Answer:The ionization energy of an atom is the amount of energy required to remove an electron from the gaseous form of that atom or ion.
1st ionization energy - The energy required to remove the highest energy electron from a neutral gaseous atom.
For Example:
Na(g) → Na+(g) + e- I1 = 496 kJ/mol
Notice that the ionization energy is positive. This is because it requires energy to remove an electron.
2nd ionization energy - The energy required to remove a second electron from a singly charged gaseous cation.
For Example:
Na+(g) → Na2+(g) + e- I2 = 4560 kJ/mol
The second ionization energy is almost ten times that of the first because the number of electrons causing repulsions is reduced.
3rd ionization energy - The energy required to remove a third electron from a doubly charged gaseous cation.
For Example:
Na2+(g) → Na3+(g) + e- I3 = 6913 kJ/mol
The third ionization energy is even higher than the second.
Successive ionization energies increase in magnitude because the number of electrons, which cause repulsion, steadily decrease. This is not a smooth curve There is a big jump in ionization energy after the atom has lost its valence electrons. An atom that has the same electronic configuration as a noble gas is really going to hold on to its electrons. So, the amount of energy needed to remove electrons beyond the valence electrons is significantly greater than the energy of chemical reactions and bonding. Thus, only the valence electrons (i.e., electrons outside of the noble gas core) are involved in chemical reactions.
The ionization energies of a particular atom depend on the average electron distance from the nucleus and the effective nuclear charge
These factors can be illustrated by the following trends:
alternatetext
1st ionization energy decreases down a group.
This is because the highest energy electrons are, on average, farther from the nucleus. As the principal quantum number increases, the size of the orbital increases and the electron is easier to remove.
Examples:
I1(Na) > I1(Cs)
I1(Cl) > I1(I)
1st ionization energy increases across a period.
This is because electrons in the same principal quantum shell do not completely shield the increasing nuclear charge of the protons. Thus, electrons are held more tightly and require more energy to be ionized.
Examples:
I1(Cl) > I1(Na)
I1(S) > I1(Mg)
The graph of ionization energy versus atomic number is not a perfect line because there are exceptions to the rules that are easily explained.
EnergyGraph
Filled and half-filled subshells show a small increase in stability in the same way that filled shells show increased stability. So, when trying to remove an electron from one of these filled or half-filled subshells, a slightly higher ionization energy is found.
Example 1:
Example1
I1(Be) > I1(B)
It's harder to ionize an electron from beryllium than boron because beryllium has a filled "s" subshell.
Example 2:
Example1
I1(N) > I1(O)
Nitrogen has a half-filled "2p" subshell so it is harder to ionize an electron from nitrogen than oxygen.
Explanation:
The energy needed to remove an electron from an atom or ion's gaseous state is known as the ionisation energy of that atom.
The energy needed to expel the highest-energy electron from a neutral gaseous atom is known as the first ionisation energy.
Ionization energy: what is it and why is it significant?The amount of energy required for an isolated, gaseous atom to discharge one electron, creating a cation, is known as the ionisation energy. Typically, this energy is represented as kJ/mol, or the energy required for every atom in a mole to lose one electron.
The amount of energy needed to ionise an atom or ion in a gas is known as the ionisation energy. The energy needed to liberate one mole of isolated gaseous atoms or ions from one mole of electrons is known as the first or initial ionisation energy, or Ei, of an atom or molecule.
Learn more about ionisation energy refer
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In binary fission, one cell reproduces into _____ cell(s).(1 point)
Responses
four
four
three
three
two
two
one
Answer:
two identical cells
Explanation:
its either 2 or 4 :((
Answer:
two
Explanation:
two
This is a science question
Students use charts to compare the climates in different regions of the world. Plateau Station, Antarctica, is described on one chart as being one of the coldest places on Earth. Its summers are cold and short. Its winters are dark and frigid. In which climate zone is Plateau Station likely located?
Is this correct? just an FYI This is a science question.
Which sources do meteorologists use to collect data on moisture?
Answer:
yes
Explanation:
it's is c9rrect bc it just is
An increase in the movements of particles in a substance is associated with an increase in energy
Answer: More atoms and higher temperature mean more thermal energy.
Explanation: The greater the motion of particles, the higher a substance's temperature and thermal energy. A substance's total thermal energy depends on its temperature, number of atoms, and physical state.
What are the answers
Answer: What subject is this? Like seriously, it's not even a question at all. Please clarify and explain which subject it is, and what the question actually is.
Explanation:
Breathing and Respiration
removes
Two parts to respiration:
1.
2.
a.
b.
body obtains and uses
down/lungs expand
uses
& water
: Air moves out automatically
to release
and
muscle moves
_: chemical reaction that
from food
Respiration: body obtains and uses oxygen and removes carbon dioxide & water.
Two parts to respiration:
1. Breathing:
a. Inhalation: contraction – muscle moves down / lungs expand
b. Exhalation: air moves out automatically
2. Cellular respiration: chemical reaction that uses oxygen to release energy from food
What is respiration?
Respiration is the process by which organisms take the oxygen from the external environment and expel the carbon dioxide in the opposite direction, which produces energy and other side output such as water.
Actually, there are three types of respiration:
1. Breathing or external respiration: a mechanical process to take the oxygen into our body and expel the carbon dioxide to the environment. This process includes:
a. Inhalation: diaphragm muscle contracts (moves down), lungs expand and air move in
b. Exhalation: diaphragm muscle relaxes and air move out
2. Internal respiration: an exchange process between gases in the blood and body cells.
3. Cellular respiration: a metabolic/chemical process that extracts energy from food by using oxygen. It produces carbon dioxide and water as well.
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Please describe the following.
1. Heat transfer
2. Conduction
3. Convection
4. Radiation
In your answer please put the number before the definition thank you.
Answer: These are the methods of energy transformation
Explanation:
1- Heat transfer :- it is the movement of heat from one substance or material to another. Heat transfer takes place through three principals- Conduction, Radiation, Convection.2- Conduction :- it is the process by which heat energy is transmitted through collisions between neighboring atoms and molecules.3- Convection :- it is the transfer of heat between two bodies by currents of moving gas or fluids.4- Radiation :- it is energy that comes from source and travels through space at the speed of light.Explanation: hope this helps
1. Heat transfer describes the flow of heat (thermal energy) due to temperature differences and the subsequent temperature distribution and changes.
2. Conduction describes the process by which heat energy is transmitted through collisions between neighbouring atoms or molecules. (Basically, it happens more readily in solids and liquids, where the particles are closer together)
3. Convection describes the process by which heat is transferred by the movement of a heated fluid such as air or water.
4. Radiation describes the energy that comes from a source and travels through space at the speed of light. This energy has an electric field and a magnetic field associated with it. It has wave-like properties so you could also call radiation “electromagnetic waves”.
Write a three paragraph essay about being a scientist. Include the following: If you could be any kind of scientist, what kind would you be? Why? Describe what your life would be like as the scientist you imagine.
Answer:
the answer is a hope this hep;slms
Explanation:
betuase im write
Answer:
If I were to be a scientist, I'd be a botanist. A botanist is a scientist who studies plants. For example, they study many different aspects like their genetic, physical structure, and the distribution. They also study the relationship between plants and their different environments.
I would choose to be a botanist, because they help save our plants which are very important. They also help with telling others what exactly causes pollution and possible ways to stop it. Botanist also help with providing human resources like food. Without botanist, we would have a lot less of resources that we use in everyday life.
I can see my life as a botanist in many different ways. I might be put in the chemical based section or I might be put in the analysis of plants. Overall if I were to see myself as any kind of scientist, It would have to be a botanist.
Explanation:
Hope it helps, feel free edit whatever you'd like too