why was it not until the late eighteenth century that large numbers of individuals considered slavery to be morally wrong?

Muhammad's continued success gradually influenced the Quraysh tribes of Mecca. Some went into exile and joined his community. Marriage to a Quraysh woman provided him with a profitable mediator.

In 628, he and his followers attempted to create an Islamized Hajj, but were forestalled by the Meccans. In Hudaybiya, a suburb of Mecca, Muhammad granted a 10-year truce on the condition that Meccans allow Muslim pilgrims the following year. Even at this point, however, Muhammad's control over his followers was limited.

His more ardent supporters agreed to the deal only after much persuasion.As in all cases of charismatic leadership, sustained loyalty was matched by sustained success.The following year , the Meccans allowed Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca. And in the next 630 AD, the Muslims occupied Mecca without a fight. Muhammad began receiving delegations from many parts of Arabia.

He was ruler of virtually everything until his death in 632. In fact, although they themselves had not emigrated to Yathrib, they were soon assimilated into the proper Muhajirun. Ironically, they achieved far more in defeat than in victory.

Emptying her idols, she concentrated all Arabia around the Kaaba, her political body and shrine, to be filled with an infinitely great unseen power.  

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Answer I THINK ITS C

Explanation:

President Lincoln called for volunteers to join the U.S. military in 1861 in order to force Southern states to rejoin the Union. Therefore, option A is correct.

Union refers to the United States as a single nation, encompassing all the states that are part of the federal government. During the American Civil War, the Union referred to the Northern states that remained loyal to the federal government and opposed the secession of the Southern states.

President Lincoln's call for volunteers was aimed at preserving the Union, ensuring the unity and sovereignty of the United States.

The conflict between the Union and the Confederate States was a pivotal moment in American history, testing the strength and resilience of the nation as a unified entity.

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The example of geography affecting Japan is that the terrain is mountainous. This means there is not a lot of good land for farming.

Because of the geography, the Japanese relied on the sea for many aspects of daily life. Trade with China and Korea became important to get the resources they needed.

Japan is for a wide range of things, that has onsen hot springs and kabuki baths, which date back to the sixth and sixteenth centuries, respectively, as well as all-night neon-lit dance parties, anime, and sushi boat restaurants, all of which are certainly more contemporary.

Japan has been inhabited since the Upper Paleolithic (30,000 BC), but the first documented reference of the archipelago is there in a Chinese chronicle (the Book of Han), which was done in the second century AD.

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The photograph (Source 4) depicts a family of four tending to a "victory garden".

The family is posed in a very traditional way, with the mother and father in the center, a daughter on the left, and a son on the right. This suggests that the victory garden program was seen as a family activity, with all members of the family taking part in the effort.

This implies that the victory garden program was seen as a communal activity, where all members of society worked together to contribute to the war effort. It also suggests that the war efforts on the homefront were seen as a communal responsibility, where all members of society had a role to play.

She is posed with her hands on her hips, wearing a hat and apron, and smiling confidently. Her pose suggests that she is proud of the garden that she has planted and is confident in the success of the Victory Garden program.

The Victory Garden program was a response to food shortages during World War II and allowed citizens to grow their own fruits and vegetables in their backyards. This photo suggests the success of the program and the effort that citizens put into supporting the war effort on the home front. It also serves as a reminder of the commitment and patriotism of the citizens of the United States during the war effort.

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The third intermediate period in Egypt was part of the larger Near Eastern Late Bronze Age (ca. 1550–1175 BCE).

This period saw the emergence of powerful regional states and empires throughout the Near East, including the Neo-Assyrian Empire and the Neo-Babylonian Empire.

1. The third intermediate period in Egypt was part of the larger Near Eastern Late Bronze Age.

2. This period was in the timeframe of 1550–1175 BCE.

3. During this period, powerful regional states and empires emerged in the Near East, such as the Neo-Assyrian Empire and the Neo-Babylonian Empire.

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Complete question

The third intermediate period in egypt was part of what larger mediterranean and near eastern phenomen?

Option (c), The Nazis intend to transport Jewish detainees using British warships.

The Nazi German government suggested the "Madagascar Plan," which advocated for expelling Jews from Europe and forced them to relocate on the island of Madagascar. In June 1940, just before France was toppled, Franz Rademacher, the head of the German Foreign Office's Jewish Division, put up the notion. The plan proposed giving Germany dominion over Madagascar, which at the time was a French colony, in exchange for final peace conditions.

The possibility of resettling Polish Jews in Madagascar was investigated by the Polish government in 1937, but the task team that was sent to evaluate the potential of the island discovered that only 5,000 to 7,000 households, or possibly as few as 500 families, according to some estimates, could be accommodated.

Due to the Nazis' unsuccessful attempts to encourage the emigration of Germany's Jewish population before to World War Two, the idea of sending Jews to Madagascar was revived by the Nazi leadership in 1940.

The Madagascar Plan, a Nazi German plot that called for moving European Jews to the island of Madagascar, was conceived during World War II. This was meant to occur following the invasion of Madagascar, which was then a part of France.

The plan was never put into action for two main reasons. The strategy needed Germany to be able to control Great Britain's naval forces, but this never happened. The scheme was also replaced with the "Final Solution," which called for the extermination of all Jews in Europe.

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The Italian word for the sort of outdoor pulpit you are referring to is "ambone". In Brescia, there is a famous outdoor ambone located in the Piazza del Duomo.

An ambone is a type of outdoor pulpit that was commonly used in early Christian churches for preaching and public speaking. The word "ambone" comes from the Greek word "ambon," which means "step" or "elevated platform." Ambones were often made of stone or wood and were situated in a prominent location in the church or public square. The Brescia ambone is a particularly fine example of this type of architecture, with its detailed carvings and intricate decorations. The ambone played an important role in the early Christian church as a place for delivering sermons and other important messages to the congregation. Today, ambones are still used in some religious ceremonies and celebrations, particularly in Italy and other parts of Europe.

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Answer: Here's a CER paragraph with 4 claims about Andrew Jackson as a villain, with supporting evidence and explanations:

Andrew Jackson is often seen as a villain in American history due to his controversial policies and actions. Firstly, his treatment of Native Americans is a clear indication of his villainous nature. Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act of 1830, which forcibly relocated tens of thousands of Native Americans from their ancestral lands, resulting in the infamous Trail of Tears. This caused immense suffering and loss of life for Native American communities, as documented by the National Park Service.

Secondly, Jackson's disregard for the Constitution is another indication of his villainous nature. He vetoed the re-chartering of the Second Bank of the United States in 1832, despite the fact that it was a lawful institution established by Congress. This act of executive overreach undermined the separation of powers, according to the National Constitution Center, and set a dangerous precedent for future presidents.

Thirdly, Jackson's expansion of executive power is another clear indication of his villainous nature. He famously declared, "I am the government," according to the Miller Center, and made it clear that he would use his presidential powers to push through his agenda. This disregard for checks and balances contributed to a concentration of power in the executive branch that many see as undemocratic.

Finally, Jackson's violent temperament and tendency to engage in duels are also evidence of his villainous nature. According to History.com, he engaged in several duels throughout his life, including one in which he killed a man. This shows a willingness to use violence to settle disputes, which is certainly not a trait of a hero.

In conclusion, Jackson's treatment of Native Americans, disregard for the Constitution, expansion of executive power, and violent tendencies are all clear indications of his villainous nature. While he is celebrated by some for his military leadership and populist rhetoric, a closer examination of his actions reveals a darker side to his legacy.

Explanation:

Encomiendas were a type of labor and tribute system in the Spanish colonies. The Spaniards could obtain encomiendas by serving the Spanish Crown. The correct option is C.

Spaniards could obtain encomienda by serving the Spanish Crown.

Encomienda was a system of rewarding conquistadors with land grants and the labor of the conquered peoples. In exchange, the encomenderos, or recipients of the encomienda, were responsible for the well-being and religious instruction of the natives under their control.

The Spanish monarchy was responsible for granting encomiendas to conquistadors who assisted in the colonization and subjugation of new territories, as well as for managing the encomienda system in the colonies. To gain encomiendas, individuals had to serve the Spanish crown, either through military service or other means.

The Spanish crown would then reward these individuals with encomiendas, giving them the authority to collect tributes and labor from the natives of the area. The idea of buying or inheriting encomiendas was unlikely since they were granted by the Spanish crown and were based on loyalty and service to the crown rather than personal wealth or inheritance.

Thus, the correct answer is C. Spaniards could obtain encomiendas by serving the Spanish Crown.

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The person credited with the idea of stacking increasingly smaller mastabas to create a monumental symbol of the king's everlasting power is Imhotep.

A mastaba is an ancient Egyptian funerary structure that resembles a flat-roofed, rectangular structure with outwardly sloping sides. These were built in Egypt during the Old Kingdom period (about 2686–2181 BCE).

Imhotep built the world's first step pyramid in Saqqara, Egypt, for King Djoser. It was built over the course of 20 years and is one of the most famous pyramids in Egypt today. This pyramid started as a mastaba but was subsequently expanded by stacking increasingly smaller mastabas on top of one other.

The pyramid's height of 62 meters was a world record at the time of its construction. Imhotep was given credit for developing the idea of stacking increasingly smaller mastabas to create a monumental symbol of the king's everlasting power.

Thus, Imhotep is credited with the idea of stacking increasingly smaller mastabas to create a monumental symbol of the king's everlasting power.

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The major disagreements and compromises that molded the final content of the Constitution were mainly around representation and slavery. Slavery was addressed directly in the Constitution in the form of the Three-Fifths Compromise.

The Great Compromise of 1787 resolved the representation dispute by creating a bicameral legislature with a House of Representatives based on population and a Senate with two members from each state. The Three-Fifths Compromise determined that three-fifths of the population of slaves would be counted for the purposes of taxation and representation of slavery.

This also indirectly contributed to the power of the Southern states. Lastly, the Slave Trade Compromise prohibited Congress from regulating slavery for twenty years and prohibited them from outlawing it until 1808.

Slavery was addressed directly in the Constitution in the form of the Three-Fifths Compromise, which counted slaves as three-fifths of a person for taxation and representation purposes, and indirectly through the Slave Trade Compromise. This allowed the continuation of slavery for twenty years and made it illegal after that. The Constitution also included the Fugitive Slave Clause, which obligated states to return runaway slaves to their owners.

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You would have to go back pretty far to avoid World War l. Stopping the assassination of Ferdinand simply delays it. Let's look at the geopolitical situation.

- It knows that a war with France is inevitable and, as of the 1891 alliance between France and Russia, war with Russia is therefore inevitable as well. German military planners believe that beyond 1920, Russia will have industrialized to the point where there is no way Germany could win. Hindsight leads us to believe they were largely correct. Hence, Germany needs that war with Franc and Russia to happen before 1920 if it has any hope of winning.

- Austria is collapsing, thanks in no small part to Slavic "mischief". Austria-Hungary shares a massive land border with Germany and, should it collapse, will cause Germany to be surrounded on most dies by unfriendly/hostile neighbors.

- As a major industrial nation (beyond France and rivaling Britain/USA at this point) it needs foreign trade. But because of their navies and massive colonial empires, France and especially Britain have a huge chokehold on that trade. Germany often gets the short end of the stick.

-  There must always be at least two equal and opposing factions on the European continent. If Europe is fighting itself, it can't invade the British Empire. Britain can not compete with France or Germany should either become dominant on the continent.

- The British Navy must be at least as big as the next two competing navies combined. In this period, that's some combination of France, the USA, and Germany.

So look at all those conflicting needs and ask yourself how you avoid a war.

TLDR

Stopping the killing of Archduke Ferdinand simply delays the war and probably not that much

You can keep Italy out of the war, and maybe Britain.  Just keep Germany from invading Belgium and convince the British that whoever wins the war, everyone fighting it will be hammered As long as everyone gets knocked down, the British are fine.

You won't stop a war between France and Germany. You'd have to stop the France-Prussian War for that and the only way that happens is Germany not unifying.

Russia doesn't want war, but if France gets curb-stomped by Germany, it has no friends left. You won't keep Russia out of the war.

Compared to the Populist Right and Faith & Flag Conservatives, two other extremely conservative groups with in Republican coalition.

Dedicated Conservatives typically have more liberal attitudes towards immigration.

They are also slightly more moderate than all of these groups on some issues relating to racial and ethnic equality, although they are still more conservative than the groups with a Democratic lean. Conservatives backed lasting traditional and cultural values. They were the defenders of the aristocracy and nobility. They believed that there ought to be privileges for the king and the nobility. They argued that after the French Revolution, society should go through gradual reform.

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American expansion of the 1890s was different from earlier expansionist moves because it was primarily for agricultural objectives, intended for settlement, and was the result of war.

This expansion sought to create economic and military colonies overseas and venture into uninhabited areas.

The idea of expansion for agricultural objectives stemmed from the idea of "Manifest Destiny" and was the main goal of the American expansion in the 1890s. This idea was to expand American boundaries and claim new land in order to increase the economic stability of the nation.

The idea of settlement was also important, as many Americans moved west in order to create their own settlements on the newly claimed land. The idea of war was also important, as some of the expansion in the 1890s was a result of the Mexican-American War, where the United States won new territories in the southwest.

The creation of economic and military colonies overseas was also an important part of the expansion in the 1890s, as it allowed the United States to increase its influence and power in foreign markets and regions.

Finally, the idea of venturing into uninhabited areas was important, as this allowed the United States to explore and expand its territory even further.

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The Supreme Court used the power granted to Congress to regulate interstate commerce under the Commerce Clause in Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution to uphold the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

This power enabled Congress to make laws that regulate economic activity, including the segregation of public accommodations, which had a direct effect on interstate commerce.

1. The Supreme Court used the Commerce Clause in the Constitution to uphold the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

2. The Commerce Clause gives Congress the power to regulate economic activity that affects interstate commerce.

3. The segregation of public accommodations, such as restaurants, was found to have a direct effect on interstate commerce.

4. Therefore, Congress was granted the power to outlaw the segregation of public accommodations, which it did through the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

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The first four Presidents of the United States (Washington, Adams, Jefferson, and Madison) had to deal with many issues, both domestic and foreign. Two of the main problems they had to confront were the establishment of a strong central government and the balance of power between the states and the federal government.

Domestically, they had to contend with the delicate balance between the needs of the federal government, which wanted to create a powerful and unified nation, and the need of the states to remain independent and maintain their own sovereignty. This conflict of interests had to be addressed through a series of compromises, such as the establishment of a bicameral legislature and the ratification of the Bill of Rights.

In foreign affairs, the first four Presidents had to navigate a complex system of European powers and their various alliances. This included dealing with the British in the Jay Treaty of 1795, the Quasi-War with France in 1798, and the Louisiana Purchase from Napoleon in 1803. In each case, they had to assess the diplomatic and economic benefits of each course of action while avoiding any foreign entanglements that could potentially damage the nation's fragile stability.

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The passage of the Nineteenth Amendment allowed women to continue their quest for equality in the following ways: Women's Voting Rights, Gender Equality, Empowerment, Education, Career Advancement

1. Women's Voting Rights: The passage of the Nineteenth Amendment granted women the right to vote. This was a major turning point in women's history and allowed them to become more politically active.

2. Gender Equality: The Nineteenth Amendment helped women to achieve greater gender equality. It gave them the right to vote and helped to reduce the gender gap in society. Women could now pursue their aspirations, careers, and other endeavors with much more freedom.

3. Empowerment: The passage of the Nineteenth Amendment empowered women to fight for their rights and freedoms. It gave them a voice and allowed them to participate in the political process. Women could now speak up and demand equality and justice.

4. Education: The Nineteenth Amendment encouraged women to pursue education and achieve greater levels of success. It allowed them to pursue their dreams and make their voices heard. With the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment, women were finally given the tools they needed to succeed in society.

5. Career Advancement: The Nineteenth Amendment opened up new career opportunities for women. It allowed them to break into previously male-dominated fields and industries. Women could now work and earn a living without being discriminated against.

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The British Empire used opium, a horribly addictive drug, to create favorable trade for themselves in China.

Unfortunately, it ruined the weaker nation's economy and society. In the 19th century, Britain was exporting large quantities of opium to China, causing widespread addiction and social problems. The Chinese government tried to ban the drug, but the British refused to stop trading. This led to the Opium Wars, where the British military defeated China and forced them to sign unfavorable treaties, including the ceding of Hong Kong to Britain. This example highlights the unethical and exploitative practices of imperial powers, as well as the devastating consequences of addiction on individuals and society.

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Due to his immense influence and power over the Chinese people as leader of the Communist Party and the People's Republic of China, Mao Zedong was sometimes referred to as the "Sun in the Sky" in Chinese history.

Mao's ideology, which he dubbed Maoism, emphasized the role of the masses in bringing about social and economic change and the significance of revolutionary struggle. His policies, like the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution, were meant to spread Communist ideals and change Chinese society. Mao was regarded as a visionary leader who was dedicated to the development of a socialist utopia and the well-being of the Chinese people.

Mao was frequently compared to the sun, a symbol of light, warmth, and life-giving energy, due to his immense power and influence. The examination was intended to convey the possibility that Mao was the wellspring of direction and motivation for the Chinese public, similarly as the sun is the wellspring of light and energy for all living creatures on the planet.

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Etruscan tombs tell us about Etruscan art and crafts, their wealth, religion, society, and their everyday life. The tombs offer much insight into the Etruscan people’s rituals, society, and everyday life, including their religious beliefs and their perspective on death.

The decorations on the walls and ceilings of the tombs show several scenes and figures from the Etruscan lifestyle that represented how the Etruscan people lived. The Etruscan tombs’ walls and ceilings are decorated with images of humans, animals, and mythical creatures.

The Etruscan people believed in the afterlife, and, to this end, they preserved the dead in decorated tombs along with their most valuable belongings. These tombs were sealed after the burial, so that the items inside the tomb could never be taken out. It was believed that the deceased could utilize their possessions and continue their life in the afterlife.

The Etruscans had long-established trade routes with Greece and other nations in the Mediterranean area, as revealed by the objects found in the tombs. These objects were likely acquired through trade or given as gifts to Etruscan aristocrats.

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Gloria Steinem was a key advocate of feminist policies in the 1970s.

She was a feminist activist and journalist who co-founded Ms. Magazine in 1972. She was one of the most visible faces of the women's liberation movement of the 1960s and 1970s.

Steinam was a prominent feminist leader who founded the National Women's Political Caucus, served as president of the feminist organization Voters for Choice, and established the Ms. Foundation for Women, which provides grants to women's groups throughout the country.

Therefore the key advocate of feminist policies is "gloria steinem."

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The events that all occurred during Reconstruction are: American occupation of Mexico City• Establishment of the Freedmen's Bureau• Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson• Ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment. So, option B is correct.

The formation of the Freedmen's Bureau, Andrew Johnson's impeachment trial, and the passage of the Fourteenth Amendment all took place in the United States during the Reconstruction era. The Mexican-American War, which took place before Reconstruction, saw the American conquest of Mexico City. There were further events connected to the Mexican-American War, such as the annexation of California and the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. Before Reconstruction, there was the Civil War, which included the Battle of Gettysburg and Lincoln's assassination. The Missouri Compromise's adoption, the Harpers Ferry Raid, and the Tariff of Abominations' enforcement all took place before the Civil War.

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Before World War II, women's participation in workforce was limited and their roles were often restricted to traditional domestic duties.

The workforce refers to the group of people who are available for employment and who are either currently working or seeking employment. This includes both full-time and part-time employees, as well as those who are self-employed or working on a freelance basis. The workforce is often classified into different categories, such as skilled and unskilled labor, manual and white-collar workers, and temporary and permanent employees. Workforce demographics may also be analyzed, including age, gender, ethnicity, and education level. The size and composition of the workforce can have a significant impact on the economy and businesses, as well as on social issues such as income inequality and access to employment opportunities.

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One important similarity between the British colonies in the Chesapeake region and the British colonies in New England in the period from 1607 to 1754 was that both had economies that were based on agriculture.

The British colonies in the Chesapeake region and New England had significant differences in their geography, economy, and demography. These differences resulted in two distinct colonial systems emerging in America that eventually led to different views and ideals of what America should become.

The British colonies in the Chesapeake region, located along the Chesapeake Bay in Virginia and Maryland, were established for economic reasons. The region's fertile land and warm climate were ideal for agriculture, and colonists quickly started growing tobacco, which became their cash crop.

They relied heavily on slave labor to work on plantations, and this became the backbone of the region's economy.

The British colonies in New England, located in present-day Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire, were established for religious reasons. Puritans, who were seeking religious freedom, founded the region's first settlement in 1620.

The region's harsh climate and rocky soil were not ideal for farming, and the colonists had to rely on fishing, shipbuilding, and trade for their livelihood.

Despite these differences, both the British colonies in the Chesapeake region and New England had economies that were based on agriculture. They both relied on exporting their crops and goods to England to make a profit. This led to the growth of a mercantile economy in America and eventually helped pave the way for the American Revolution.

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True. According to the United States Census Bureau, in 2018 there were 8.3 million young children in the United States receiving care in center-based and non-center-based settings, the highest number ever recorded. This is a 6% increase from the 2017 total.

In recent decades, there has been a significant increase in the number of children in childcare in the United States, particularly as more parents have entered the workforce. According to data from the U.S. Census Bureau, in 2011, approximately 32% of children under age 5 were regularly cared for by someone other than a parent, such as a child care center or family child care provider. This represents a significant increase from previous decades.

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None of the options provided is a valid response as they all were contributing factors to the Industrial Revolution in England.

The Industrial Revolution in England was a complex and multifaceted event that was caused by a combination of economic, social, and technological factors. The availability of many laborers, a strong banking system, a large population of landowners, and numerous rivers were all key factors that contributed to the growth of the industry in England. Other factors that also played a role in the Industrial Revolution include technological innovations, the availability of natural resources, and the growth of trade and commerce.

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Bob could approach the famous family with an idea. He could explain to them his passion for architecture, and how he plans to make a significant contribution to the art form.

He could also explain to them his current financial situation and why he needs help. Bob could show them his portfolio of work and explain why he believes his designs are worth investing in.

He could also offer to use the money to help promote their bank in exchange for the loan, or a sponsorship. By working together, they could both benefit from the arrangement. Bob could use the money to continue his work and the bank could get more exposure.

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Leonhard Euler was the first mathematician, physicist, and astronomer in 1737 who adopted the pi symbol ( [tex]\pi[/tex] ). He was born in Basel, Switzerland on 15 April 1707. He studied with diligence and showed an affinity for cognitive thinking and higher senses of logical reasoning.

He was  bright in the field of mathematics and engineering hence he enrolled in the University of Basel, in 1720. Furthermore, his drive and curiosity to learn led to many epitomes of success such as his model for topology while viewing a map changed the common views of people across the globe.

Hence, Leonhard Euler opened the gates to the future of cognitive thinking and formed the stepping stone for future generation.

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In the nineteenth century, differences in economics, politics, and culture were evidence of divisions in the United States. For example, many regions of the country had very different economic conditions and political ideologies, while also exhibiting distinct cultural norms and customs. Additionally, racial divisions were very prominent in the nineteenth century, with African Americans facing various forms of discrimination in much of the country.

The 19th century is a period in history that occurred between 1801 and 1900, as well as the last century of the modern period. The 19th century was a century of innovation and revolution, with new political and social ideologies and industrial technology giving rise to capitalism, communism, and the creation of factories.

The United States was no exception, and throughout the century, there were several divisions that resulted from disagreements on issues such as slavery, sectionalism, politics, and economics. The divisions in the United States over the course of the nineteenth century were evidenced by:

1. Slavery: Slavery was one of the most divisive topics in America in the 19th century, leading to the Civil War. Abolitionists advocated for the abolition of slavery, while others were in favor of it.

2. Sectionalism: Sectionalism refers to the political, social, and economic differences between the North and South. The South was agricultural and supported slavery, while the North was industrial and opposed it.

3. Politics: Politics was a major point of division in the 19th century. Political divisions were seen between the two major parties, the Democrats and the Whigs, as well as the Republican party, which was formed in 1854.

4. Economics: Economic differences also led to divisions in America. The North's economy was based on manufacturing, while the South's economy was based on agriculture. In conclusion, over the course of the nineteenth century, differences in slavery, sectionalism, politics, and economics were evidence of divisions in the United States.

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State level governments are based on the organization of C . the national government outlined in the Constitution .

The Constitution outlines the powers and responsibilities of both the federal government and the state governments, and establishes a system of checks and balances to ensure that no one branch of government becomes too powerful.

State level governments have their own constitutions, which outline the structure and powers of their respective state governments within the framework of the federal system .

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