Prokaryotic mrna may code for more than one protein and are called polycistronic whereas eukaryotic mrna are ________________.
Prokaryotic mRNA may code for more than one protein and are called polycistronic whereas eukaryotic mRNA are monocistronic.
Proteins are made when information from the DNA is transferred to mRNA which in turn makes the proteins.
In the case of prokaryotes, a single mRNA protein can code for multiple proteins. Such a phenomenon in which a single mRNA transcript codes for multiple proteins is referred to as polycistronic.
In the case of eukaryotes, a single mRNA transcript codes for only one protein. Such a in which a single mRNA transcript is involved in the formation of a single protein is referred to as monocistronic. It is due to the formation of monocistronic mRNA that different cells in eukaryotes have the ability to express different genes.
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Organisms that thrive in extremely cold climates often produce proteins that act as "antifreeze. " given that all proteins bind to other molecules, how might such antifreeze proteins work?.
Given that all protein bind to certain other molecules, these antifreeze proteins attach to tiny ice crystals via their sheets to stop them from growing. The cell can avoid rupturing if ice crystal formation and expansion are prevented.
What is an antifreeze proteins?Different organisms produce antifreeze proteins (AFPs), which are particular proteins, glycopeptides, and peptides that enable cells to endure subzero temperatures. AFPs work by lowering the freezing point of water and preventing the formation of ice crystals during the frozen stage.
Where are proteins for antifreeze produced?Insects produce the most potent antifreeze proteins, which reduce the freezing point by roughly 6 degrees. Even antifreeze proteins from plants and microorganisms, which have less of an impact on freezing point, are helpful in another context.
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Do the data support the idea that plants can communicate their drought-stressed condition to their neighbors? If so, do the data indicate that the communication is via the shoot system or the root system? Make specific reference to the data in answering both questions.
Answer: Yes. Also if you want a better answer ask some one else.
Using the nerve signals to the hamstring and quadriceps in this reflex as an example, propose a model for regulation of smooth muscle activity in the esophagus during the swallowing reflex (see Figure 41.10).
As you swallow, the esophageal muscles simultaneously contract and relax, creating peristalsis. One explanation for this alternation is that each portion of muscle gets nerve signals that alternate between excitement and inhibition.
What is peristalsis?Food is moved through the digestive system by a sequence of wave-like muscular contractions called peristalsis. The process starts in the esophagus, where powerful waves of smooth muscle transport balls of ingested food to the stomach. The meal is then broken down into a liquid substance called chyme there, where peristalsis proceeds.
It may be simpler to notice the wave-like action if you stretch out a segment of the intestine. The chyme is mixed and shifted back and forth by the action. As a result, nutrients can be absorbed by the bloodstream through the small intestine's walls.
Peristalsis in the large intestine aids in the absorption of water from the indigestible fiber into the bloodstream. The leftover waste is then expelled through the rectum and anus.
Therefore, peristalsis helps in swallowing in the esophageal muscles.
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why do you think some chemotherapeutic drugs which kill bacteria have side effects? which ones would have more adverse reaction or side effects?
Chemotherapeutic drugs which kill bacteria have side effects because Cancer cells have a tendency to develop fast, and chemo tablets kill fast-developing cells. But due to the fact those tablets tour for the duration of the body, they are able to have an effect on normal, wholesome cells which are fast-developing, too. Damage to wholesome cells reasons facet effects.
Beta-lactam antibiotics kill micro organism which are surrounded with the aid of using a mobileular wall. Bacteria construct mobileular partitions with the aid of using linking molecules together—beta-lactams block this process. Without aid from a mobileular wall, strain within the mobileular turns into an excessive amount of and the membrane bursts.
Cancer cells have a tendency to develop fast, and chemo tablets kill fast-developing cells. But due to the fact those tablets tour for the duration of the body, they are able to have an effect on normal, wholesome cells which are fast-developing, too. Damage to wholesome cells reasons facet effects.Chemotherapy can reason nausea and vomiting (throwing up). There are medicinal drugs which are given earlier than and after every dose of chemotherapy which could commonly save you nausea and vomiting.
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during the late 1970s, environmental change caused flux in the sizes and hardnesses of seeds available to finches in the galápagos. given what you know about natural selection, match each period of environmental change to the average beak depth you would expect to find in the finch populations.
The period of environmental change to the average beak depth are as follows:
Shallow Beak Depth was found around the year 1976sMedium Beak Depth was found around the year 1977sDeep Beak Depth was found around the year 1978sMany tiny, simple-to-crush seeds were accessible during the Shallow Beak Depth epoch. Small-beaked finches may easily obtain these seeds. No one was pressuring the birds to have deeper beak depths.
"During the Medium Beak Depth Period, a severe drought had occurred. Large, difficult-to-crush seeds became the only ones accessible when small, soft seeds became uncommon.
Finches with tiny beaks started going extinct. Because selection occurs gradually, the beak depth was medium on average.
"During the Deep Beak Depth Period" This time saw a reduction in the drought. However, during the drought, birds with deep beaks were more likely to survive and breed. Because children take after their parents, average beak depth increased.
The complete question is as follows:
During the late 1970s, environmental change caused flux in the quantities of the different sizes and hardnesses of seeds available to finches in the Galápagos. Given what you know about natural selection, match each period of environmental change to the average beak depth you would expect to find in the finch populations
1)Shallow Beak Depth 1978
2) Medium Beak Depth 1976
3) Deep Beak Depth 1977
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Scientists who investigate lifestyle factors that influence the prevalence of obesity among different population groups are conducting a(n) ________ study.
Scientists who investigate lifestyle factors that influence the prevalence of obesity among different population groups are conducting an epidemiological study.
What is an epidemiological study?An epidemiological study is a type of investigation in which the transmissibility features of infections pathogenic agents such as viruses and prevalence of diseases are examined.
In conclusion, scientists who investigate lifestyle factors that influence the prevalence of obesity among different population groups are conducting an epidemiological study.
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The researchers found that the Neanderthal fossil had approximately 0.0078 as much ¹⁴C as found originally in the atmosphere.
(b) Using your ¹⁴C calibration on the x -axis, what is the approximate age of the Neanderthal fossil in years (round off to the nearest thousand)?
The researchers found that the Neanderthal fossil had approximately 0.0078 as much ¹⁴C as found originally in the atmosphere.
The researchers cite evidence that modern humans (H. sapiens) became established in the same region as the last Neanderthals approximately 39,000 - 42,000 years ago.
Using your ¹⁴C calibration on the x -axis, 14,110 years is the approximate age of the Neanderthal fossil in years.
What does the name neanderthal mean?
Homo is a Latin word meaning "man" or "man". The word neanderthalensis is based on the place where the first large specimen was discovered in 1856 - Neander Valley in Germany. The German word for the valley is "Tal", although in the 1800s it was spelled "Thal". Homo neanderthalensis therefore means 'Neander Valley Man'.
Some people refer to the species as Neanderthal (without the 'h') to reflect the modern German spelling rather than the original spelling, Neanderthal, used to define the species.
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Lichens are important primary producers in the tundra and can comprise more than half the diet of caribou in winter. Why might you predict that lichens would be more abundant in tundra ecosystems than in most other ecosystems around the world? (See Concept 31.5.)
Lichens are the number one wintry weather forage for massive herds of migratory caribou. Caribou select for lichens extra than they're to be had across the panorama and that they usually avoid, for the duration of wintry weather, a habitat that has been burned with the aid of wildfires for decades whilst lichen abundance recovers.
Lichens are vital number one manufacturers in the tundra and may contain extra than half the weight loss program of caribou in winter. Lichens are ecologically essential as food, safe haven, and nesting cloth for wildlife; and play vital roles in hydrological and mineral cycles, drastically nitrogen fixation.
Lichens play a critical position in Arctic ecosystems by assisting to cycle nutrients and shaping plant communities further to provide food to subsistence hunters. Many caribou herds are in decline across the Arctic.
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Which statement describes carbons unique bonding ability?
The statement that describes carbon's unique bonding ability is that carbon can easily form 4 covalent bonds with other atoms (option B).
What makes carbon unique?Carbon is a chemical element in group 4 of the periodic table with an atomic number of 6 and has a chemical symbol C.
Carbon has 4 valence electrons, meaning it can share them will four atoms. However, carbon is the only element that can form so many different compounds because each carbon atom can form four chemical bonds to other atoms.
This characteristics makes carbon so unique among other atoms of elements.
Therefore, it can be said that the statement that describes carbon's unique bonding ability is that carbon can easily form 4 covalent bonds with other atoms.
The options to the incomplete question are as follows:
Carbon can easily form 2 covalent bonds with other atoms.Carbon can easily form 4 covalent bonds with other atoms.Carbon can only bond with other carbon atoms.Carbon can bond with all other atoms.Learn more https carbon's unique abilities at: https://brainly.com/question/28551185
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Which statement best describes the purpose of nucleic acids?
O broken down as a source of energy
a structural component of hair and nails
O forms the structure of your genes
O forms the membrane around all cells
The answer among the given statements is B. Forms the structure of your genes. This statement best describes the purpose of nucleic acids.
Nucleic acids contain data needed to erect and maintain structures. Genetic information is carried by nucleic acids, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and ribonucleic acid (RNA), which are read by cells to create the RNA and proteins that allow living organisms to function. This information may be duplicated and transmitted to the following generation thanks to the DNA double helix, which is a well-known structure. Gene expression, cellular activity regulation, storage and transfer of genetic information are the three primary roles of nucleic acids.
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phenotypic characterization of complement factor h r1210c rare genetic variant in age-related macular degeneration
Phenotypic characterization of complement factor h r1210c rare genetic variant in age-related macular degeneration. This is a correct statement.
What is a complement factor?Due to its capacity to destroy activated complement proteins, C3b and C4b in the presence of cofactors such as factor H, C4b-binding protein, complement receptor 1, or CD46, factor I (FI) is an essential inhibitor governing all complement pathways.
Rare complete FI deficiency results in complement consumption, which fuels recurring severe infections, glomerulonephritis, or autoimmune disorders. FI is mostly produced in the liver. A typical hemolytic uremic syndrome, a serious illness marked by thrombocytopenia, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, and abrupt renal failure, is in turn linked to incomplete FI deficiency.
Therefore the statement is correct.
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A ______ is a sensor that monitors the environment and responds to changes by sending information along a pathway to a control center.
A receptor is a sensor that monitors the environment and responds to changes by sending information along a pathway to a control center.
In the field of biology, a receptor can be described as the part of the body that detects a change in the external environment. Receptors are usually nerve endings present in the sensory organs of the body. For example, when your hand touches something hot, the nerve endings of the skin of your hand detect it.
The sensory receptors, after detecting changes in the external environment, send signals to the control center of the body. The control center is the central nervous system of which the brain and spinal cord are a part.
The control center interprets this information and sends a response through the effector motor neurons.
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is there any reason why you were successful for certain characteristics and not for others
The main reason for which certain phenotypic characteristics traits are useful and not others is that they confer an evolutionary advantage to the individual in a given environment.
What is evolutionary advantage?The expression evolutionary advantage makes reference to certain characteristics that are able to increase the fitness of an organism in a given environment, which are more successful than others in the same environment.
In conclusion, the main reason for which certain phenotypic characteristics traits are useful and not others is that they confer an evolutionary advantage to the individual in a given environment.
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during the late 1970s, environmental change caused flux in the sizes and hardnesses of seeds available to finches in the galápagos. given what you know about natural selection, match each period of environmental change to the average beak depth you would expect to find in the finch populations.
This group of species became known as "Darwin's finches". In his observations, Darwin saw that variation and selection produced adaptations not only in the structure of the feet, but also in the shape and size of the beaks. He also noted that seeds were the main diet of ground-dwelling finches.due to the likely scarcity of food, the teeth must have a bigger beak to get food in more difficult places.
Why do finches have different beaks?During his expedition to the islands, Darwin noticed that different types of finches had beaks of different sizes and shapes, adapted to different types of food in the different ecological niches they occupied in the Galapagos Islands.
Whit this information we can conclude that Finches adapted to the environment they lived in and the food they had available a wide, strong beak to break up hard seeds on the ground or a long, thin beak to feed on insects that live in trees.
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Unlike eutherians, both monotremes and marsupials a. lack nipples. b. have some embryonic development outside the uterus. c. lay eggs. d. are found in Australia and Africa.
Unlike eutherians, both monotremes and marsupials are animal taxa groups that have some embryonic development outside the female uterus (Option b is correct).
What are monotremes and marsupials?Monotremes and marsupials are two different groups of mammals that exhibit singular features such as the development of offspring inside a pouch mother's body in marsupials.
In conclusion, unlike eutherians, both monotremes and marsupials are animal taxa groups that have some embryonic development outside the female uterus (Option b is correct).
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Considering the second law of thermodynamics, would you expect the typical biomass of primary producers in an ecosystem to be greater than or less than the biomass of secondary producers in the system? Explain your reasoning.
It is expected that the typical biomass of primary producers in an ecosystem is higher than the biomass of secondary producers.
Why biomass is lesser in higher trophic levels?In a given ecosystem the biomass of primary producers is higher than the biomass of secondary producers because only a fraction of energy is available at each successive trophic level and therefore the production of biomass is lesser.
In conclusion, it is expected that the typical biomass of primary producers in an ecosystem is higher than the biomass of secondary producers.
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calcium ions are normally in higher concentrations outside most living cells than within cells. which of the following processes is most likely responsible for this condition?
calcium ions are normally in higher concentrations outside most living cells than within cells. the process of active transport that is responsible for this condition.
Calcium is used for various purpose in our body. It is vital for the health of our bones and teeth, It also helps in brain function and blood clotting.
The concentration of the calcium ion is found to be more outside the cell as compared to the inside of the cell i.e. it is 10,000 times more outside the cell. This gradient is maintained using using active transportation system.
It is important to maintain this gradient because calcium is acts as a second messenger in proliferation, differentiation, mitosis and motility. So only when the cell is involved in these activities calcium ions are allowed into the cell.
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Proteins that form the internal cytoskeleton of individual cells serve a _____ function.
Proteins that form the internal cytoskeleton of individual cells serve a structural and shape function.
Cytoskeleton- The cytoskeleton is a framework that aids in maintaining the internal order and shape of cells. It also offers mechanical support, allowing cells to perform critical processes like division and mobility.
Cell- The science of structure and function of cells is known as cell biology, and it is based on the idea that a cell is the basic building block of all life. A thorough grasp of the organisms and tissues that cells make up is made possible by concentrating on the cell.
Tissue- A collection of cells with a similar structural makeup that work as a single unit is referred to as a tissue.
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Substances which will glow in the dark after being exposed to sunlight are called: uranium radioactives pitchblendes phosphorescents
Substances that will glow in the dark after being exposed to sunlight are called phosphorescents.
Radium is one kind of radioactive material that could be discovered in antiques. whilst radium changed into found in the early nineties people were curious about its mysterious glow and it became brought to many normal merchandises inclusive of paints. these paints had been used on the dials of clocks and watches to lead them to glow-in-the-dark.
Radioactivity is the phenomenon of the spontaneous disintegration of Phosphorescents atomic nuclei to atomic nuclei to form greater energetically solid atomic nuclei. Radioactive decay is a noticeably exoergic statistically random first-order procedure that takes place with a small quantity of mass being transformed into electricity. As its call implies radioactivity is the act of emitting radiation spontaneously.
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Specialization can be both limiting and beneficial. How would a plant species benefit from a pollinator that only visits the flowers of that plant species? Less competition for pollinators with other species. Less competition for pollinators within the species. The flowers always having a pollinator. Decreased self-fertilization, allowing for greater genetic variation.
Answer:
Less competition for pollinators with other species.
Explanation:
Answer:
The answer is C
Explanation:
Just finished test
Describe three ways in which scientists study ecosystems? explain why we need much more basic data about the structure and condition
The three main research and the methods used are the observation, modeling, and the experimentation.
To fully understand that what is happening to a species, the chemical, or a the body of the water, the scientists need to study the ecosystems—communities of the interacting the organisms and their environments. the Healthy ecosystems was clean our water, the purify our air, to maintain our soil, to regulate the climate, to recycle nutrients and provide us with the food. They provide the raw materials and resources for the medicines and for other purposes. They are at the foundation of all the civilisation and to sustain our economies. It also provides the habitat to wild plants and the animals. It promotes the various food chains and the food webs. It controls the essential ecological processes and to promotes lives. Involved in the the recycling of the nutrients between biotic and the abiotic components
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Snap dragon flower color displays incomplete dominance. Which is the likely phenotypic ratio of the f2 progeny resulting from a monohybrid cross of true-breeding parents with white and red flowers?.
Snap dragon flower color displays incomplete dominance. The phenotypic ratio of F2 progeny resulting from a monohybrid cross of true-breeding parents with white and red flowers is 1:2:1 (red:pink:white).
Incomplete dominance refers to a phenomenon in which two true-breeding parents are crossed to produce an intermediate species. Intermediate species produced in F1 progeny are heterozygous but do not show dominance. Instead it produces an intermediate trait of the two parental traits. The phenomenon is called partial dominance or intermediate inheritance.
Genotype refers to the set of genes in an organism. Phenotype is the physically observable characteristics determined by the genotype of an organism. Intermediate species produced in F1 progeny of snapdragon produces a pink flower resulting from red and white flowered parents. The phenotypic ratio of the f2 progeny resulting from a monohybrid cross of true-breeding parents of snapdragon with white and red flowers is 1:2:1 for red : pink : white. As the species of snapdragon produces an intermediate F1 progeny with pink flowers, it is known to show incomplete dominance.
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Which 2 structures allow for cells to move?
. How is a train comparable to a macromolecule?
The monomers that make up a macromolecule are akin to the coaches that make up a train.
What is a macromolecule?A macromolecule is a molecule that is composed of so many building blocks. The building blocks of the molecule is called the monomers. The monomers come together and yield the macromolecule.
A train is composed of several compartments or coaches. Each of then fits intricately together to give the long train as we see it.
It then follows that monomers that make up a macromolecule are akin to the coaches that make up a train. They have to fit together in order for the large molecule as we know it to exist.
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The process in which enzymes with neuron convert precursors into neurotransmitter molecules is called?
The process in which enzymes with neuron convert precursors into neurotransmitter molecules is called synthesis
How can neurotransmitters go through a synapse fGrom one neuron to another?Neurotransmitters are released from the axon into the synapse during neuronal communication as a result of an electrical impulse. Crossing the synapse, the neurotransmitters attach to receptors, which are particular molecules on the opposite side. The dendrites include receptors. The message is taken in and processed by receptors.
The most common neurotransmitter in the CNS is glutamate , present in more than 80% of synapses in the brain.
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.
(a) How many dark brown mice were caught in the light-colored soil enclosure on a moonlit night?
About 18 dark brown mice were caught in the light-colored soil enclosure on a moonlit night?
What is mouse models with camouflage coloration?
This model simulates natural selection and adaptation in rock pocket mouse populations found primarily in rock outcrops in the deserts of the southwestern United States and Mexico. This model is based on a lesson plan designed by the [Howard Hughes Medical Institute]
The model simulates changes in coat color in a population of rock pocket mice due to predation. Mice that cannot camouflage have a higher chance of being predatory when predators are present. Users can examine how a population evolves through natural selection under different environmental conditions.
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Which of the following is a correct sequence of levels in life's hierarchy, proceeding downward from an individual animal? a. organism, brain, organ system, nerve cell b. organ system, nervous tissue, brain, nerve cell c. organism, organ system, tissue, cell, organ d. nervous system, brain, nervous tissue, nerve cell
The following which is a correct sequence of levels in life's hierarchy, proceeding downward from an individual animal is nervous system, brain, nervous tissue, nerve cell and is denoted as option D.
What is Hierarchy of cells?This is described as the biological levels of organization of living things in which the simplest is referred to as the cell while the most complex is referred to as organ system.
Cell ⇒ Tissue ⇒ Organ ⇒ System
In the example given below, the correct hierarchy from the complex to simplest is nervous system, brain(organ), nervous tissue, nerve cell which is therefore the reason why option D was chosen as the most appropriate choice.
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The number of cells in a tumor doubles every 4.5 months. if the tumor begins with a single cell, how many cells will there be after 3 years? after 5 years?
The number of cells after 3 years will be 21,618 and the number of cells after 5 years will be 16,777,216
First, we should determine the number of months in 3 years and 5 years.
As there are 12 months in a single year
Therefore, 1 year = 12 months
So we can determine the number of months in 3 years and 5 years as follow:
3 years = 12 x 3 =36 months
5 years = 12 x 5 = 60 months.
The equation for this question can be given as:
[tex]2^\frac{months}{2.5}[/tex]
For three years, the equation will be,
[tex]2^ \frac{36}{2.5}[/tex] = [tex]2^{14.4}[/tex]
[tex]2^{14.4}[/tex] = 21, 618 cells
For five years, the equation will be,
[tex]2^ \frac{60}{2.5}[/tex] = [tex]2^{24}[/tex]
[tex]2^{24}[/tex] = 16,777,216 cells.
Therefore, the number of cells after 3 and 5 years will be 21,618 and 16,777,216 respectively.
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Halobacterium salinarum lives in and requires a high salt concentration. this is an example of an archaeon described as a?
Halobacterium salinarum lives in and requires a high salt concentration. this is an example of an archaeon described as a halophile.
In the field of ecology, extremophiles can be described as organisms that can survive in extreme conditions.
An organism that has the capability to live in high salt conditions is termed as a halophile.
Halobacterium salinarum is an example of a halophile organism as it thrives in areas where there are excessive salt concentrations. Halobacterium salinarium belongs to the archaea domain and has the characteristic of living in salty conditions.
The body of the Halobacterium salinarium has adaptive features that make it suitable to live in salt conditions. It has active transporters that help in balancing its internal atmosphere and enzymes that can maintain osmotic pressure.
Although a part of your answer is missing, you might be referring to this question:
Halobacterium salinarum lives in and requires a high salt concentration. This is an example of an archaeon described as a ______.
A. barophile
B. halophile
C. thermophile
D. psychrophile
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