Chloroplast moves protons from the stroma to the inner Thylakoid space to build a proton gradient.
The chloroplast function is fundamentally dependent on proton gradients. The light-induced -proton gradient is necessary for ATP synthesis across thylakoid membranes.
In the chloroplast stroma, plant photosynthesis generates reduced power. Protons are transported from the stroma into the thylakoid lumen during this process, resulting in the transmission of a proton motive force (pmf) across the thylakoid membrane.
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in drosophila, the first 14 cell divisions after fertilization take no more than 10 minutes each. e. coli in contrast take ~ 30 minutes to undergo a cell division. what is one difference between dna replication in bacteria versus drosophila that could explain this?
In drosophila,dna replication in bacteria versus drosophila that could explain this is Eukaryotic chromosomes have many origins of replication, while bacteria have only one origin of replication.
In comparison to unicellular creatures, multicellular organisms have far more stable settings where nutrients are less likely to be scarce. These cells' size, meanwhile, still has a significant impact on how they behave. Blood cells, for instance, must retain a tiny enough size to fit through capillaries, and neurons must travel long distances to transmit impulses down the lengths of limbs. Additionally, abnormal cell size is linked to disorders like Lhermitte-Duclos disease, in which larger cerebellar granule cells cause convulsions and ultimately result in death.
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the floodplain on either side of a river is a volatile environment subject to frequent flooding. would you expect plants that were r or k strategists to be dominant in the plant community, and why?
Answer: R -Strategists
Explanation: R-Strategists are better suited for rapidly changing environmental conditions.
Can somebody do this just look at the picture it tells you what to do please help me it’s due today.
it says read an nonfiction article at magazine book website at a y about ocean floor features and write 5 facts u knew when I read it
a single cell with seven pairs of homologous chromosomes goes through meiosis 1. how many cells result at the end of meiosis 1? how many chromosomes exist in each cell? are the chromosomes in each cell duplicated or not?
At the end of meiosis I, there are two cells, each cell has seven chromosomes and the chromosomes in each cell are duplicated.
some features of meiotic division:
Meiosis I and Meiosis II are the two stages of nuclear and cellular division in which it occurs. However, DNA replication only occurs once.Recombination between homologous chromosome pairs is what it entails.At the end, four haploid daughter cells are produced.The diploid cell is transformed into a haploid one during Meiosis I, which separates the pair of homologous chromosomes. It is divided into prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase stages.
Prophase I: The first stage of meiosis I, and it is made up of five stages: diplotene, leptotene, zygotene, pachytene, and diakinesis. homologous recombination occurs, which involves the exchange of DNA between paired chromosomes, and the crossover at chiasmata (singular: chiasma) between non-sister chromatids. The nuclear membrane and nucleolus break down at the conclusion of this stage.Metaphase I: Microtubules from opposite poles attach to the pairs of homologous chromosomes, and bivalents align at the equatorial plate.Anaphase I: The two bivalent chromosomes of each cell split and move to opposite ends of the cell. There is a connection between the sister chromatids.Telophase I: The nuclear membrane resurfaces, and cytokinesis follows. A pair of cells are formed as a result.Thus, Each daughter cell will have half of the original 7 Pair of homologous chromosomes i.e, 7 chromosomes which are duplicated.
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The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl coa is irreversible. Predict what would happen to fatty acids as a result of this.
The conversion of pyruvate to Acetyl CoA is irreversible. The fatty Acids will not be converted into carbohydrates and the product of this reaction is exergonic.
Why is the conversion of pyruvate to Acetyl CoA irreversible?Pyruvate dehydrogenases are cellular energy metabolisms that link glycolysis and amino acids to lipogenesis and citric acids.
Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) yield an irreversible metabolic step because its under layer, pyruvate is anaplerotic or gluconeogenic, on the contrary acetyl-CoA is not.
This reaction is exergonic because of the formation citrate from Oxaloacetate and Acetyl CoA by citrate synthesis. This reaction releases a total of -31.4kJ/mol energy.
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Which of these is a statement of opinion?
(A.) While exact figures are unknown, experts estimate that approximately 200 deaths have occurred on Mount Everest since 1920s.
(B.) Tens of thousands of amateur climbers flock to Mount Everest each year with the ambition to climb to the summit.
(C.)Efforts to cleanse Mount Everest of a century's worth of human waste will only be effective if new methods of waste disposal are put into place.
(D.)The Everest Cleaning Campaign is an organization that includes representatives from both the Nepalese government and the Everest Summiteers Association.
Answer: B
Explanation:
It states amateur climbers ( srry if I got it wrong )
please be fast
don’t guess
Answer: Are filtered as the water infiltrates the ground
Explanation:
The spring water filtration process occurs naturally through physical substrate, chemical means (chemically activated clay absorbing organic chemicals, pesticides, or heavy metals) and biological means (microorganisms in soil that aid in the water filtration process by acting as biological decomposers).
There are two DNA strands in the picture of question 1. These strands run in opposite directions from 5' to 3' we call these....
Answer: Antiparallel
Explanation:
DNA is composed of two strands of nucleotides. The strands each run from 5' to 3' and run in antiparallel, or opposite, directions from one another.
I have to say and answer this in a voice message HELP
Answer:
Aerobic Respiration — Takes place in the presence of oxygen. Anaerobic Respiration –Takes place in the absence of oxygen.
Some poisonous plants harm people and animals because they produce compounds that are structurally similar to amino acids. Possible reasons why these compounds are toxic include that they _______________ select all correct phrases.
Possible reasons why they produce compounds that are structurally similar to amino acids are toxic include that they
chаnge the finаl folded shаpe of the proteinimpаir the function of proteinsаre recognized by аmino аcyl tRNА synthetаses, аnd аre linked to а tRNА moleculeWhat is the function of protein for some poisonous plants?Plаnts hаve evolved to synthesize а vаriety of noxious compounds to cope with unfаvorаble circumstаnces, аmong which а lаrge group of toxic proteins thаt plаy а criticаl role in plаnt defence аgаinst predаtors аnd microbes. Up to now, а wide rаnge of hаrmful proteins hаve been discovered in different plаnts, including lectins, ribosome-inаctivаting proteins, proteаse inhibitors, ureаses, аrcelins, аntimicrobiаl peptides аnd pore-forming toxins.
The function of а protein is dependent upon the shаpe into which the chаin of аmino аcids folds. Mаny noncovаlent interаctions аre is responsible for mаintаining the protein's shаpe. When we hаve isolаted а protein from аn orgаnism in its proper shаpe, аnd we hаve treаted it with аn enzyme thаt selectively tаrgets аnd breаks only the peptide bonds in the proteins. The protein would not retаin its shаpe under these conditions. While the noncovаlent bonds determine the shаpe of а protein, the peptide bonds аre required to hold the аmino аcids together.
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you have a pea with a dominant spherical phenotype, but with an unknown genotype. in a test cross, what kind of pea would you cross with the unknown to determine the unknown genotype?
Test crosses can be used to determine the genotype of an organism. In test mating, an individual of an unknown genotype is mated with a homozygous recessive individual.
Purple flowering pea plants can have the genotype PP or Pp. The white-flowered pea genotype is pp. Punnett squares are one of the easiest ways to determine genotype. The squares are actually mini-charts used to determine potential genotypes of offspring in relation to specific traits. Test crosses are used to determine the genotype of plants with dominant expression when the trait is not known to be homozygous or heterozygous.
The phenotype of the offspring reflects the allelic content of the gametes of the heterozygous parents. Test mating examines the genotype of organisms that exhibit a dominant phenotype for a particular trait. In a test cross, an organism with an unknown genotype but a dominant phenotype is crossed with a homozygous recessive organism of the same trait.
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DUE NOW PLS HELP MEEEE!!!!!
Each fossil with the layer where it will be present based on are layer A-BIRDS, layer B -dinosaurs , layer C-amphibians, layer D-Corals ,layer E -trilobites.
What is the oldest fossil layer?The Pilbara area of western Australia's Strelley Pool is home to the oldest known fossils. Stromatolites are fossilized mats of microorganisms wedged between sedimentary layers. The fossils have an age of 3.4 billion years.
How are the layers containing the fossils organized?The Law of Superposition, which asserts that in undisturbed rock sequences, the bottom layers are earlier than the top ones, is the foundation for this theory. Because of this, certain fossil discoveries can be dated using the strata—a particular stratum of rock—in which they were discovered.
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Help please
Cells in both organisms exhibit all of the characteristics of life to maintain homeostasis .
Both are made of specialized cells .
Both organisms have the same number of cells.
Cells in both types of organisms can grow to any possible size .
Answer:
It's a has a nucleus (Eukaryotic) It relies on others for food (Heterotrophic) and has no cell wall. Can reproduce sexually and asexually.
Phospholipids are found in a limited number of foods. They consists of a glycerol backbone with two fatty acids and a compound that contains phosphate. Why are they important in food and in the body?.
A vital part of the cell membrane are lipids. Typically, the structure consists of a glycerol backbone, two hydrophobic fatty acid tails, and a phosphate group (hydrophilic). Phospholipids are hence amphipathic.
What is phospholipids and its function?Major membrane lipids called phospholipids are made up of lipid bilayers. More crucially, this fundamental cellular structure makes it possible for numerous cellular functions to take place in subcellular compartments while also acting as a barrier to guard the cell against various environmental insults.
What types of food are phospholipids?Foods like beef, eggs, seed oils, and seafood include phospholipids. Some plant meals also contain them, albeit in much lesser quantities. Supplements may also contain phospholipids. The sources of marine phospholipids include fish, algae, and shellfish like krill.
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Which unit represents speed?
A. newtons
B. miles per hour
C. joules
D. kilometers per second
Answer: B. miles per hour
Explanation:
A is wrong because it is a unit of physic.
C is wrong because it is unit for energy
D is wrong because second is not a unit for speed
If you can, please give me a Brainliest, I need 15 more to become a Genius; thank you!
did it matter whether the cells for the catalase test were grown in broth or on slants? that is, did the medium affect the catalase reaction for a given species? why or why not?
The answer to the statement " did it matter whether the cells for the catalase test were grown in broth or on slants " is that does not matter.
The medium of a catalase reaction in a species of an organism is not affected. Why is that it does not matter whether the cells for the catalase test were grown in any medium?The simple reason why it does not matter when the cells which are used for catalase test were grown in any medium is that it still produce the same results in either way.
However, catalase test can also be transferred even to a slide.
So therefore, we can confirm now that the medium to demonstrate catalase test does not matter.
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The main reason that there are relatively few invertebrates categorized as endangered species is because.
The main reason that there are relatively few invertebrates categorized as endangered species is because we consider other groups, such as mammals, to be more interesting and desirable.
A species that is threatened with extinction in the near future, either globally or within a certain political jurisdiction, is known as an endangered species. Because they are the most recently evolved vertebrates with the most sophisticated, complex brains, the only animals that provide milk for their young, and the only creatures that give birth to young, mammals are considered to be the most advanced animals.
In terms of diversity or quantity, mammals will never be able to compete with insects or bacteria, but their big bodies and adaptability have allowed them to thrive for the past 65 million years and the species is likely to continue to do so for a very long time.
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Please help me, I really need it right now.
The power output for each of the given situations is as follows:
Power = 13 WPower = 3.75 WPower = 6.25 WWhat is mechanical power?Mechanical power is defined as the rate of doing work.
Mathematically;
Power = work done / time takenAlso, work done = force * distance covered
Hence, Power = force * distance / time taken
Considering the questions above:
1. Given: Force = 60 N; distance = 13 m; time taken = 60 s
Required: Power
Equation: force * distance / time taken
Power = 60 * 13 / 60
Answer: 13 W
2. Given: Force = 15 N; distance = 10 m; time taken = 40 s
Required: Power
Equation: force * distance / time taken
Power = 15 * 10 / 40
Answer: 3.75 W
3. Peter carried a cavan of rice with a force of 25N and covered a
distance of 15m in 60s.
Given: Force = 25 N; distance = 15 m; time taken = 60 s
Required: Power
Equation: force * distance / time taken
Power = 25 * 15 / 60
Answer: 6.25 W
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researchers tried to explain how vesicular transport occurs in cells by attempting to assemble the transport components. they set up microtubular tracks along which vesicles could be transported, and they added vesicles and atp (because they knew the transport process requires energy). yet, when they put everything together, there was no movement or transport of vesicles. what were they missing? an axon endoplasmic reticulum contractile microfilaments motor proteins
Researchers while describing movement or transportation via vesicles were missing motor proteins.
Motor proteins are a lesson of atomic engines that can move along the cytoplasm of creature cells. They change over chemical vitality into mechanical work by the hydrolysis of ATP. Flagellar revolution, be that as it may, is fueled by a proton pump.
The finest noticeable illustration of a motor protein is the muscle protein myosin which "motors" the withdrawal of muscle filaments in creatures. Motor proteins are the driving drive behind the most active transport of proteins and vesicles within the cytoplasm.
Kinesins and cytoplasmic dynein play essential parts in intracellular transport such as axonal transport and within the arrangement of the axle device and the partition of the chromosomes amid mitosis and meiosis.
Axonemal dynein, found in cilia and flagella, is pivotal to cell motility, for illustration in spermatozoa, and liquid transport, for illustration in the trachea.
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Which of the following is not supported by the endosymbiotic theory?
Answer:
which ones? Where’s the picture?
Explanation:
a boreal forest that is dominated by evergreen conifer trees like spruce, fir, cedar, and pine can withstand intense cold and drought. during the brief summer the soil becomes water logged and forms acidic bogs or muskegs. what is another name for this biome besides a boreal forest or an evergreen coniferous forest?
The boreal forest, also known as coniferous forest, is found in most of Canada, Alaska, Russia, and northern Europe between 50o and 60o north latitude. Taiga is a term used to describe boreal forests in North America.
What is the boreal forest also known as?Taiga, also known as boreal forest, is a biome (major life zone) of vegetation that consists primarily of cone-bearing needle-leaved or scale-leaved evergreen trees and is found in northern circumpolar forested regions with long winters and moderate to high annual precipitation.The boreal forest, also known as coniferous forest, is found in most of Canada, Alaska, Russia, and northern Europe between 50o and 60o north latitude. Taiga is a term used to describe boreal forests in North America.To learn more about : Boreal forest,
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The complimentary base pairs for CAT are
Chargaff's rule, also known as the complementary base pairing rule, states that DNA base pairs are always adenine with thymine (A-T) and cytosine with guanine (C-G). A purine always pairs with a pyrimidine and vice versa. However, A doesn't pair with C, despite that being a purine and a pyrimidine.
Explanation:Complementary base pairs refer to the nitrogenous bases adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine. in a double strand of DNA, adenine will always pair with its complement thymine and cytosine will always pair with its complement guanine. This means that the two strands are complementary to each other. For example, a strand of DNA with a nucleotide sequence of AGTCATGA will have a complementary strand with the sequence TCAGTACT.
In eukaryotes, the oxygen-requiring reactions of aerobic cellular respiration occur in cellular organelles called.
In eukaryotes, the oxygen-requiring reactions of aerobic cellular respiration occur in cellular organelles called mitochondria.
The process through which food, in the form of sugar (glucose), is converted into energy within cells is known as cellular respiration. The oxygen-dependent phases of aerobic cellular respiration occur in mitochondria in eukaryotes. Mitochondria can be found in almost all plant and animal cells. Due to this function of mitochondria, they are also called the power houses of the cell.
While the majority of anaerobic, specifically without oxygen, and aerobic, that occurs in the presence of oxygen, respiration respectively occurs in the cytoplasm and mitochondria of the cell, respectively.
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how do clinical conditions that increase microvascular (capillary) permeability cause edema? a. through altering the negative charge on the capillary basement membrane, which enables excessive fluid to
Edema can also develop due to increased capillary hydraulic pressures or permeability, disturbances of the endothelial glycocalyx, decreased intercellular compliance, lower colloid osmotic pressure, or a combination of these factors.
What happens when vascular permeability increases?
The vascular barrier disintegrates in many diseases, including cancer and chronic inflammatory conditions, and leakage becomes chronic. Edema, inflammation, and, quite often, disease progression result from the leakage of larger molecules and cells.
Edema can also develop due to increased capillary hydraulic pressures or permeability, endothelial glycocalyx disruption, a combination of these, decreased oncotic plasma pressure or decreased interstitial compliance.
Therefore, hydrostatic pressure, oncotic pressure, and the physical side of the barrier separate the blood from the interstitium of the tissue, causing edema.
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the hershey and chase experiment served as powerful independent confirmation that dna was indeed the genetic material. they made their discovery using which type of organism? a. s. pneumoniae b. different strains of bacteria c. mice d. bacteriophage
Hershey and Chase made their discovery of DNA being the independent genetic material using the d. bacteriophage.
The Hershey and Chase experiment was a big revolution in the field of biology as it proved that DNA was in fact the genetic material through which information is passed from parents to offspring.
Through their experiment, Hershey and Chase were able to show that the bacteriophages only injected their DNA into the bacteria when infecting them. The rest of the parts of the bacteriophage were not transferred to the bacteria. It was further observed that the DNA of the bacteriophages replicated inside the bacteria and produced the bacteriophage machinery inside the host cell.
This experiment hence proved that DNA was the genetic material.
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How does slow movement aid sloths in acquiring food?
Sloths are so slow moving that algae is able to grow symbiotically in their fur. This algae can be licked out of the sloth's fur to provide it with nourishment.
Answer:
Slow movement helps sloths to acquire food in several ways. Sloths are herbivores that spend most of their time in trees and have a slow metabolism that enables them to survive on a low-energy diet. Their slow movements also help them to conserve energy, which is necessary for them to survive in their natural habitat.The slow movements of sloths also help them to avoid predators, such as jaguars and eagles, that are known to prey on them. By moving slowly, sloths can avoid detection by these predators and remain hidden in the trees where they live.
Sloths have long arms and legs with curved claws that are adapted to their arboreal lifestyle. These claws allow them to hang upside down from branches and move through the trees with ease. Sloths are also able to rotate their heads up to 270 degrees, which allows them to scan their surroundings for potential predators and food sources.
The slow movements of sloths are also beneficial when it comes to acquiring food. Sloths feed mainly on leaves, which are high in fiber but low in nutrients. By moving slowly, sloths are able to conserve energy and digest their food more efficiently. Sloths also have a specialized digestive system that allows them to extract more nutrients from their food than other herbivores.
In conclusion, slow movements aid sloths in acquiring food by helping them conserve energy, avoid predators, and digest their food more efficiently. Their long arms and legs with curved claws, and their ability to rotate their heads up to 270 degrees, also make it easier for them to move through the trees and find food sources.
Explanation:
When stimulation occurs too close together to allow for any muscle relaxation, what occurs to the muscular force with each stimulation?.
Incomplete Tetanus occurs to the muscular force with each stimulation.
What is an example of a stimulation?External or internal stimuli can be used. That manner a medicine impacts your body is an example of an external stimulus. Your vital signs altering as a result of a change in your biology is an instance of an internal stimulus.
What makes stimulation so important ?When considered as a whole, sensory input is essential for creating neural connections that support appropriate brain growth. The youngster benefits from this stimulation by learning about the outside world, communicating, and developing relationships with others.
What kinds of stimulation are there?Visible (seeing) Auditory (hearing)Tactile (touching) Gustatory (taste)Olfactory (smelling)To know more about Stimulation visit:
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Why is it more dangerous to consume too much of a fat-soluble vitamin than to consume too much of a water-soluble vitamin?.
Answer:
Fat-soluble vitamins are more likely to cause toxicity
Explanation:
Water-soluble vitamins are readily excreted from the body, while fat-soluble vitamins can be stored in tissues. Fat-soluble vitamins are more likely to cause toxicity, although water-soluble vitamins can do so as well.
Brainlist maybe ;)?
Answer:
Water-soluble vitamins are readily excreted from the body, while fat-soluble vitamins can be stored in tissues. Fat-soluble vitamins are more likely to cause toxicity, although water-soluble vitamins can do so as well.
Explanation:
How can local sensing be beneficial in your everyday life?
Answer:
Experimentación con mezclas. Homogéneas y heterogéneas. Métodos de separación de mezclas con base en las propiedades físicas de sus componentes
Explanation:
Fish or Mammals? Argumentation
Answer:
mammals
Explanation:
none needed