david woke up in the middle of the night because he smelled smoke. this most likely caused him to experience

The correct option is c. informal negative sanction.

The media's shaming of shoppers who are violent and aggressive, or who misbehave in other ways on black friday, is an example of informal negative sanction.

Informal negative sanctions are informal and usually take the form of disapproval, criticism, ridicule, or gossip, and are often more effective than formal negative sanctions in influencing behavior. They can serve to reinforce societal norms, as people seek to avoid negative reactions from the people around them. In this case, the media's shaming is an example of informal negative sanction, as it is an informal punishment and acts as a form of social control.

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Operant conditioning focuses on how external rewards and punishments affect voluntary behaviors.

This type of conditioning involves the concept of reinforcement and its opposite, punishment.

Reinforcement is when a reward is given after a desired behavior is demonstrated, while punishment is when a consequence is given after an undesired behavior is exhibited. Cognitive dissonance is when an individual holds two conflicting beliefs at the same time and must find a way to resolve the conflict.

Stimulus is a change in the environment or situation that can cause an organism to respond. The response is the action that is taken as a result of the stimulus. The learning of voluntary behaviors is when an organism learns to make a specific behavior based on the consequences that come from the environment.

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All of the above are advantages of secondary data.

Secondary data can help clarify the research problem by providing an in-depth look at a particular topic. It may provide a solution to the problem by providing data from other research. Secondary data may also provide alternative data research alternatives, such as case studies or surveys, that can offer new insights into a problem. Therefore, none of the options is not an advantage of secondary data.

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According to Heckscher-Ohlin theory, the land and labor in Southern Florida that are sufficient for growing gourds and melons would be considered factors of production.

The Heckscher-Ohlin theory of international trade says that countries trade due to their relative abundance of factors of production. This theory argues that a country would export products that utilize the country's abundant factors of production and import goods that utilize the country's scarce factors of production. The factors of production are land, labor, and capital.

In this scenario, the Heckscher-Ohlin theory indicates that Southern Florida has abundant land and labor, which means that it can produce and export goods that rely on these factors of production. The abundance of these two factors makes production costs lower and profits higher. Therefore, growing gourds and melons in Southern Florida is beneficial for Tavis.

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Adjusting to a phone ringing during a lecture is an example of associative learning, whereas feeling excited when your own phone gives a text message alert is an example of nonassociative learning.

Associative learning is the formation of an association or bond between two stimuli or between a specific stimulus and a specific response. It is the acquisition of knowledge, skills, values, or attitudes as a result of pairing two stimuli or pairing a specific stimulus with a specific response. Adjusting to a phone ringing during a lecture is an example of associative learning because students learn to associate a ringing phone with the negative consequence of interrupting the lecture. As a result, they learn to adjust their behavior by silencing or switching off their phone before the class starts or when they enter a lecture hall.

On the other hand, feeling excited when your phone gives a text message alert is an example of non-associative learning. Non-associative learning is a change in behavior that is due to repeated exposure to the same stimulus. It is the type of learning that occurs without the pairing of two stimuli. Repeated exposure to the same stimulus produces a change in behavior, sensitivity, or habituation without any need for reinforcement or punishment.

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The use of technology in the community can vary significantly, depending on the needs and resources of each individual community. Technology can help to increase efficiency, communication, and access to services and resources. For example, technology can help people to access educational materials, connect with family and friends, and stay informed about local issues and news.

In addition, technology can be used in the community to improve safety, health, and quality of life. For example, technology can help to monitor public spaces, increase access to medical services, and facilitate communication between law enforcement and local residents.

In The Giver by Lois Lowry, technology is not explicitly mentioned but some aspects of technology are alluded to. For example, the protagonist Jonas mentions the idea of "seeing beyond," which could be a metaphor for using technology to access new information or gain a better understanding of the world. In addition, the idea of "sameness," or using technology to standardize life in the community, is also alluded to in the novel.

Ultimately, technology is not explicitly discussed in The Giver, but some aspects of technology are hinted at throughout the novel.

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Most children begin to learn to read and write around age 6, and by age 8 most have mastered the alphabetic principle and can read to learn. The alphabetic principle involves recognizing that words are made up of a sequence of letters that represent sounds.

To read, children must match spoken words to written words by “sounding out” the letters. As they become more proficient readers, they use other strategies like understanding context and recognizing sight words to help them read.

Writing requires similar skills, though the process is reversed. To write, children must match written words to spoken words, and then spell those words using the alphabetic principle.

As they become more proficient writers, they begin to develop an understanding of grammar and punctuation rules, and eventually, they can write with fluency and accuracy.

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The relationship between Beneatha and George Murchison is significant because it represents the clash between African American heritage and assimilation. Beneatha is drawn to her African heritage while George is more focused on living a traditional, American life.

The relationship between Beneatha and George Murchison is a significant part of Lorraine Hansberry's play, A Raisin in the Sun. Beneatha Younger is Walter's sister, and George Murchison is a wealthy college student who is interested in her. She is not drawn to him because he is too shallow and doesn't share her interests. George is more of a status symbol than a person to her. She desires a man with whom she can have deep intellectual conversations, and George is not the guy for her. Beneatha is also uncomfortable around George because he appears to be ashamed of his African American heritage. She does not want to assimilate into white society, and she is upset that he does not want to embrace his heritage. Beneatha is more of a woman who is outspoken and progressive, while George is more of a traditionalist. She knows that George is not the man for her, and she is not shy about letting him know.

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A person with an IQ score below 70 and a significant impairment in adaptive behaviors is said to have an intellectual disability. The Option D is correct.

An intellectual disability refers to a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by significant limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behaviors, which can include difficulties with communication, self-care, socialization, and other daily living skills.

Intellectual disabilities can have a range of causes, including genetic disorders, brain damage, and environmental factors, and can vary in severity from mild to profound. The common types of intellectual disabilities include autism, Down syndrome, fragile x syndrome, fetal alcohol syndrome, and Prader-Willi syndrome.

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True. Anomie is a state of disconnection and lack of stability resulting from rapid social change. It is most often seen in periods of political upheaval, where there is instability in the existing social structure and people no longer know what is expected of them.

Anomie is a term used to describe a sense of normlessness or moral confusion that arises in individuals or societies when social norms and values break down. Anomie can occur as a result of rapid social change, economic instability, or social disorganization, leading to feelings of alienation, isolation, and a lack of direction or purpose. Anomie has been studied extensively in sociology and has important implications for understanding the effects of social change and inequality on individual and societal well-being.

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When a researcher intends to document the length of a time a teenager plays video games (duration), but instead measures the number of times the teenager plays video games (frequency), this is an error of: Measurement error.

Measurement error is the variation in the calculated amount of a variable caused by a measuring instrument's variability. Variability can be caused by factors such as inadequate calibration or reading error. Measurement error can occur in a variety of settings, including clinical trials, observational studies, and laboratory experiments. The four types of Measurement errors are:

Sampling error: The difference between the results of a sample and the true value of the population data. Observational error: The difference between what was actually measured or observed and what was intended to be measured or observed.

Response error: The difference between what was reported by the respondents and what was intended to be reported.

Measurement error: The difference between the actual value of a property and the value obtained using the measurement system. Durability refers to a product's ability to withstand use, weathering, and time. A sturdy product, for example, can last a long time and withstand use and the elements. It is a measure of a product's longevity, as well as its ability to remain functional over time.

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The movie was in contrast with Karen's need for positivity or a positive outlook.

Karen's disappointment with the movie's sad ending indicates that she has a need for positivity and a positive outlook. This is a common human need, as people often seek out experiences and situations that bring them joy and happiness.

In contrast, negative experiences can leave individuals feeling down or disheartened. Karen's preference for happy endings to movies suggests that she is looking for positivity and closure in her entertainment choices.

When these needs are not met, as in the case of the sad ending of the movie she watched, it can have a negative impact on her mood and overall well-being.

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In the case of drivers who own an active permit but failed to display their physical permit while parked in a permitted spot are issued with citations.

Citations are issued to these drivers who violate the law. There are several types of citations that are issued to drivers. Here are a few of them:

In the given question, the drivers who own an active permit but failed to display their physical permit while parked in a permitted spot are issued citations. Citations are issued to these drivers who violate the law.

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Rohan's belief that deviant behavior has to exist for a society to properly function is most closely aligned with the perspective of Emile Durkheim, a French sociologist who is widely considered one of the founders of modern sociology.

According to Durkheim, deviation from the norm is not abnormal but rather an essential and useful aspect of society. He believes that deviance plays a significant role in promoting social change, reinforcing social norms and values, and defining the limits of acceptable behavior. Durkheim argued that without deviance, society would become immobile and incapable of adapting to the changing environment.

Functionalism, which emphasizes how various facets of society interact and contribute to the overall functioning of the social system, is a perspective on deviance popularized by Durkheim. According to functionalists, all facets of society, including deviance, have a purpose and contribute to social cohesion and stability.

Rohan's view that abnormal behavior is required for society to function properly thus agrees with the functionalist viewpoint on abnormal behavior.

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Reformist claims are most commonly associated with the positivist paradigm. This is a scientific approach to studying the social world that emphasizes the objective collection of data and the use of quantitative research methods.

This approach is rooted in the belief that human behaviour is governed by laws and can be studied in an empirical and scientific manner.

Under this paradigm, reformist claims often aim to identify the underlying causes of social problems and then propose solutions based on that evidence. It is a goal-oriented approach to research that emphasizes the importance of empirically grounded interventions and solutions.

Reformist claims are often aimed at creating social change, such as improved health care, better access to education, or changes in public policy.

Reformist claims can be based on research that is conducted using qualitative or quantitative methods. In both cases, the goal is to uncover the underlying causes of a particular social problem and propose solutions that are empirically grounded and effective.

The purpose of this research is to provide policymakers and other stakeholders with evidence-based interventions that can create positive and lasting social change.

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The reason for why orangutans go for requests asking for food, even though the success rate for simply taking is much higher, is that the orangutans may want to maintain good social relations.

When orangutans use a request to ask for food, they are essentially expressing a need and allowing another individual to respond to it. By engaging in this cooperative behaviour, they are strengthening the bonds between the individuals in their social group.

Furthermore, the individual providing the food is likely to gain benefits such as a reputation as a generous individual, which could lead to reciprocity in the future. Additionally, requests may enable the orangutans to test the relationships between other individuals in the group, which can help them gauge the degree of trust and support in their relationships.

Finally, requests are an effective way to deal with potential conflicts since they are less confrontational and may act as a way to avoid fights over food.

In summary, the reason for why orangutans go for requests asking for food, even though the success rate for simply taking is much higher, is that it enables them to strengthen their social relationships, receive reputational benefits, test relationships, and avoid potential conflicts.

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This is an example of negative punishment, a type of operant conditioning where behaviour is weakened by the removal of a desirable stimulus, in this case, Priscilla's phone.

In operant training, this is referred to as discipline. Punishment is the use of a negative result, such as removing a wanted stimulus (in this instance, Priscilla's phone), to reduce the frequency or severity of undesirable behaviour. Her mother hopes that removing Priscilla's phone will diminish or eradicate her daughter's acting-out behaviour.

It is essential to note, however, that punishment can have unintended effects, such as greater anger or avoidance behaviour. To encourage Priscilla to continue making positive choices in the future, it is critical to combine discipline with positive reinforcement, such as praising her for her positive actions.

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"The degree to which members form close social ties with the group and how it subsequently influences interactions within and between group members​ is known as: social identity."

Social identity refers to the degree to which an individual feels a sense of belonging and attachment to a particular group. This sense of identity is shaped by the shared characteristics, beliefs, values, and norms of the group. When individuals identify strongly with a group, they are more likely to form close social ties with other members and engage in cooperative behaviors that benefit the group.

Social identity can also influence how individuals perceive and interact with members of other groups, leading to intergroup biases and conflicts. Understanding the dynamics of social identity is important for promoting positive intergroup relations and reducing prejudice and discrimination.

This question should be provided as:

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"But I don't sleep enough without you. And I can't eat enough without you (huh). If you don't speak, does that mean we're through? Don't like sne.aky sh.!t that you do," is a lyrical excerpt from the song "Boy's a Liar Pt. 2" by PinkPantheress and Ice Spice.

This lyric conveying the speaker's dependence on their partner for sleep and food, questioning the state of their relationship when their partner stops communicating, and expressing their dislike for their partner's deceptive actions.

In this excerpt, the speaker expresses their reliance on their partner for basic needs such as sleep and food, highlighting the depth of their emotional attachment. The line "If you don't speak, does that mean we're through?" reveals the speaker's fear that their partner's silence may signify the end of their relationship.

The final line "Don't like sne.aky sh.!t that you do" suggests that the partner has been behaving deceptively, causing the speaker to feel uncomfortable and distrustful.

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When entering a client's house, warmly greeting them best exemplifies the core ethical principle of Respect.

This is an example of exhibiting good manners and etiquette. An ethical principle is a standard of moral behavior. Respect is a core ethical principle that can be exhibited by warmly greeting the client when entering their home. This is because when entering a client's home, you must demonstrate respect for their privacy, feelings, and property.

Additionally, being polite and respectful establishes a rapport with the client, which is essential for the relationship to be successful. Also, it is important to maintain professionalism at all times when entering a client home. Therefore, you must greet them politely and introduce yourself if you are a caregiver.

You must also be mindful of their privacy and personal space, asking if you can come in before doing so. It is a way of showing that you respect their boundaries and that you value their comfort and well-being in their own space.

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The professor is using the method of "frequent low-stakes testing" with the geology students.

Frequent low-stakes testing is a teaching method that involves administering frequent quizzes or tests with relatively low point values on a regular basis throughout the learning process. These quizzes are typically designed to assess the students' understanding of the content covered in the class and to provide them with feedback on their progress.

Therefore, Research has shown that frequent low-stakes testing can enhance student learning and performance by providing regular opportunities for review and reinforcement of the material, promoting active retrieval of information, and reducing test anxiety. By administering weekly quizzes on the content covered in the unit, the professor is providing the geology students with regular opportunities to review and reinforce the material, which may have contributed to their enhanced performance on the unit exam.

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Personality Growth or Development is the form of personality that refers to ideal end states such as increased self-transcendence, wisdom, and integrity.

Personality growth or development refers to the development of an individual's personality over time. It is the process of expanding and evolving one's personal identity and characteristics, which can occur through a variety of experiences, including education, relationships, work, and personal reflection.

Personality growth can involve a range of changes, including the acquisition of new traits or characteristics, the development of greater self-awareness, increased emotional maturity, and the refinement of existing personality traits. It can also involve the process of overcoming personal challenges and obstacles, which can lead to increased resilience and a greater sense of purpose and meaning in life.

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The options that are basic cultural values in the United States according to Robin Williams are:

Robin Murphy Williams (October 11, 1914 - June 3, 2006) was an American sociologist who is principally known for recognizing and characterizing 15 fundamental beliefs that are integral to the American lifestyle.

Williams was brought into the world on October 11, 1914, in the city of Hillsborough, North Carolina. He moved on from North Carolina State School in 1933 at 19 years old prior to going on to procure an M.A. at Harvard College in 1939 and his PhD from a similar foundation in 1943.

Following the work and review he did on fighters during WWII, Williams proceeded to take up a job as a teacher at Cornell College, where he educated from 1946 to 1985. In 1990 he joined the College of California at Irvine, where he would keep on distributing books until the finish of his life. His sister Helen Coble uncovers that his last distribution was made when he arrived at the age of 89. Williams passed on at 91 years old.

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Complete Question -

according to sociologist robin williams, which of the following are basic cultural values in the united states? multiple select question

To help with this, make sure you note your entry point into the water and stay aware of the direction of the current. Use a compass, landmarks, or a buddy system to ensure you don't drift too far away from your boat.

It is important to stay oriented while boat diving, especially when there is a mild current present. In order to avoid getting disoriented, it is best to use landmarks like buoys or shorelines to help you determine which direction you need to swim. Additionally, it is important to swim back to the boat with the current rather than against it, as this will help you to conserve energy and arrive at your destination more quickly. Finally, if you do surface away from the boat, you should signal to the crew that you need help by using hand signals or flares.

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This type of culture where all of the village members have equal status in their community is known as a collective culture.

A collective culture is characterized by the concept of group collaboration and mutual aid, with all members of the community having equal status and responsibilities.

In this type of culture, people work together to meet the needs of the community, such as sharing food, providing services, and participating in decision-making. This type of culture emphasizes the importance of collective responsibility and social responsibility.

Collective cultures may also have certain beliefs or values that all members adhere to, such as a belief in equality and shared resources. In collective cultures, social stratification is typically absent and members are expected to put the collective needs of the community before their individual needs.

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Given statement is true because this step allows researchers to refine their research questions, develop new hypotheses, and improve their understanding of the subject matter.

The circular model of research is a process that is designed to help researchers refine their research questions and gather data in a more efficient and effective manner.

The model consists of several steps, including identifying the research question, conducting a literature review, developing a research methodology, collecting data, analyzing the data, and finally, using the research findings to inform a subsequent iteration of the research question.

This final step is an opportunity for the researcher to reflect on the data that was collected and to consider how it might inform future research. By doing so, the researcher can refine the research question and develop more targeted research methodologies that will lead to more meaningful data collection and analysis.

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Katie is learning how to read, and her father noticed that many of the classic books show girls standing on the sidelines and boys as the main characters. This is an example of gender bias in the literature.

What is gender bias? Gender bias is a form of prejudice against one's gender.

In literature, gender bias is when male characters are consistently depicted in roles of prominence, strength, or complexity, while female characters are often relegated to the background, portrayed as the love interest or as a damsel in distress.

Gender bias in literature can be especially harmful to young readers since it can influence their perception of gender roles and stereotypes. Parents, educators, and authors must make a conscious effort to provide children with books that challenge gender norms and present a diverse range of perspectives.

What are classic books? Classic books are works of literature that have been recognized for their significant contribution to the world of literature. These are books that are widely studied, discussed, and admired. They are often considered timeless, as their themes and messages are still relevant to readers today.

Examples of classic books include "Pride and Prejudice" by Jane Austen, "To Kill a Mockingbird" by Harper Lee, and "The Great Gatsby" by F. Scott Fitzgerald.

What are "sidelines"? In the context of the question, "sidelines" refers to the female characters in classic books, who are often relegated to secondary roles and are not given the same depth of character or storyline as male characters.

What are the main characters? Main characters are the central characters in a story, play, or novel. They are often the characters who drive the plot forward and are the ones that readers or viewers follow most closely. The main characters can be heroes or villains, male or female.

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The given statement "Listening to something vulgar or immoral or watching something sexually explicit over and over again causes a person to become desensitized to it" is true.

Desensitization refers to the reduced responsiveness to a stimulus that occurs over time, typically as a result of repeated exposure to that stimulus. A stimulus, such as a person, object, or event, will typically elicit a response in individuals, such as feelings, thoughts, or behaviors.

However, with repeated exposure to that stimulus, the response will eventually become less intense, less frequent, or absent altogether, a phenomenon known as desensitization. Therefore, listening to something vulgar or immoral or watching something sexually explicit over and over again causes a person to become desensitized to it.

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The claim that human rights are self-evident and inalienable, not earned (as seen in the writing of John Locke) is an example of a natural law.

Natural law is a philosophical belief that some laws are inherent to human nature and are not created by society or government. It's a concept that dates back to ancient Greece and Rome, but it was later popularized by philosophers such as Thomas Aquinas and John Locke.The concept of natural law is founded on the idea that humans have inherent rights, regardless of their location or culture. These rights are seen as self-evident and inalienable, meaning that they can't be taken away or earned.

Natural law also holds that these rights exist before governments, laws, or other social institutions. Therefore, governments and laws should be created to protect these inherent rights, not to grant them. This concept is seen in the writing of John Locke, who argued that individuals have the right to life, liberty, and property.Natural law is often associated with the concepts of morality and ethics, as it's founded on the belief that there are universal principles that govern human behavior. However, it's important to note that natural law isn't a religious concept, even though it's often associated with the idea of divine law.

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