according to cognitive psychologists, depression is caused by question 8 options: a) imbalances of serotonin and noradrenaline. b) self-criticism and self-defeating thoughts. c) learned helplessness. d) repressed anger that is turned inward as self-hate.

The research conducted by Dr. Sinha has proposed that activity levels in the prefrontal cortex are higher among those with addiction who have completed drug cessation programs compared to those who have relapsed.

This higher activity level is associated with successful drug cessation as it indicates increased cognitive control, executive functions, and cognitive effort that are associated with improved ability to resist urges and cravings for drugs. This is further supported by the finding that those who successfully completed a drug cessation program displayed higher activity levels in the prefrontal cortex, specifically the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), which is associated with executive functioning and cognitive control.

This indicates that those with addiction who have completed drug cessation programs are able to better regulate their behavior, resist cravings, and make better decisions, leading to successful drug cessation.

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The major difference between psychoanalytic and cognitive-behavioral approaches to therapy is the underlying philosophical basis of each approach. The psychoanalytic approach focuses on unconscious and conscious forces, whereas the cognitive-behavioral approach focuses on the beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors of the individual.

The psychoanalytic approach focuses on the dynamics of the unconscious mind and its influence on conscious behavior. This approach views mental illness as being caused by unresolved conflicts from childhood, past experiences, and unconscious motivations. Therapists using this approach may focus on interpreting dreams, exploring past relationships, and analyzing the patient's thoughts and behaviors.

The cognitive-behavioral approach, on the other hand, is based on the belief that behavior and mental health are primarily influenced by a person's thoughts and beliefs. This approach works by helping the patient to identify, challenge, and replace any unhealthy or unhelpful thought patterns that may be causing psychological distress. Therapists who use this approach often use techniques such as cognitive restructuring, problem-solving, and goal-setting.

In conclusion, the psychoanalytic approach focuses on the unconscious and conscious forces, whereas the cognitive-behavioral approach focuses on beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors. Both approaches can be effective for different people, and it is important to choose a therapist that uses the approach that best suits a patient's individual needs.

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Jane Addams is best remembered for her embrace of praxis, which means that she acted on her intellectual convictions and applied theory to practical action in the hopes of improving society. This is the idea of taking theoretical knowledge and turning it into practical solutions that address the problems faced by society. Through her praxis, Addams advocated for social reform and justice.

Addams was a pragmatist in her approach to social issues, meaning she focused on the practical consequences of her actions rather than relying solely on abstract principles and ideals. Her approach was based on the belief that human beings could only understand reality through experience, which led to her belief that the best solutions to problems must be tested and adjusted through experimentation.

Addams was also influenced by the concept of dialectics, which is the idea that reality is the result of opposing forces in constant flux and change. For example, she recognized that social progress was only possible when both the government and private individuals work together in a give-and-take relationship. Additionally, Addams also applied Conflict Theory to her praxis, which is a view of social change and development as the result of competing forces in society.

In conclusion, Jane Addams is remembered for her embrace of praxis which is the idea of taking theoretical knowledge and turning it into practical solutions that address the problems faced by society. Her approach was pragmatic, dialectic, and based on conflict theory.

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The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program was reformed in the 1990s with the aim of reducing welfare dependency and promoting self-sufficiency among recipients.

Strict work requirements were imposed, which required a certain proportion of TANF recipients to participate in work-related activities or risk losing their benefits.

The TANF reform may have unintentionally increased the number of working poor even though its main objective was to encourage work and decrease reliance on government assistance. This is due to the fact that the jobs that were available to TANF recipients were frequently temporary, low-paying jobs without benefits like health insurance and paid time off.

Furthermore, TANF recipients did not always find long-term, reliable employment as a result of the work requirements. They might have even resulted in a cycle of low-paying jobs, intermittent unemployment, and re-enrollment in the TANF program in some instances.

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Describe how Land reform in the 1990s may have led to an increase in the number of people who are in the working poor.

Each semester, Cheyanne does not study and waits until right before finals to try and catch up to pass her exam. She works non-stop to learn the material, which in turn makes her sick, most likely because she is in the exhaustion phase of the stress response.

Stress is a physical and emotional response to a challenging situation. It is a normal response of the human body to pressure, and it can be beneficial in certain situations. However, when stress is excessive or prolonged, it can harm a person's physical and mental health.

Stress occurs in three stages; alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. The exhaustion phase of stress is the final stage, and it is caused by the body's inability to cope with stress.Chronic stress is the most harmful because it causes wear and tear on the body over time.

It affects the immune system, the cardiovascular system, and can also lead to mental health problems. Cheyanne experiences stress in her studies, and it is affecting her health. She waits until the last minute to study, and this puts her under a lot of pressure. She is working non-stop to learn the material, which is causing her to become sick. Cheyanne is most likely experiencing the exhaustion phase of stress.

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In addition, Martha's actions might be considered as a mirror of the bigger, more pervasive racial and discriminatory structural problems that present in society.

These problems can cause people to feel marginalized and the need to "code-switch" in order to function in various social contexts. In Martha's example, cultural and societal standards that affect how she presents herself may make her feel the need to modify her words and behavior while engaging with white people. Those who are members of marginalized groups or who have been subjected to discrimination frequently feel the need to "blend in" with prevailing cultural standards in order to be accepted or to dispel unfavorable preconceptions.

The greater systemic racism and discrimination problems in society can also be noticed in Martha's behavior, which might result in feelings of exclusion and the requirement to "code-switch" in order to function in various social contexts.

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Martha is a black woman who feels that she lives in two worlds. She speaks and acts one way when she is with other blacks in her neighborhood, at her church, and with her close friends. However, she speaks and acts another way when she is in the presence of whites. This reflects what social phenomenon?

Seventy-year-old Barbara is likely to perform similarly to a young adult only if she is asked to memorise a series of 30 words.

This is because memory capacity generally remains intact with age, although some memory processes may be slower.

To help her remember, she should use techniques such as spaced repetition, visualization, and chunking. Spaced repetition is when you review a memory multiple times in intervals. It helps you to memorize easily.

Visualization involves creating mental images of each word. This technique helps to remember things in every age group.

Lastly, chunking is the process of breaking down long strings of information into smaller pieces.

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The given statement "exploratory research is often referred to as preliminary research" is true because, the preliminary results often lay the ground-work for future analysis.

Exploratory research is the preliminary re-search to clarify the exact nature of the prob-lem to be solved. The goal of explo-ratory research is to formu-late problems, clarify concepts, & form hypo-theses. Exploration can begin with a lite-rature search, a focus group discuss-ion, or case studies.

Exploratory research is qualitative & primary in nature. How-ever, a study with a large sample conducted in an explo-ratory manner can be quant-itative as well. It is also refer-red to as interpretive research or a ground-ed theory app-roach due to its flex-ible & open-ended nature.

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In a patriarchal joint/extended family, the oldest son is likely to assume control after the death of the father, Frank, age 62. Patriarchal joint/extended family refers to a family arrangement in which the family is headed by the oldest male member.

Control is exercised by the oldest male member and decision-making is centralized in him. The male members are superior in a patriarchal joint/extended family, while women are considered inferior and are expected to submit to the males of the family.

The oldest son is likely to assume control after the death of the father in a patriarchal joint/extended family. This is because he is next in line and is perceived to have the ability to take over the family leadership. He will act as the head of the household and is expected to take care of the family members.

He is also responsible for making important decisions, solving family issues, and handling the family's property and assets.

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Among the options, the one that is  not a purpose of an admission-seeking question is (c) to obtain a written confession.

Admission-seeking questions are used to elicit a confession or an admission of guilt. These types of questions are designed to be highly suggestive and often focus on a particular incident.

They are meant to get the subject to admit they are guilty or reveal details of a crime. They are not used to obtain a written confession as that would not be necessary to prove guilt.

The main purpose of admission-seeking questions is to distinguish an innocent person from a culpable person. This is done by carefully examining the subject's responses to the questions in order to determine if the person is telling the truth or not.

The questions are also meant to obtain a valid confession, which is a confession that is not coerced or fabricated. Lastly, the questions are used to intimidate the subject in order to gain their compliance.

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A Chief Information Officer (CIO) should handle ethical decision-making using a variety of theories, depending on the situation. Utilitarianism and deontology are two commonly used theories.

Utilitarianism is an ethical decision-making approach that focuses on the result of an action, in terms of whether it produces the greatest amount of good for the greatest number of people. A CIO might use this approach to consider the cost/benefit of a particular decision or action, and weigh the consequences of any negative outcomes.

Deontology is another ethical decision-making theory, which holds that one should always act according to a moral duty, regardless of the outcome. A CIO might use this approach to consider any personal or professional obligations they may have in making a particular decision, and any potential implications it might have.

The duty of care and beneficence is another ethical decision-making theory that can be useful for a CIO. Duty of care refers to a responsibility to make sure one's decisions are reasonable and prudent, and beneficence refers to taking steps to promote the best interests of those impacted by one's decisions. A CIO might use these concepts to consider any potential impacts their decisions may have on the organization or people, and to ensure that their decisions are the most beneficial in the long run.

In summary, a CIO should handle ethical decision-making using a variety of theories, such as utilitarianism, deontology, duty of care, and beneficence. This approach ensures that the CIO considers both the immediate and long-term effects of their decisions, and is able to make the most reasonable and beneficial decision for all involved.

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A type ofbehaviourr known as Servant Leadership is used when a leader needs to express concern for followers' well-being and social status.

Servant Leadership is an approach to leadership where the leader puts the needs of their followers first and seeks to understand their wants and needs. The leader acts in a way that shows they care about their followers and are working to improve their well-being.

Servant Leadership encourages collaboration between leaders and followers, and fosters a culture of respect and support.

Servant Leadership encourages leaders to create an environment where followers feel valued and their opinions are taken seriously. It emphasizes the importance of listening to others and giving them the chance to have their say.

It also allows leaders to learn from their followers and build a deeper understanding of their thoughts, needs, and concerns. Leaders should show empathy and understanding towards their followers and take their perspectives into account when making decisions.

Servant Leadership also stresses the importance of building relationships and trust between the leader and their followers. This type of behavior helps leaders to understand their followers better and create an atmosphere of mutual respect and appreciation. Leaders should seek to inspire and empower their followers, and foster a culture of growth and development.

In conclusion, Servant Leadership is an approach to leadership which emphasizes the importance of expressing concern for the well-being and social status of followers. It encourages collaboration, respect, and trust between leaders and followers, and allows leaders to better understand their followers’ needs and opinions.

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The media often frames the poor working conditions of migrant workers in the United States by visuals such as images of crowded housing and workplaces in order to emotionally connect with viewers and draw attention to the plight of migrant workers.

This involves emphasizing the struggles of migrant workers and highlighting their contribution to the US economy.  Additionally, stories of individuals, families, or entire communities affected by poor working conditions are often shared to demonstrate the need for intervention by the government.

Through these narratives, the media strives to make viewers feel empathy and motivate them to support government programs. The media can frame the issue as a matter of social justice. The media can point out how migrant workers are being exploited.

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The book Friedrich Nietzsche wrote when humanity disavows Christian values making will need to write its own and death will follow is 'Thus Spoke Zarathustra'.

What did Nietzsche mean by the statement "God is dead"? Friedrich Nietzsche's statement "God is dead" is about the death of God's relevance in people's lives. Nietzsche, as a philosopher, believed that human beings had surpassed the need for religion, specifically Christianity. He regarded the church as outdated and absurd, and he thought that people should seek their truth and meaning in life. Thus, he believed that the meaning of life had shifted from divine inspiration to individual self-creation.

Nietzsche's philosophy represents a profound transition from God-based ethics to a self-determined ethos. He also rejected the Christian notion of morality, arguing that it was a kind of psychological blackmail that could lead to the suppression of human will.

As a result, Nietzsche thought that people should develop their ethics based on their desires and values. Thus Spoke Zarathustra, Nietzsche's most famous work, presents the idea of the Übermensch. The term translates to "Superman" or "Overman," and it refers to a type of human being who has transcended traditional morality and achieved a higher level of consciousness.

Nietzsche believes that the Übermensch is the next stage of human evolution and that it will require a complete rejection of traditional religious and moral values. Ultimately, Nietzsche's philosophy represents a call to embrace the fullness of human potential, free from the constraints of divine commandments or moral dogmas.

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Somebody reading a paragraph in a textbook for the first time is an example of encoding.

Encoding is the process of transforming information into a form that can be kept in memory. The initial learning of data is referred to as encoding. Encoding is the crucial first step in creating a memory. The sensory stimuli are interpreted by the brain through this process.

The method for long-term retention of sensory stimuli is encoding. Sensory information is translated into neural codes and stored in the brain in a retrievable way. The procedure by which information is transformed into a form that can be used for storage in memory is called encoding.

Sensory information enters memory by means of this method, where it is transformed into a form that can be processed and stored. To be stored in long-term memory, information must first be encoded from sensory input. Information in the form of a visual image, sound, smell, taste, or touch can be encoded.

Therefore, when someone reads a paragraph in a textbook for the first time, they are engaged in the process of encoding.

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The belief shared by Hinduism, Jainism, and Sikhism is a cycle of reincarnation. In these three religions, an individual's deeds in this life determine their fate in the next life.

Hinduism is a major religious and cultural tradition in South Asia. Reincarnation or samsara, which is the rebirth of the soul in a new body after death, is a central tenet of Hinduism. Karma, or the consequences of one's deeds, determines the status of one's next life. Jainism is a religion that originated in India and is considered one of the world's oldest religions. Jainism is based on the principle of non-violence and respect for all living things. The belief in reincarnation, or the transmigration of souls, is central to Jainism. Jains believe that the soul, or jiva, is eternal and that it goes through a cycle of birth, death, and rebirth. Sikhism is a monotheistic religion founded in the late 15th century in the Punjab region of India. Sikhs believe in the unity of God and the oneness of all humanity. They reject the caste system and the notion of reincarnation. Sikhism posits that the soul is reincarnated only once and that the ultimate goal is to merge with God. Therefore, Hinduism, Jainism, and Sikhism, all posit a belief in b. a cycle of reincarnation.

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The given statement, "During a typical storytelling context, for example at home, signs in Plains Sign Talk will most often occur in the periphery of the circular signing space," is false (b) because in Plains Sign Talk, signs are usually performed within the central signing space, rather than the periphery.

Plains Sign Talk is a visual language traditionally used by several Indigenous communities across North America. During storytelling, signers typically use a circular signing space, also known as a "tipi space," to convey their message. However, signs are not limited to the periphery of this space; rather, they can occur throughout the central area. The central signing space is considered the most important area for signing, as it is where the main story or message is conveyed.

Signers may also use the periphery for additional information, such as descriptive details or dialogue attribution, but this is not the primary location for signing during storytelling.

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Some important characteristics of a person to be an effective peer helper are empathy, active listening, non-judgmental attitude, and good communication skills.

These can be used to build trust with the person seeking help, establish rapport, and provide a supportive environment for them to share their concerns and work through problems.

Being a peer helper requires a set of skills and traits that are essential to providing effective support and guidance to those in need. Empathy allows the peer helper to understand and relate to the person's feelings and experiences, while active listening skills help them to pay attention to what the person is saying and respond appropriately.

A non-judgmental attitude creates a safe space for the person to open up and share their concerns without fear of criticism, and good communication skills help the peer helper to convey information clearly and build trust. By utilizing these characteristics, a peer helper can establish a supportive relationship with the person seeking help and provide them with the tools and resources they need to address their challenges.

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The Supreme Court has decided to create a precedent.

This means that the court has established a new interpretation of the law or set a new legal standard to be applied to future cases. In this way, the Supreme Court helps to shape the law. The Supreme Court is a rule maker and breaker of a country as it is one of the most important institutions of the country.

The Supreme Court is able to create new legal standards or change existing interpretations of law by creating a precedent. This means that their decisions set the standard for any future cases that may arise, helping to shape the law.

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All sources continually pointed toward one man Osama bin Laden was a wealthy leader from the country of Saudi Arabia.

Osama bin Laden was the founder of al-Qaeda, the jihadist organization responsible for the 9/11 terrorist attacks on the United States. He was born in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, in 1957, and his father was a billionaire construction magnate.Osama bin Laden was a controversial figure who was considered by some to be a hero, while others saw him as a terrorist. His actions and words were both admired and criticized by many. Osama bin Laden was one of the world's most wanted criminals for his role in the 9/11 terrorist attacks, which resulted in the death of nearly 3,000 individuals.

Osama bin Laden was also charged with masterminding a number of other terrorist assaults throughout the world, including the 1998 embassy bombings in Africa, the USS Cole bombing, and the Bali nightclub bombings. Despite the fact that he was wanted by numerous governments throughout the world, bin Laden was able to evade capture for many years. However, in May 2011, he was discovered hiding in a compound in Pakistan and was killed by US special forces.

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conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, and extroversion

Individual psychotherapists tend to explain psychological problems with internal causality, whereas family therapists tend to explain psychological problems with relational causality.

Individual psychotherapy is a treatment modality that involves one-on-one therapy sessions between a person and a psychotherapist. The psychotherapist can be a psychologist, psychiatrist, or other mental health professionals.

The objective of individual psychotherapy is to encourage people to talk openly about their emotions, ideas, and behaviour in a secure and confidential setting. The therapist listens actively to assist people in identifying and understanding the root cause of their psychological difficulties. They may help the patient develop coping mechanisms and provide guidance on how to improve their quality of life.

Family therapy is a kind of psychotherapy that examines family relationships to find and address issues that have a psychological or emotional impact on individuals or the entire family. It is a collaborative effort that aims to develop open communication and an increased sense of belonging among family members.

Family therapy recognises that family members may have different perspectives, beliefs, and communication patterns that may contribute to interpersonal conflicts. It provides a safe and supportive environment for family members to identify and address those issues.

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This statement that the police chief gave represents an example of the Overconfidence Bias.

In this scenario, the police chief is demonstrating a bias in their decision making as they are overestimating the likelihood that their decision will have a successful outcome.

The police chief is implying that their decision to not deploy additional emergency personnel is correct despite the potential risks, when in reality it is impossible to predict the outcome with any degree of certainty.

In this situation, the police chief is demonstrating a classic example of the Overconfidence Bias, where they overestimate their own judgement. This type of bias can be dangerous in decision-making, as it can lead to decisions being made without proper consideration of the risks involved.

Furthermore, this type of bias can also lead to decisions being made without proper research or investigation into the situation.

It is important to remember that Overconfidence Bias can lead to decisions that are ultimately unsuccessful, and can potentially lead to dangerous consequences.

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Based on our understanding of concepts and the way students learn them, Option (D) Direct object will be the most difficult for middle school students to learn.

A direct object is a noun or pronoun that receives the action of the verb. Direct objects assist us in creating more precise and detailed language. They make the object of the sentence much clearer.

Example: Amanda threw the ball. Amanda is the subject, threw is the verb, and ball is the direct object.

The other options Square (plane figures with four equal sides and four equal angles)Acid (solutions that taste sour)Democracy (government by people, usually by elected representatives, or a state so governed)Square, acid, and democracy are all subjects that the majority of middle school students would already know.

The idea of a direct object can be a little confusing because it involves understanding the role of nouns and verbs in sentences.

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It is important to note that the inability to form a Guttman scale does not necessarily mean that the data is invalid. There are other types of scales that can be used to measure attitudes or beliefs, such as Likert scales or Thurstone scales.

A Guttman scale is a type of cumulative scale used in social sciences to measure attitudes or beliefs on a unidimensional construct. To form a Guttman scale, each item in the scale must be such that individuals who agree with a given item also agree with all items that precede it on the scale.

If Professor Thames was not able to form a Guttman scale on his data set, it could be due to several reasons. One possible reason is that the items in the scale are not measuring a unidimensional construct. It is also possible that the items in the scale were not clearly worded, leading to confusion among respondents.

Additionally, the data set used in the published article may have been collected under different conditions, such as a different population or time period, leading to differences in responses.

Therefore, to understand why the items did not form a Guttman scale on his data, Professor Thames should carefully examine the items and the data set and consider other types of scales that may be more appropriate for his research question.

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It is difficult to predict a nation's political culture in 2050 based on current demographic trends. Nonetheless, one segment measurement that could reveal some insight into this subject is the age conveyance of the populace.

The shared beliefs, values, and attitudes that shape a nation's political system and its citizens' and leaders' behavior are referred to as its political culture. It includes the approaches and interactions of citizens and leaders with political institutions, procedures, and issues. Social structures, religious and cultural practices, economic conditions, and historical events all play a role in shaping political culture. A nation's political system and policy outcomes can be significantly impacted by political culture. Understanding a country's political culture is significant for policymakers and experts as it assists with making sense of the perspectives and ways of behaving of residents and pioneers, and can give knowledge into how political change might happen.

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Answer:

The two-party system in the United States refers to the dominance of the Democratic and Republican parties in the political arena. The system emerged in the early days of the nation, with the Federalists and Anti-Federalists, and has persisted due to various factors, including the winner-takes-all electoral system, campaign finance laws, and media coverage.

Third parties, like the Libertarians or the Green Party, have struggled to gain traction in the United States due to a number of reasons. First, the winner-takes-all system means that only one candidate can win each election, and third-party candidates are often seen as "spoilers" who take votes away from the major parties. This has led to a perception that third-party candidates are not viable options and that supporting them is a waste of a vote.

Second, the major parties have an entrenched advantage in terms of campaign finance, media coverage, and ballot access. This makes it difficult for third-party candidates to compete on an equal footing, as they often lack the resources and support necessary to mount effective campaigns.

Finally, many voters may feel that the major parties represent their interests well enough and may be hesitant to vote for a third-party candidate who they feel has little chance of winning. This can lead to a self-reinforcing cycle where third parties struggle to gain support due to a lack of credibility and exposure.

Despite these challenges, third parties continue to exist and have occasionally had significant impacts on American politics. However, for a third party to truly break through and become a viable alternative to the major parties, it would likely require significant changes to the political system and a fundamental shift in how voters perceive third-party candidates.


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According to Erikson, the confusion Brenda has about her values and what she wants in life suggests that she is struggling with the issue of Identity vs. Role Confusion.

Individuals who are in the age range of 12-18 years experience Erikson's Identity vs. Role Confusion stage. Adolescents want to have a sense of belongingness and identity. Brenda has an uncertain sense of self because she is struggling to understand her values and what she wants in life.However, adolescents tend to form a stronger identity when they have healthy self-esteem and are given enough opportunities to experiment with their identities. In this case, Brenda questions her parents' values and does not fully accept her friends' standards, which means that she is yet to find her identity.Therefore, Brenda is struggling with the issue of Identity vs. Role Confusion, which is the fifth stage in Erikson's psychosocial development theory.

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As an emerging adult, waiting until later 20s to make important decisions about careers, relationships, and kids makes biological sense because of the following reasons: Brain development not yet complete: During this phase of life, the brain is still developing.

The prefrontal cortex of the brain, which is responsible for decision-making, planning, and impulse control, is still maturing. Emerging adults are more likely to make impulsive decisions, whereas waiting until their later 20s or later would allow them to make more logical decisions.Personality and values not fully developed: Emerging adults are still exploring their identity and values.

Waiting until later 20s or later to make important life decisions would allow them to gain more life experiences, have a better understanding of their personality and values and hence make decisions that are more aligned with their life goals and beliefs.Economic instability: The majority of emerging adults have not yet completed their education or established themselves in the workforce, resulting in a degree of financial instability.

Waiting until their later 20s would give them time to establish their financial footing and work towards their long-term financial goals.Hormonal Changes: As an emerging adult, an individual experiences a number of hormonal changes that are directly linked to their ability to have children. Waiting until later 20s, when hormonal changes have stabilized, would enable individuals to make more informed decisions about starting a family, to ensure that they have the necessary resources and support to care for their children.

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Vygotsky alludes to Zone of Proximal Development as the contrast between abilities or errands that young people can achieve alone and those they can do whenever directed by a grown-up or a more skilled companion

Vygotsky called the difference between what a child can do alone and what they can do with assistance the "zone of proximal development" (ZPD). This concept refers to the range of tasks that a child can perform with the help of a more skilled individual, such as a teacher, parent, or peer.

According to Vygotsky, learning and development occur when children engage in activities that are just beyond their current level of competence, but with the guidance and support of a more knowledgeable other, they can bridge the gap and achieve mastery of the task. The ZPD represents the sweet spot where learning is maximized because it provides the right amount of challenge, while still being within reach of the child's current abilities.

Vygotsky believed that social interaction and collaboration were critical to the learning process and that children's development is shaped by their interactions with others. Through these interactions, children internal.

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