km/hr
time t = 8.70 seconds.
What is acceleration?Acceleration is a rate of change of velocity with respect to time with respect to direction and speed.A point or an object moving in a straight line is accelerated if it speeds up or slows down.Acceleration formula can be written as,a = (v - u ) / t m/s²
where, a - acceleration m/s²
v - Initial velocity km/hr
u - final velocity km/hr
t - time
Acceleration is a vector quantity.Substituting the values in the acceleration formula,
a = ( 85 × 10³ - 55 ×10³ ) / 8.70
= 30 × 10³/ 8.70
= 3.44 × 10³ m/s².
The acceleration of the automobile can be found as 3.44 × 10³ m/s².
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A motorcycle, starting from rest, has an acceleration of +2.6 m/s². After the motorcycle has traveled a distance of 120 m, it slows down with an acceleration of -1.5 m/s² until its velocity is +12 m/s. a. Calculate the final velocity of the motorcycle after the first 120 m interval.
The velocity of the motorcycle after the first 120 m is 24.97 m/s and the total displacement of the motorcycle is 280 m.
The acceleration of the motorcycle starting from rest is 2.6 m/s².
The acceleration of the motorcycle after traveling a distance of 120 m id -1.5 m/s² and the velocity is 12 m/s.
The initial velocity of the motorcycle, u = 0 m/s
The acceleration of the motorcycle, a = 2.6 m/s²
Therefore, the final velocity of the motorcycle after d = 120m is:
v² - u² = 2as
v² = u² + 2as
v² = (0)² + 2 × 2.6 × 120
v² = 624
v = √624
v = 24.97 m/s
Now, the motorcycle slows down to -1.5 m/s² and a velocity of 12 m/s.
So, the initial velocity is u = √624 m/s and final velocity is v = - 12 m/s.
So,
v² - u² = 2as
( - 12)² - (√624)² = 2 × -1.5 × d
144 - 624 = - 3 × d
- 480 = - 3d
d = 480 / 3 = 160 m
Therefore, the total displacement of the motorcycle is 120 m + 160 m = 280 m.
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a fan is to accelerate quiescent air to a velocity of 5 m/s at a rate of 5 m^3/s. find the minimum power required for the fan if the air density is 1.2 kg/m^3.
The minimum power that is required for the fan is 75W.
CalculationIt is given that:
ρ = 1.2 kg/m³, density of air
v = 5 m/s, flow velocity
Q = 5 m³/s, volumetric flow rate
So the minimum power required at 100% efficiency can be known by
P= 1/2 [tex]v^{2}[/tex][tex]\rho[/tex]Q
=1/2 x [tex]5^{2}[/tex] x 1.2 x 5
=75 W
The minimum power to be supplied is 75W
PowerPower is defined as the amount of energy that is transferred or converted per unit time. Watt can be defined as the unit of Power which is one joule per second.
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What is the gravitational acceleration close to the surface of a planet what a mass of 3m?
The gravitational acceleration close to the surface of a planet then a mass of 3m will be
Gravitational force is directly related to the mass of a body.
As the mass increases the gravitational force increases.The force which is exerted by an body to attract another body towards itself is known is gravitational force.Let us suppose that the mass of a body is m.So, if the mass of the body is increased 3 times then the effect of gravity is also increased by three times.The formulae to calculate gravity is = [tex]\frac{m_{1}m_{2} }{r^{2} }[/tex] where [tex]m_{1}[/tex] and [tex]m_{2}[/tex] are the masses of two bodies to which gravity is being calculated and r is the distance between the two bodies.To learn more about the gravity visit the link:
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is it nessesary to have a break in a swiming pool after you eat?
Answer:
yes
Explanation:
because you have to eat so that you can have strength of swimming again
I need answers to these physics problems. (See picture). Also, i'm not sure if the one's I circled are correct
The length of the vector is proportional to the size of the force.
The wheelchair is not accelerating, so the forces on it are balanced.
In a free-body diagram of the wheelchair, force due to gravity points down, normal force points up, force pushing the wheelchair points forward, friction resisting the motion points backward.
For the force diagram:
In picture 1: F gravity points down; F normal points upIn picture 2: F gravity points down; F tension points upIn picture 3: F gravity points down; F spring points up.What are forces?Forces are a push or pull agents that causes a change in the state of a body when they are applied to the body.
Unbalanced forces cause acceleration of a body.
In a free-body diagram, the mass (force) on an object is represented by a vector.
The length of the vector is proportional to the size of the force. Suppose you push a wheelchair forward at constant velocity. The wheelchair is not accelerating, so the forces on it are balanced. In a free-body diagram of the wheelchair, the vector for the force due to gravity points down, the vector for the normal force points up, the vector for your force pushing the wheelchair points forward, and the vector for the force of friction resisting the motion points backward.
Considering the picture visual representation of the forces between many interacting objects or the force diagram:
In picture 1: F gravity points down; F normal points up
In picture 2: F gravity points down; F tension points up
In picture 3: F gravity points down; F spring points up.
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a security guard walks at a steady pace, traveling 120 mm in one trip around the perimeter of a building. it takes him 250 ss to make this trip.
The security guard make the trip of 120 m of distance in a time of 250 s with a speed of: 0.48 m/s
The formula and procedure we will use to solve this exercise is:
v = x /t
Where:
x = distancet = timev = velocityInformation about the problem:
t = 250 sx= 120 mv = ?Applying the velocity formula we have that:
v = x /t
v = 120 m /250 s
v = 0.48 m/s
What is velocity?It is a physical quantity that indicates the displacement of a mobile per unit of time, it is expressed in units of distance per time, for example (miles/h, km/h).
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(a)
The skateboard moves backwards as the skateboarder jumps forwards. Explain,
using the idea of momentum, why the skateboard moves backwards.
The amount of momentum before and after a jump is equal. Prior to jumping, neither the skateboarder nor the skateboard had any momentum. Following a jump, the skateboarder gains forward momentum, thus the skateboard must also gain reverse momentum
In the hippie jump, a skateboarder travels at a specific speed Vh along a flat, horizontal surface. Then, without touching the board horizontally, he jumps straight up. He may now soar through the air at a speed equal to that of the board (also moving at Vh). As a result, he can land on top of the board because it is still right underneath him. this is how the momentum involved.
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neither the operator nor anyone else should ever stand directly in front of the wheel of an abrasive power tool as it accelerates to full operating speed. why? a. because it could throw off remnants of debris from the last job, putting a fragment in someone’s eye b. because if it is not secured tightly enough to the spindle, it could roll off and right into the operator c. because there is always the chance that the wheel wasn’t sound and could disintegrate or explode d. none of the above
There is always a potential that an abrasive power tool's wheel wasn't sound and may burst or disintegrate, thus neither the operator nor anyone else should ever stand in front of the wheel as it accelerates to full operational speed. So, C is the best choice.
Before mounting, all abrasive wheels must undergo a thorough inspection and ring test to make sure there are no fractures or other flaws. The spindle's grinding wheels must easily fit on it without being pressed in.
The spindle nut should only be tightened enough to secure the wheel. The following are a few recommendations for using abrasive wheels: The spindle end, nut, and flange projection guards on abrasive wheel tools must be covered. Keep the wheel in the right alignment. Never use more force than the fastenings can handle.
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A race car is one lap behind the lead race car when the lead car has 52 laps to go in a race. If the speed of the lead car is 56.3 m/s, what must be the average speed of the second car to catch the lead car just before the end of the race, assume 1 lap is 1.34km
The speed of the car is 55.2 m/s.
What is the average speed?We can define speed as the ratio of distance to time. We know that the question states the car is one lap behind the lead race car when the lead car has 52 laps to go in a race.
If 1 lap = 1.34km or 1340 m
Distance covered = 1340 m * 52 = 69680 m
Time = 69680 m/ 56.3 m/s
= 1237.7 s
Given that the second car is one lap behind;
51 * 1340 m = 68340 m
Speed = 68340 m/1237.7 s
= 55.2 m/s
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10.A person drives 6 km in a car and sees a sign for Burger King. He turns around
and drives back 1 km to get some food.
a. What is his distance?
b. Displacement?
The distance covered by man is 7 km and displacement will be 5 km.
What are distance and displacement?Distance is defined as the total path covered between two points. It is a scalar quantity.
Displacement is defined as the shortest path between two points. It is a vector quantity.
Distance is either always greater or equal to displacement. The distance can never be smaller than displacement.
According to the question, a person drives 6 km in the car, and he comes back 1 km to get some food means the distance traveled by him is 7 km.
However, the distance travelled will only be 5 kilometers if he travels straight to Burger King. Displacement is, after all, the shortest route between two places.
Hence, the distance will be 7 km and displacement will be 5 km respectively.
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The potential difference is changed to 0.30V.
The current in the lamp is now 0.13 A.
The lamp is switched on for 35 s.
Calculate the energy that is transferred in this time.
Select an equation from the list of equations at the end of this paper.
The energy that is transferred in this time is E = 1.365 J.
Equation :To calculate Charge using formula,
Q = I x t
Q = 0.13A x 35 s
Q = 4.55 C
To calculate energy transferred,
E = Q x V
where,
Q is charge
V is potential difference
So by given values,
E = 4.55 x 0.30
E = 1.365 J
Energy :In order to perform work and to produce heat and light, energy must be transferred to a body or to a physical system. Energy is a quantitative property. Energy is a conserved resource; according to the law of conservation of energy, energy can only be transformed from one form to another and cannot be created or destroyed.
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___ electrification occurs any time two objects with different levels of charge make physical contact.
Contact electrification occurs any time two objects with different levels of charge make physical contact.
Contact electrification is a word that describes a phenomenon wherein surfaces end up electrically charged, thru a number of viable mechanisms, while or greater objects come within near proximity of one another.
Static electricity is created while effective and bad costs aren't balanced. Protons and neutrons do not circulate around tons, however electrons love to jump all around the place. Whilst an item has greater electrons, it has a poor price.
Static electricity is an imbalance of electrical costs with in or at the surface of a material. The rate stays till it could pass away by an electric powered current or electric discharge.
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What constant acceleration (in m/s2 ) will bring haley to this lower speed in the distance available?
The value of constant acceleration is 0.29m/s
Given that Haley is driving down a straight highway at 73 mph. A construction sign warns that the speed limit will drop to 55 mph in 0.50 mi.
we have to find out constant acceleration (in ) that will bring Haley to this lower speed in the distance available
we know that,
1mile= 1.609km
1 km/h = 5/18m/s
Initial Speed of Haley(u)= 73mph=73×1.609×(5÷18) =32.63m/s
Final Speed of Haley(v)= 55 mph=55×1.609×(5÷18)=24.58m/s
The distance to be travelled while lowering the speed(S)= 0.5mile=0.805km=805m
according to third equation of motion,v²-u²=2as
as speed is lowering down the acceleration will be in the opposite direction of motion, hence acceleration will be negative, equation will become u²-v²=2as
putting values,(32.63)²-(24.58)²=2a×805
a=(460.55÷1610)
a≅0.29m/s²
the constant acceleration that will drop speed to is 0.29m/s².
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this observation indicated that the rays thomson observed that the nature of the cathode rays was identical whether iron or any other material was used to construct the cathode. are embedded in a sea of positive charge. carry a negative charge. are fundamental to all matter. have mass.
In the Cathode ray experiments, JJ Thomson observed that cathode rays were produced high voltage was applied to an anode and cathode in an evacuated tube.
What is the cathode ray experiment?Thomson surrounded the cathode ray with two electric plates that were charged in opposition to test the qualities of the particles. The negatively charged electric plate was avoided in favor of the positively charged plate, deflecting the cathode ray. This demonstrated the presence of negatively charged particles in the cathode ray.
JJ Thomson discovered during the cathode ray tests that cathode rays were generated when a high voltage was supplied to the anode and cathode inside of an evacuated tube. Cathode rays were deflected away from a negative charge and towards a positive charge, which allowed Thomson to conclude that they were negative particles. It was later determined that these particles were electrons, not cathode rays.
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what did classical physics predict would happen to the light given off by an object as its temperature increased?
Answer:
Classical physics predicted that the light given off by an object as its temperature increased is that the energy of the light would increase from visible light into the ultraviolet range
Explanation:
The phenomena are referred to as Black body radiation. When a substance heats up, its electrons become excited. An electron will occasionally descend to a lower state and produce a photon. The frequency of emitted light increases with increasing temperature.
This is also how incandescent light bulbs operate. The majority of the light we see from stars is caused by black body radiation, and we may deduce the temperature of a star based on its hue. Plank's Law is the equation that gives the energy emitted as a function of frequency and temperature.
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given the following velocity function of an object moving along a line, find the position function with the given initial position. v(t); s(0) question content area bottom part 1 the position function is s(t)
The position function s(t)m = 0.067t^3 + 2
CalculationGiven that acceleration function a(t) = dv/dt = 0.4t
Then integrating both the side with respect to t, we get
v(t) = 0.2t^2 + C
Then we have that v(0) = 0 so, C = 0
Thus, velocity function v(t) = ds/dt = 0.2t^2
Again, integrating both sides with respect to t, we have
s(t) = 0.067t^3 +D
Given that s(0)= 2, we get D = 2
Thus, the required position function s(t)m = 0.067t^3 + 2
Based on arrival time variations as a function of source-receiver offset for a few reflection events in the gather, velocity functions are computed for selected CMP gathers.
What are the three velocity formulas?These are the three equations:
v = u + at.
S = ut + 12at2
v2 = u2 + 2as.
What does velocity mean when it depends on position?The rate of change in position is known as velocity. The displacement of an object is the change in position, or the smallest distance between its initial location and its final position in a given direction.
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A 60-kg woman with a density of 980 kg/m^3 stands on a bathroom scale. Determine the reduction of the scale reading due to air. (The answer is 0.774 N)
Answer:
The woman displaces a volume of air equivalent to her own volume; VV; V=\dfrac{m}{\rho_{\text{woman}}}=\dfrac{60}{980}=0.0612\mathrm{\ m^3}V= ρ woman m = 98060 =0.0612 m 3
Explanation:
A physics student drops a vibrating 440-hz tuning fork down the elevator shaft of a tall building. when the student hears a frequency of 400 hz, how far has the tuning fork fallen?
The tuning fork fallen 3.52m away, using doppler effect formula.
The Doppler effect, also known as the Doppler shift, is a term used to explain changes in frequency caused by moving sources of sound or light with regard to an observer. As the source gets closer to the observer, the waves it is emitting become compressed and have a greater frequency.
The mathematical notation of doppler effect is as follows:
[tex]f_{0}= \frac{v+v_{0} }{v+v_{s} } f_{s}[/tex]
Plugging in the values we get:
[tex]\frac{400}{440} = \frac{345}{345+v_{fork} }[/tex]
400 (345+[tex]v_{fork}[/tex]) = 440(345)
[tex]v_{fork}[/tex] = 34.5m/[tex]s^{2}[/tex]
For distance,
[tex]\frac{v_{fork} *2}{19.6}[/tex] = [tex]\frac{34.5*2}{19.6}[/tex]
distance = 3.52meters.
Therefore, the tuning fork fallen 3.52m away.
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What is Inverse Distance Weighting?
Answer: LOL Hello! for the third time! the answer is Inverse distance weighting (IDW) is a type of deterministic method for multivariate interpolation with a known scattered set of points. The assigned values to unknown points are calculated with a weighted average of the values available at the known points.
Explanation: ^^ Up there have a good day and hope this helps you!
Question: Hello: ) ✨What is Inverse Distance Weighting?
Answer: a method of interpolation that estimates cell values by averaging the values of sample data points in the neighborhood of each processing cell. The closer a point is to the center of the cell being estimated, the more influence, or weight, it has in the averaging process.Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) interpolation estimates unknown values with specifying search distance, closest points, power setting & barriers.”
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An open rectangular box with volume 8 m3 has a square base. express the surface area sa of the box as a function of the length of a side of the base, x. sa = incorrect: your answer is incorrect. m2
By rectangular box formula, the surface area is 8/h
We need to know about rectangular box volume to solve this problem. The volume of the rectangular box can be calculated by multiplying the base area by height. It can be written
V = SA . h
where V is volume, SA is base area and h is height
From the question above, we know that
SA = square
V = 8 m³
Hence, the surface area is
SA = x²
where x is side of the base length
Substitute to rectangular box volume equation
V = SA . h
8 = x².h
h = 8/x²
x = √(8/h) ...... (1)
Substitute (1) to find surface area function
SA = x²
SA = (√(8/h))²
SA = 8/h
Hence, the surface area is 8/h
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Help :))))))))))))))))))))))
Answer:
1) 00.5
2) 400
3) 0.0601
4) 10900
Explanation:
goggle it
What is Newton's third law of motion?
Answer:
His third law states that for every action (force) in nature there is an equal and opposite reaction. If object A exerts a force on object B, object B also exerts an equal and opposite force on object A. In other words, forces result from interactions
Explanation:Newton’s Third Law: Action & Reaction
Whenever one object exerts a force on a second object, the second object exerts an equal and opposite force on the first.
His third law states that for every action (force) in nature there is an equal and opposite reaction. If object A exerts a force on object B, object B also exerts an equal and opposite force on object A. In other words, forces result from interactions.
Examples of action and reaction involving aerodynamics:
The motion of lift from an airfoil, the air is deflected downward by the airfoil’s action, and in reaction, the wing is pushed upward. The motion of a spinning ball, the air is deflected to one side, and the ball reacts by moving in the opposite The motion of a jet engine produces thrust and hot exhaust gases flow out the back of the engine, and a thrusting force is produced in the opposite direction----------------
HOPE THIS HELPS <3
Newton's Third law of motion states :
" Every action has an equal and opposite reaction "
i.e If a force is applied by an object A on another object B then that object B also exerts a foce on object A, that is of same magnitude and opposite direction to the force applied by object A.
Ex - A book on a table exerts gravitational force on the table and table exerts back a normal force on the book.
A cannonball is shot horizontally off a 10.5 m high castle wall at 47.4 m/s. How far from the base of the wall does the cannonball land?
Answer:
69.8 m (nearest tenth)
Explanation:
Constant Acceleration Equations (SUVAT)
[tex]\boxed{\begin{array}{c}\begin{aligned}v&=u+at\\\\s&=ut+\dfrac{1}{2}at^2\\\\ s&=\left(\dfrac{u+v}{2}\right)t\\\\v^2&=u^2+2as\\\\s&=vt-\dfrac{1}{2}at^2\end{aligned}\end{array}} \quad \boxed{\begin{minipage}{4.6 cm}$s$ = displacement in m\\\\$u$ = initial velocity in ms$^{-1}$\\\\$v$ = final velocity in ms$^{-1}$\\\\$a$ = acceleration in ms$^{-2}$\\\\$t$ = time in s (seconds)\end{minipage}}[/tex]
When using SUVAT, assume the object is modeled as a particle and that acceleration is constant.
Consider the horizontal and vertical motion of the projectile separately.
Resolving verticallyAs the projectile is fired horizontally, the vertical component of its initial velocity is zero.
Acceleration due to gravity = 9.8 ms⁻²
Resolving vertically, taking ↓ as positive:
[tex]s=10.5 \quad u=0 \quad a=9.8[/tex]
[tex]\begin{aligned}\textsf{Using} \quad s&=ut+\dfrac{1}{2}at^2:\\\\10.5&=(0)t+\dfrac{1}{2}(9.8)t^2\\10.5&=4.9t^2\\t^2&=\dfrac{15}{7}\\t&=\sqrt{\dfrac{15}{7}}\end{aligned}[/tex]
Resolving horizontallyThe horizontal component of velocity is constant, as there is no acceleration horizontally.
Resolving horizontally, using the value of t found previously:
[tex]u=47.7 \quad v=47.7 \quad a=0 \quad t=\sqrt{\dfrac{15}{7}}[/tex]
[tex]\begin{aligned}\textsf{Using} \quad s&=ut+\dfrac{1}{2}at^2:\\\\s&=47.7\left(\sqrt{\dfrac{15}{7}}\right)+\dfrac{1}{2}(0)\left(\sqrt{\dfrac{15}{7}}\right)^2\\s&=47.7\left(\sqrt{\dfrac{15}{7}}\right)\\s&=69.82565022...\end{aligned}[/tex]
Therefore, the cannonball lands 69.8 m from the base of the wall.
a very large thin plate is centered in a gap of width 0.06 m with different oils of unknown viscosities above and below; one viscosity is twice the other. when the plate is pulled at a velocity of 0 3 m s, the resulting force on one square meter of plate due to the viscous shear on both sides is 29 n. assuming viscous flow and neglecting all end effects, calculate the viscositie
μ1 = 0.97 and μ2 = 1.93 (viscosities of fluid below and above plate respectively.)
We have to find the viscosities above and below the plate
Let us take the viscosities above the plate = μ1 ,and below the plate =μ2
Now the force applied due to top layer of the fluid
Т1 = μ (Δu / Δv )
Here Δu and Δv are the velocity of plate and gap between the plate and upper surface respectively.
Where Δu= 0.3
Δv = 0.03
So,
T1 = μ( 0.3/0.03)
=10μ
Now we have to find the force on plate due to bottom of the fluid
T2 = μ2 ×( Δu / Δv)
T2 = μ2 × (0.3/0.03)
T2= 10μ2
Total force per unit is = T1 + T2
i.e., the sum of two viscous shear .
F/ A = T1 + T2
It is given that sum of two viscous sheer is 29N.
So
T1 + T2 = 29
10μ1 + 10 μ2 = 29
10(μ1 + μ2) = 29
μ1 + μ2 = 2.9
μ2= 2μ1
Hence we get
μ1 + 2μ2 =2.9
3μ1=2.9
μ1 = 2.9/3
0.9667≈ 0.967
μ2 = 2μ1
= 2 × 0.9667
=1.9333 ≈1.93
Therefore the viscosities above and below the plate due to the top layer of the fluid are 0.967 and 1.93 respectively.
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A train running at 30 m/s is slowed uniformly to a stop in 44 seconds. Find (a) the acceleration and (b) the stopping distance.
A. The acceleration of the train is –0.68 m/s²
B. The stopping distance is 660 m
What is acceleration?This is defined as the rate of change of velocity which time. It is expressed as
a = (v – u) / t
Where
a is the acceleration v is the final velocity u is the initial velocity t is the time A. How to determine the acceleration Initial velocity (u) = 30 m/sFinal velocity (v) = 0 m/sTime (t) = 44 sAcceleration (a) =?a = (v – u) / t
a = (0 – 30) / 44
a = –0.68 m/s²
B. How to determine the distanceInitial velocity (u) = 30 m/sFinal velocity (v) = 0 m/sTime (t) = 44 sDistance (s) =?s = (v + u)t / 2
s = [(0 + 30) × 44]/ 2
s = (30 × 44) / 2
s = 1320 / 2
s = 660 m
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Two identical containers at the same pressure contain the same gas. if container a contains half as much gas as container b, which container has the lower temperature?
Container A has a higher temperature than container B according to the ideal gas approximation.
What is an ideal gas?Multiple randomly moving point particles with no interparticle interactions make create an ideal gas in theory. The ideal gas notion is useful because it complies with the ideal gas law, has a condensed equation of state, and can be studied using statistical mechanics.
An ideal gas is a fictitious gas that, because of its tiny size and lack of interactions, perfectly complies with the gas laws. Ideal gas is a gas that abides by all gas laws at all pressures and temperatures.
Ideal gases' internal energy and enthalpy are solely dependent on temperature; neither volume nor pressure play a role.
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radio frequency (rf) signals are also called electromagnetic (em) signals. optical signals are based upon photons and not electromagnetic waves, therefore optical signals are not part of the em spectrum
The statements are true that radio frequency signals are also called electromagnetic signals and optical signals are based upon photons and not electromagnetic waves, that's why optical signals are not part of the electromagnetic spectrum.
What is an Electromagnetic Spectrum?The complete spread of electromagnetic radiation by wavelength or frequency. Although all electromagnetic waves have a wide range of frequencies, wavelengths, and photon energies, they all move at the speed of light in a vacuum.
The range of all electromagnetic radiation is represented by the electromagnetic spectrum, which also includes numerous subranges, often known as parts, such as visible light and ultraviolet radiation. The various parts have different names depending on variations in the emission, transmission, and absorption of the associated waves as well as on the many practical uses for which they are put to use.
All radio waves (such as commercial radio and television, microwaves, and radar), infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet radiation, X-rays, and gamma rays are all included in the entire electromagnetic spectrum, which ranges in frequency from the lowest to the highest (longest to shortest wavelength). Spectroscopy may make use of almost all electromagnetic radiation's frequencies and wavelengths.
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What is the energy of each of the two photons produced in proton antiproton annihilation?
The minimum energy is released, and hence the minimum frequency photons are produced, when the proton and antiproton are at rest once they annihilate.
Energy = 2.27 × 10²³Hz
That is, E=E₀ and K=0. To conserve momentum, each photon must have the identical magnitude of momentum, and p = E/C, so each photon must take away one-half the energy
[tex]E_{min} = \frac{E_{0} }{2}[/tex] = E₀ = 938.3MeV = [tex]hf_{min}[/tex]
[tex]f_{min} =\frac{(938.3MeV) (1.602 * 10^{-13} J/MeV}{6.626 *10^{-34}Js } = 2.27 * 10^{23} Hz[/tex]
How much energy is required to produce a proton-antiproton pair?
The process of creating a particle-antiparticle pair is called pair production. to supply this pair, you would like a boson with sufficient energy. The Mass-Energy of both a proton and an anti-proton is about 938 Mev/c². Translated into Joules, this mean you would like about 27 MJ to do so
How is annihilation energy calculated?The amount of energy (E) produced by annihilation is equal to the mass (m) that disappears multiplied by the square of the speed of light in a vacuum (c)—i.e., E = mc²
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3.9 determine the current i in the circuit of fig. 3.21 after first replacing the four sources with a single equivalent source.
The current I in the circuit after first replacing the four sources with a single equivalent source is calculated as 50mA. The circuit can be seen in the attached diagram.
Series combinationIf we have to combine the voltage sources, they must be in series. In the question since it is given that same current flows through each, thus it means it is in series.
If we start from the bottom and proceed clockwise in the circuit, we have
-3-9-5+1 = -16V
The four voltage equivalent sources are to be replaced with a single 16V source.
so, then when KVL is mixed with the Ohm's law, we have
-16 + 100i +220i = 0
⇒ i = 16/320 = 50mA
The circuit described in the given question is also equivalent
For the diagram pertaining to the circuit, it is attached below.
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