Tectonic plates can be composed of continental and oceanic lithosphere.
I apologize if this is incorrect! I hope you have a lovely day! :)
SPENT 100 POINTS, NEED HELP ASAP!!!
My assigned technology is GENE THERAPY!
Include a real-life scenario or “case” to explain how the technology has or is currently being used. For example, for GMOs you might include the scenario of Golden Rice Project to increase vitamin A in communities exhibiting vitamin A deficiency, or for cloning, you might describe the first successful cloning of Dolly the sheep. Your case should include the following:
· When did the scenario/case happen?
· Where did the scenario/case happen?
· Explain the background/details of the case/scenario.
· How was the technology involved in solving the problem or case?
· 2-3 related pictures
* Info should be pretty short but enough to probably fit on one slide.
Answer:
Scenario: First FDA-approved gene therapy for inherited blindness
When: 2017
Where: United States
Background: Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) is a rare inherited retinal disease that typically leads to complete blindness in early childhood. In 2017, the FDA approved Luxturna, the first gene therapy to treat inherited vision loss caused by mutations in both copies of the RPE65 gene, which is associated with LCA.
How was gene therapy involved: Luxturna works by replacing the mutated RPE65 gene with a healthy version, using a harmless virus as a vector to deliver the gene to the retina. The treatment involves a one-time injection directly into the eye. The therapy has been shown to improve vision in clinical trials, with some patients gaining the ability to navigate obstacles and even read lines on an eye chart.
Related pictures:
Image of a child with Leber congenital amaurosis before and after treatment with Luxturna.
Schematic representation of the mechanism of gene therapy using a viral vector to deliver the healthy RPE65 gene to the retina.
Photograph of the Luxturna injection being administered to a patient's eye.
Using letters a b c d and e for molecules, illustrate how these would interrelate in an unbranched metabolic pathway. Then, illustrate a metabolic pathway in which C branches to form D and E. Describe how your two pathways would be affected by an inborn error of metabolism between C and D
When a path is linear, it follows A, B, C, D, and E. A cyclical pathway is one that follows the formula ABCDEA or a variant like ABC Either A or D.
What are the steps in chemical reactions?a set of chemical processes that either combine simple components to form complex molecules or disassemble complex molecules into simpler ones. has roughly 10 enzymes for 10 reactions on average. It resembles a trail or road that leads to or feeds into another reaction. They could branch or be linear (cyclical).
What kinds of chemical reactions are examples of?Your liver, cellular respiration, and glycolysis.
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Beadle and tatum used neurospora to identify mutants affecting various biosynthetic pathways. their research led them to develop the one gene, one enzyme hypothesis. we now know this hypothesis is too narrow in its description of genes. in what way(s) was their hypothesis is too narrow? (check all that apply.)
Beadle and Tatum's one gene, one enzyme hypothesis proposed that each gene is responsible for the production of a single enzyme, and that the function of that enzyme is essential to a specific metabolic pathway.
While this hypothesis was a significant breakthrough in the understanding of genetics and biochemistry, it was later found to be too narrow in its description of genes.
The main ways in which their hypothesis is too narrow include:
Not all genes code for enzymes: Some genes code for structural proteins, regulatory proteins, and other types of molecules that are not enzymes.
Some enzymes are composed of multiple subunits: Many enzymes are composed of multiple subunits, each of which is encoded by a separate gene. Therefore, the function of a single enzyme may depend on multiple genes.
Alternative splicing: Many genes can produce multiple variants of the same protein through alternative splicing, where different exons are spliced together in different ways to create different protein isoforms.
Gene regulation: Gene expression can be regulated in many ways, such as through transcription factors, epigenetic modifications, and RNA processing, which can affect the production and function of multiple enzymes.
In summary, Beadle and Tatum's one gene, one enzyme hypothesis was too narrow in its description of genes, as it did not account for the complexity of gene expression, alternative splicing, gene regulation, and the fact that some enzymes are composed of multiple subunits.
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What is the definition of the word affals
Hydrangea flowers differ in color based on interactions between a pigment in the flower cells and aluminum ions dissolved in water absorbed from the soil. When aluminum ions are present, the pigment is blue; when aluminum ions are absent, the pigment is pink. The amount of aluminum ions the plant can absorb is dependent on the pH of the soil. Which of the following questions will best help a researcher design an experiment to learn about the relationship between hydrangea flower color, aluminum, and pH?
A. How do aluminum-pigment interactions change the structure of the pigment and flower color?
B. Can the pigment be used as an indicator of pH, because flower color depends on pH and aluminum?
C. Does an increase in hydrogen ion concentration affect the ability of the pigment to dissolve in water?
D. What will be the flower color of hydrangeas grown in soils of varying pH with or without aluminum?
The correct option is D i.e., What will be the flower color of hydrangeas grown in soils of varying pH with or without aluminum? will help the most researcher to design an experiment.
What is the ideal location to plant hydrangeas?Hydrangeas are frequently grown in beds adjacent to houses or fences. This is so because hydrangeas prefer the mild early sun to the hot afternoon sun. A protected area with sunny mornings and shaded afternoons is the ideal spot to plant hydrangeas.
What occurs if hydrangeas are not pruned?Hydrangeas can eventually resemble a tangled jumble of woody stalks if they aren't pruned, and their flowers will get smaller and less beautiful as a result. Lack of pruning is frequently the cause of your hydrangeas' failing to bloom.
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What is the importance of biodiversity?
A. It gives us evolution.
B. It restores balance in species that have become outnumbered.
C. The diversity of an ecosystem creates stability and success.
D. This is how we get different species.
Answer:
C. The diversity of an ecosystem creates stability and success.
Explanation:
can someone help me with this❗️❗️
Answer:
1. Yes, if a red flower with genotype RR and a white flower with genotype WW were crossbred, resulting in 100% of the offspring having the same phenotype, then this would be an example of complete dominance. In complete dominance, the dominant allele completely masks the recessive allele, meaning that only the dominant phenotype is expressed in individuals that carry at least one copy of the dominant allele. Therefore, in this case, all the offspring would have the same phenotype as the parent with the dominant allele, which is red.
It would be Red (flowers).
2. The phenotype in this case would be "pink" as it is an intermediate phenotype between the red and white phenotypes of the two homozygous parents.
The phenotype in this case would be "pink phenotype".
(I'm not sure if this might be right!)
3. Red and White
Hope this helps, let me know if you need more help! Sorry if I answered something wrong! :]
Which of the following is an example of reflexology?
gentle or deep finger pressure on the points to restore the energy balance in the body
light and very slow massage that uses fingertips against the skin in elliptical motions
pressing on points on the hands or feet that correspond to another part of the body
grasping a sore spot in a pincer-like grip with the thumb and forefinger
For instance, reflexology asserts that the bladder correlates to a particular location in the foot's arch.
What are the three types of reflexology?The bladder's ability to operate may be impacted when a reflexologist utilises their thumbs or fingers to provide the proper pressure to this location.Reflexology for the feet. is the stimulation of the foot utilising particular hand and finger techniques for health concerns in other sections of the body.Reflexology of the hands. is the stimulation of the hands used to treat physical ailments in other parts of the body.Reflexology on the ears.It entails applying pressure to various locations on the bottom of the foot. These points are said to correspond to various body parts in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). They are said to have a variety of advantages, such as lowering stress and supportingFor more information on reflexology kindly visit to
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Calculate the heat lost by 10kg of copper if it is cooled from 35C to 21C. The specific heat of copper is 0. 9
The heat lost by 10kg of copper if it is cooled from 35C to 21C is given by q = mCΔT is 126J.
While thermal energy refers to the total energy of all the molecules within an entity, heat is the amount of energy that flows spontaneously from one body to another due to temperature differences. Heat is a type of energy, but it is energy in motion. Heat is not a system attribute. The transmission of energy as heat, on the other hand, occurs at the molecular level as a result of a temperature differential. When there is a temperature differential, heat flows naturally from the warmer system to the colder system, never the other way around.
Formula for the heat loss can be given by,
q = mCΔT
mass of copper = 10 kg
t1 = 35
t2 = 21
Specific heat of copper is 0.9
putting value in the formula for heat loss,
q = 10 x 0.9 x (35-21)
= 9 x 14
= 126 J
therefore, the value of heat loss is 126J.
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Please answer the question in the image.
This is an example of negative feedback.
In this case option A is correct
Negative feedback is a mechanism that maintains a stable system by counteracting changes. In this case, when blood sugar levels rise, the release of insulin by the pancreas counteracts the increase, bringing blood sugar levels back to a stable level.
Once the blood sugar levels are within the normal range, the release of insulin slows down, stopping the feedback loop.
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This is an example of negative feedback.
In this case op,tion A is correct
What is Glucose?
It is an important energy source in living organisms and is the primary source of energy for the brain. Glucose is produced by plants during photosynthesis and is an important component of many foods, such as fruits, honey, and some vegetables.
In the human body, glucose is transported in the blood to cells throughout the body where it is used to produce energy through a process called cellular respiration. The body tightly regulates the concentration of glucose in the blood to ensure that cells have a constant supply of energy.
Negative feedback is a mechanism that maintains a stable system by counteracting changes.
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name the procedure that producers use to chemically bond this macronutrient into molecules?
Answer:
The macronutrient that is chemically bonded into molecules by producers is carbon, and the process is called photosynthesis.
you encounter a terrestrial ectothermic protostome with an open circulatory system and an exoskeleton. you would predict that this animal transports oxygen using: group of answer choices a tracheal system pepsinogen hemolymph lungs or lung derivatives hemoglobin
The given animal is a terrestrial ectothermic protostome with an open circulatory system and an exoskeleton. So, we can predict that this animal transports oxygen using hemolymph.
What is an open circulatory system?An open circulatory system is a type of circulatory system in which the fluid (hemolymph) that carries oxygen, nutrients, and waste materials through the body of an organism is pumped by a heart into open cavities or sinuses in the body. It then flows around the organs and back into the cavity.
The oxygen and waste products move across the thin walls of the capillaries or directly between the cells, and the hemolymph returns to the heart, completing the circuit.
How does hemolymph transport oxygen?Hemolymph is composed of a mix of blood and interstitial fluid in some invertebrates. Hemolymph is the main transport vehicle in open circulatory systems. Hemolymph transports oxygen to the body's cells and returns carbon dioxide, which is the metabolic waste product produced when cells consume oxygen during cellular respiration.
So, we can predict that this animal transports oxygen using hemolymph. Therefore, the correct answer is 'hemolymph'.
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*** Now look at some of the other boomslang BLAST results and answer the following questions.***
Even though Boomslang_01 had a pretty good blast hit, there were proportionately less of the BLAST
alignment scores colored red (200); most were magenta (80-200) or lower scores. Why do you think the
BLAST alignment scores for Boomslang_01 were below other sequence alignment scores despite having nearly
identical sequences?
The BLAST alignment scores for Boomslang 01 may have been lower than those of other sequences.
Why do you think the BLAST alignment scores for Boomslang_01 were below other sequence alignment scores despite having nearly identical sequences?1. The length of the sequence may affect the alignment scores. Boomslang 01 may be shorter than other sequences despite having a nearly identical sequence, which could lower alignment scores. 2. The quality of the sequence data may also affect the alignment scores. Boomslang 01's sequence data may contain more errors or gaps if it is of lower quality than the other sequences, which could lower the alignment scores. 3. The alignment scores may change if the BLAST algorithm uses different parameters for each sequence. For instance, different word sizes, gap penalties, and scoring system parameters could produce different alignment scores.
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How many hours of training does the American Massage Therapy Association recommend at a minimum for someone
beginning a massage therapy program?
400
500
600
300
In California, you must complete a combination of 500 hours of instruction and training to become a certified massage therapist. Anatomy, physiology, health, and hygiene should be the focus of 100 of the 500 hours.
What exactly is physiology study?Animal function can be studied at the level of cellular, tissues, organ systems, and the entire body in the field of physiology. The overarching objective is to describe the basic systems that function in a live creature and just how they interact.
How does human physiology work?The study of human physiology examines how the body functions in both health and sickness. For occupations or graduate studies in biomedical research as well as the health professions, a degree in anatomy and physiology is a great preparation.
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A passion fruit flower has two flower shape phenotypes: square . In addition, flowers can be blue (B) or purple hl You start with homorygous su two flower shape phenotypes Square (R) or round homozygous round, purple parents, and cross purple parents, and cross them. Your initial hypothesis is that the genes found on different chromosomes. You also be that allele R is dominant over a allele Bis dominant over allele b. What are the initial parental genotypes? RRD XY E56 What are the F1 genotypes and their frequencies? vob w the F1 to self-fertilize, Predict the phenotypes of the F2 offspring and their ratios, If your hypothesis that the genes are on different chromosomes is correct RB ROBO RRBb RrBB Rr Bb RRBO RR66 RvBb Rrob rB RvBB Rr Bb TUBO Vr Bb Rr Bb Rr66 rr Bb rrbb flowe. Expected F2 phenotypes and ratios: 9 Square, blue flowers: 3 Square, purple flowers: 3 round, blue I round, purple flowers. After performing the crosses, you observe the following: 76 round, purple passion flowers Yr ble 24 square, blue passion flowers - B- In regards to the gene controlling flower shape, which allele is dominant? Which is recessive? Dominant allele: r Recessive allele: R In regards to the gene controlling flower color, which allele is dominant? Which is recessive? Dominant allele: b Recessive allele: B What would need to change about your initial hypothesis to account for the observed results? Support your revised hypothesis with a Chi-square test. obs. exp. Cobs - exp/exp. round, purple flowers Squele blue flowe's 24
The dominant allele for flower color is actually b, and the recessive allele is B. This means that the initial hypothesis that the genes are on different chromosomes is incorrect. The genes must be on the same chromosome and linked, which is why the observed results do not match the expected results.
The initial parental genotypes are RRBB (square, blue) and rrbb (round, purple).
The F1 genotypes and their frequencies are RrBb (square, blue) with a frequency of 100%. When the F1 generation is self-fertilized, the expected F2 phenotypes and ratios are 9 square, blue flowers (RRBB, RrBB, RRBb, RrBb), 3 square, purple flowers (RRbb, Rrbb), 3 round, blue flowers (rrBB, rrBb), and 1 round, purple flower (rrbb).
However, the observed results do not match the expected results. The dominant allele for flower shape is actually r, and the recessive allele is R.
To support this revised hypothesis with a Chi-square test, we can calculate the expected and observed values for each phenotype and use the formula (observed - expected)² / expected to find the Chi-squared value for each phenotype.
The sum of these values will give us the Chi-squared value for the entire experiment. We can then compare this value to the critical value for the degrees of freedom (df = 3) and the significance level (0.05) to determine if the observed results are significantly different from the expected results.
If the Chi-squared value is greater than the critical value, then the observed results are significantly different from the expected results and the revised hypothesis is supported.
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In 1973, Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer inserted a gene from an African clawed frog into a bacterium. The bacterium then began producing a protein directed by the code found on the inserted frog gene. How were they able to do this?
Group of answer choices
A.) Messenger RNA transferred the genetic code from the frog to the bacteria.
B.) Multiple alleles were separated from one another and inserted into the bacterium.
C.) A Gene mutation allowed the segment of DNA to be inserted.
D.) Frog and bacterial DNA contain the same nucleotides.
Answer: The procedure used by Cohen and Boyer is known as gene transfer.
Explanation: The introduction of new DNA into the cells of an existing organism through vectors such as plasmids and modified viruses is called gene transfer.
There are three methods of gene transfer: transduction, bacterial conjugation, and natural transformation.
Gene transfer by doctors, healthy copies of genes in the body.
A gene produces many similar copies of the gene.
So, given the circumstances, there is gene transfer between the African frog and the bacterium.
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Your explanation must include:
• an explanation of each of the groups that make up the Indian caste system
• an explanation of the ways the groups within the Indian caste system interact or relate to one
another
Reflection:
Identify a school, church, or business in your community and describe the social structure you see within
that organization in at least four sentences.
The four varnas of the Hindu classification system are Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras. According to traditional beliefs, these groups play various functions and hold different social statuses.
What did each of the four caste groups do in prehistoric Indian society?Brahmins (priests), Kshatriyas (warriors), Vaishyas (skilled traders, merchants), and Shudras were the four classes that made up the Vedic society's caste system, or Varna (unskilled workers). past lives; karma.
What is caste in a nutshell?Differences in income, inherited status or privilege, profession, occupation, or race can cause society to be divided. prestige: of the position granted by caste rank.
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Observe: The table shows the DNA sequences that are recognized by five different restriction enzymes and the locations where those enzymes cut.
Which enzymes produce DNA fragments with "sticky ends"? What is the common feature of the sequences cut by these enzymes?
The restriction enzymes BamHI and HaeIII can produce fragments with blunt ends or sticky ends, respectively.
What is DNA so special?Deoxyribonucleic acid is the name given to DNA because of its structure. The deoxyribose component of the nucleic acid contains pentose sugar, while the phosphate backbone of the nucleic acid contains bases including adenine, cytosine, guanine, & thymine. Deoxyribose lacks the -OH group in the sugar ring's second position.
What does DNA do, and why?The biological blueprints that distinguish each species are found in a molecule called deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). DNA is transferred from living cells to their progeny during reproduction, along with the instruction it contains.
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What amount does Salary.com report as the median salary for a typical massage therapist?
$35,000
$52,000
$43,000
$60,000
According to Salary.com, the median salary for a typical massage therapist is $43,000.
What is a massage therapists?Massage therapists knead muscles and other soft tissues of the body to provide treatment for injuries and also to promote general wellness. Massage therapists apply pressure to manipulate the soft tissues and joints of the body. A person who practices massage therapy is a massage therapist.
Massage therapist is trained individual who is licensed or certified to therapeutically manipulate the muscles and other soft tissues of the body using one or both hands or instrument. Physical therapists focus intensive sessions on particular area, whereas massage sessions take longer and encompasses entire body.
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Which type of stem cell can differentiate into the least number of types of
cells?
A. Unipotent
B. Pluripotent
C. Multipotent
D. Totipotent
Answer:
A. Unipotent
Explanation:
the "uni" in Unipotent means 1.
Unipotent can only produce 1 cell type
The outer ear
1. The external ear flap concentrates and focuses sound waves into the _______. Sound waves travel in air until they reach the eardrum and enter the middle ear.
A) vestibular apparatus
B) tympanic membrane
C) auditory canal
D) cochlea
Answer:
c. auditory canal.
Explanation:
the auricle, or pinna, is the outer part of the ear. that directs sound into the ear canal which eventually passes the tympanic membrane, or ear drum to the middle ear.
{{{{GIVING 50PTS+BRAINLEIST}}}} YALL PLS HELP DUE TOMORROW IK THIS IS ALOT BUT PLEASE ANSWER ALL OF THESE QUESTIONS IT IS DUE TOMORROW AND MY TEACHER DOESNT HELP ME WITH IT OR TEACH THIS GOOD SO PLS HELP
For Ecological Succession of a Pond:
DACBB → C → A → D (the rest are found in the explanation below)Why is this a type of succession?6) This is an example of ecological succession because it describes the gradual and predictable changes in the community of organisms in the pond over time, resulting from changes in the abiotic (non-living) and biotic (living) factors in the ecosystem.
7) This is an example of primary succession because it begins with the formation of a new pond in a previously uninhabited area.
8) Following the steps pictured, as the pond becomes more shallow and the amphibian plants, shrubs, and trees grow, there will be changes in the types of animals that are attracted to the pond.
9) Two stages that might attract animals to the community are the submerged plant stage and the amphibian plant stage. During the submerged plant stage, animals such as fish and invertebrates would be attracted to the pond to feed on the algae and other small organisms that live in and around the submerged plants. During the amphibian plant stage, animals such as frogs and salamanders would be attracted to the pond to feed on the insects and other small organisms that live among the amphibian plants.
10) Ecological succession is a gradual process that can take many years or even centuries to complete. While it is possible for succession to happen more quickly in some situations, such as in areas that have been disturbed by human activities, it is unlikely to happen in a short amount of time. This is because ecological succession involves complex interactions between the biotic and abiotic factors in an ecosystem, and these interactions take time to develop and stabilize.
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Part 2: Based on the following genotypes, determine the phenotype.
6. In humans, tongue rolling is dominant to not being able to roll the tongue.
TT=
Tt=
7. In humans, mid-finger hair is dominant to no mid-finger hair.
HH =
Hh=
8. In humans, cleft chin is dominant to no cleft chin.
Cc =
CC=
ll norrible genotypes.
hh=
сс
The genotype of the child will be rr, which is homozygous recessive based on the genetic cross. As a result, the youngster will be unable to roll their tongue since they lack the dominant allele.
If tongue rolling is dominant, what is the genotype of a tongue roller?A person with the Rr genotype for tongue rolling can roll his or her tongue since the dominant gene that facilitates tongue rolling is present.
The dominant gene, T, controls tongue rolling, whereas the recessive allele, t, controls non-rolling. A -linked gene on the X chromosome controls red-green colour blindness.
As a result, offspring have a 0% probability of having the tongue rolling personality.
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HELP ME IS DUE TOMORROW
In females, the menstrual cycle is governed by combinations of hormones produced at various levels all throughout the entire cycle by the thyroid, pituitary, and adrenal glands. Irregularity in the amounts or combinations of these hormones can cause many reproductive disorders. Many other disorders can to a larger extent upset the balance of these hormones, and cause other issues. Some disorders cause or are caused by anomalies of sexual structures, which can be treated with surgery. Many with these disorders also increase tje risk of various autoimmune disorders, or other genetic disorders. Also, both genders can develop sexually transmitted diseases, that can cause reproductive disorders.
Research one of the reproductive disorders found on the website below, or any other that you find. Write an 800 word report on the disorder, including what its symptoms are, who it can affect most, and what other issues it can cause. Also include information about what medications or treatments are available, how they help control the disorder or relieve symptoms, and how effective they are. Make sure to cite your sources, and include statistics in a table or a graph based on information you found about your disorder.
Endοmetriοsis is a cοmmοn reprοductive disοrder that affects milliοns οf wοmen arοund the wοrld. This cοnditiοn οccurs when the tissue that lines the uterus, called the endοmetrium, grοws οutside οf the uterus, typically οn the οvaries, fallοpian tubes, and οther pelvic οrgans.
What is Endοmetriοsis?The tissue grοwth can cause severe pain, heavy periοds, and in sοme cases, infertility. The exact cause οf endοmetriοsis is still unknοwn, but it is believed tο be linked tο hοrmοnal imbalances, genetics, and immune system issues.
There is currently nο cure fοr endοmetriοsis, but there are several treatments available tο help manage symptοms. Pain medicatiοns, hοrmοne therapy, and surgery tο remοve the endοmetrial tissue are all cοmmοn treatments fοr endοmetriοsis. In sοme cases, assisted reprοductive technοlοgies like in vitrο fertilizatiοn may be necessary tο help wοmen with endοmetriοsis becοme pregnant.
Early diagnοsis and treatment are crucial fοr managing the symptοms οf endοmetriοsis and preserving fertility. Wοmen whο suspect they may have endοmetriοsis shοuld speak tο their healthcare prοvider abοut their symptοms and treatment οptiοns.
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what is the main cause of Global Climate Change
The main cause of global climate change, also known as global warming, is the increase in concentrations of greenhouse gases in the Earth's atmosphere, primarily carbon dioxide (CO2) from burning fossil fuels like coal, oil, and gas. When we burn these fossil fuels for energy, we release large amounts of CO2 and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, trapping heat from the sun and causing the Earth's temperature to rise.
Other human activities that contribute to global climate change include deforestation, agriculture, transportation, and industrial processes. Deforestation releases carbon stored in trees, reduces the amount of carbon that can be absorbed by the Earth's forests, and alters the Earth's albedo (reflectivity), leading to more heat absorption. Agriculture contributes to global climate change through emissions of methane from livestock and from the use of fertilizers that release nitrous oxide. Transportation releases CO2 and other greenhouse gases through the burning of fossil fuels in vehicles. Industrial processes also release greenhouse gases through the burning of fossil fuels and other activities.
Natural factors such as volcanic activity and changes in solar radiation can also affect the Earth's climate, but the overwhelming scientific evidence indicates that human activities are the primary cause of global climate change.
How does a neuron go from a negative to
positive charge?
A. The spinal cord expands outward, and floods the cell with positive
copper ions.
B. A negatively charged stimulus activates the action potential,
opening sodium channels.
C. The fight or flight instinct is activated and floods the cell with
positive barium ions.
D. The nucleus bonds chemically with another nucleus leaving only
positively charged ions behind.
Answer:
The answer is B, by opening sodium channels.
Antibodies are produced by OB cells. OT cells. Ored blood cells. Olymph nodes.
B lymphocytes, also called B cells, create a type of protein called an antibody. These antibodies bind to pathogens or to foreign substances, such as toxins, to neutralize them. For example, an antibody can bind to a virus, which prevents it from entering a normal cell and causing infection.
What will happen if weak hydrogen bonds doesn't break
if weak hydrogen bonds doesn't break they can lead to many deleterious consequences.
Protein structure: Chains of amino acids that make up proteins are intricate structures that fold into particular three-dimensional configurations. These structures are largely stabilized by hydrogen bonding. If hydrogen bonds don't dissolve when they should, the protein may become unusable because it will be excessively rigid or flexible.
DNA replication: The two strands of DNA are held together by hydrogen bonds, which must be broken in order for the DNA molecule to replicate. These bonds must properly dissolve in order for DNA replication to proceed without interruption, which could result in mutations or other mistakes.
Hydrogen bond connections between water molecules are what give water its distinctive characteristics, including its high boiling point and surface tension.
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you hope to study a gene that codes for a neurotransmitter protein produced in human brain cells. you know the amino acid sequence of the protein. explain how you might (a) identify what genes are expressed in a specific type of brain cell, (b) identify (and isolate) the neurotransmitter gene, (c) produce multiple copies of the gene for study, and (d) produce large quantities of the neurotransmitter for evaluation as a potential medication.
The gene that is expressed in a specific type of brain cell: RNA sequencing,
the neurotransmitter gene is: Straightforward,
produce multiple copies of the gene for the study is: cloned gene,
and produce large quantities of the neurotransmitter for evaluation as a potential medication is: the cell culture system.
Identify genes that are expressed in a specific type of brain cellThe genetic material can be extracted from the specific brain cells that make the protein. RNA sequencing can be used to compare the genetic material from a particular cell to the reference genome in order to find out which genes are expressed in that cell. An RNA sequencing database can then be used to compare the expressed genes to find out which ones are involved in the synthesis of the protein.
Identify (and isolate) the neurotransmitter geneIsolating the gene for the neurotransmitter protein is straightforward because its amino acid sequence is already known. Using PCR, the neurotransmitter gene can be amplified and cloned into a plasmid vector.
Produce multiple copies of the gene for the studyThe cloned gene can then be transformed into bacteria such as E. coli, which can produce many copies of the gene. The gene can be purified using gel electrophoresis and DNA sequencing. Alternatively, a baculovirus system can be used to express the gene in insect cells.
Produce large quantities of the neurotransmitter for evaluation as a potential medicationA cell culture system can be used to produce large amounts of the neurotransmitter protein for study. The protein can be purified from the cell culture supernatant using chromatography or other protein purification techniques. The neurotransmitter protein can be tested to see whether it is effective as a medication, and its safety can be evaluated.
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Which class of biomolecule do the molecules in the table belong to?
Answer: all of those biomolecule is a protein